苗家坝水电站左岸溢洪道水力模型试验研究
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摘要
我国有大批已建、正建、待建的大型水利水电工程,高速水流问题突出。为了充分发挥泄水道的作用,兼顾经济指标,常需将导流洞改为溢洪洞,而采用龙抬头形式。在高水头泄水建筑物中,高速水流问题就成为泄水建筑物中的一个重要问题。本文针对苗家坝水电站左岸溢洪道水力模型试验,通过减压和常压试验对溢洪道空化空蚀和掺气减蚀等水力学问题进行研究。
通过左岸溢洪道常压水工模型试验,主要论证左岸溢洪道在不同特征水位、不同闸门开度下的流态,沿程压力分布及流速分布;通过减压模型试验,论述水流的空化数特性及空蚀的可能性;论证溢洪道掺气设施的数量、位置选择及体型优化,提出改进掺气措施;分析不同运行工况时,掺气设施的掺气特性。试验结果表明,修改后的掺气设施体型的掺气效果良好,可以满足工程运行的需要,为解决左岸溢洪道高速水流问题提供依据。
水工模型试验取得的主要研究成果归纳如下:
(1)拟定试验方案陡坡上的渐变段偏短,造成冲击波较强烈,影响溢洪道水流流态。经修改加长该渐变段后,流态明显改善,水流飞溅现象大为改观。门槽及溢洪道内压力正常,满足工程要求。
(2)高0.16mm(模拟原型高度为7.2mm)垂直升坎凸体减压试验表明,各个部位均无发生稳定的空化云,因此,本溢洪道的空化空蚀问题并不突出。反弧末端及其下游是容易发生空蚀的部位;反弧末端下游发生空化的可能性沿程逐渐降低,越往下游越不容易空化。
(3)拟定试验方案中,两道掺气坎均能形成稳定空腔,掺气效果较好,但1#掺气坎通气孔面积偏大;2#掺气坎溅水比较严重,其掺气坎体型有必要进一步优化。经优化修改后,1#掺气坎通风量比自然通风减少15%的通气量,并改用洞顶供气的方法。对2#掺气坎来说,溅水比拟定试验方案显著降低。
(4)施工不平整度是高水头泄水建筑物普遍涉及到的问题,本溢洪道是一典型泄水道,结合本试验对施工不平整度问题进行探讨,不同部位的水流空化数和凸体初生空化数也各自不同,水流空化数和初生空化数都与溢洪道位置关系密切,并且σ/σ_i指标能够较好的反映溢洪道的空化特性。
There is the high-velocity fluid problem in the hydraulic and electricity projects that are constructed, constructing, planning to construct and the large-scale water conservations and electricity projects in our country. In order to make full use of the spillway and reduce the project construction cost, it has to been changes the conduction hole to spillway, and it’s often ogee spillway.In high-flood peak discharge structure, high-velocity fluid problem has become an important issue. In this paper, we took a hydraulic model test according to Miaojiaba Hydropower Station, study on such as cavitation erosion and aeration to alleviate cavitation hydraulics issues through the decompression and normal test on the spillway.
Over the hydraulic model test of the left spillway in the Miaojiaba hydropower station, mainly proves the flow states under the different characteristic water level, the different gate opening of the left spillway, the pressure distribution with regulation and the flow velocity distribution; elaboration cavitation number characteristic of the current and cavitation erosion possibility; the proof over the aeration facility quantity to alleviate cavitation, the choice of location and the build optimize, proposed the improvement to the aeration facility; analyzes the aeration characteristic in different operating mode. The test result indicated that, after the optimized aeration facility is good effect in aeration effect, can satisfy the need of the project, provide the basis to solve the high-velocity flow question in the left spillway.
The left spillway hydraulic model test main research results induction that is as follows:
(1)In original scheme plan steep slope gradation section is short, and the shock-wave is to be intensed, and affects the spillway flow state. Then lengthens this gradation section, in the optimized plan, the flow state has obviously improved, the fluent splash phenomenon has a greatly effect. The pressure distribution is normal in the gate jiont and the spillway, satisfied the project request.
(2)The decompression test of the height 0.16mm ( prototype height 7.2mm) vertical convex body indicates that: every spot have not the stable cavitation cloud, therefore, the cavitation erosion question of this spillway doesn’t catch the eyes. The end of the bucket and the downstream are the spots which are suffered from cavitation erosion;The possibility of cavitation erosion has been reduced downstream the bucket terminal, and securer and securer toward downstream.
(3)In original scheme, there all can be formed the stable cavity downstream the two aerator. The aeration effect is good, but the hole shape of the ventilation is on the large side under 1# aerator, the splashes is seriously downstream 2# aerator, hereby, the shape of the aerator has the necessity to be further optimized; In the optimization scheme: the quantity ventilation reduced by 15% than by natural way downstream 1# aerator, and the method of ventilation replaced with the hole. The phenomenon of the splashes sharply reduced than the original scheme downstream 2# aerator.
(4)The uneveness control standard is universal in the high-flood peak discharge structure. The very spillway is the typical one. This paper has studied the uneveness control standard through the hydraulic model test. The flow cavitation number and the incipient cavitation number are tight related to the location of the spillway, the flow cavitation number is different from the incipient cavitation of the convex body in the different position of the spillway,and it can truely reflect the very characteristics byσ/σi.
通过左岸溢洪道常压水工模型试验,主要论证左岸溢洪道在不同特征水位、不同闸门开度下的流态,沿程压力分布及流速分布;通过减压模型试验,论述水流的空化数特性及空蚀的可能性;论证溢洪道掺气设施的数量、位置选择及体型优化,提出改进掺气措施;分析不同运行工况时,掺气设施的掺气特性。试验结果表明,修改后的掺气设施体型的掺气效果良好,可以满足工程运行的需要,为解决左岸溢洪道高速水流问题提供依据。
水工模型试验取得的主要研究成果归纳如下:
(1)拟定试验方案陡坡上的渐变段偏短,造成冲击波较强烈,影响溢洪道水流流态。经修改加长该渐变段后,流态明显改善,水流飞溅现象大为改观。门槽及溢洪道内压力正常,满足工程要求。
(2)高0.16mm(模拟原型高度为7.2mm)垂直升坎凸体减压试验表明,各个部位均无发生稳定的空化云,因此,本溢洪道的空化空蚀问题并不突出。反弧末端及其下游是容易发生空蚀的部位;反弧末端下游发生空化的可能性沿程逐渐降低,越往下游越不容易空化。
(3)拟定试验方案中,两道掺气坎均能形成稳定空腔,掺气效果较好,但1#掺气坎通气孔面积偏大;2#掺气坎溅水比较严重,其掺气坎体型有必要进一步优化。经优化修改后,1#掺气坎通风量比自然通风减少15%的通气量,并改用洞顶供气的方法。对2#掺气坎来说,溅水比拟定试验方案显著降低。
(4)施工不平整度是高水头泄水建筑物普遍涉及到的问题,本溢洪道是一典型泄水道,结合本试验对施工不平整度问题进行探讨,不同部位的水流空化数和凸体初生空化数也各自不同,水流空化数和初生空化数都与溢洪道位置关系密切,并且σ/σ_i指标能够较好的反映溢洪道的空化特性。
There is the high-velocity fluid problem in the hydraulic and electricity projects that are constructed, constructing, planning to construct and the large-scale water conservations and electricity projects in our country. In order to make full use of the spillway and reduce the project construction cost, it has to been changes the conduction hole to spillway, and it’s often ogee spillway.In high-flood peak discharge structure, high-velocity fluid problem has become an important issue. In this paper, we took a hydraulic model test according to Miaojiaba Hydropower Station, study on such as cavitation erosion and aeration to alleviate cavitation hydraulics issues through the decompression and normal test on the spillway.
Over the hydraulic model test of the left spillway in the Miaojiaba hydropower station, mainly proves the flow states under the different characteristic water level, the different gate opening of the left spillway, the pressure distribution with regulation and the flow velocity distribution; elaboration cavitation number characteristic of the current and cavitation erosion possibility; the proof over the aeration facility quantity to alleviate cavitation, the choice of location and the build optimize, proposed the improvement to the aeration facility; analyzes the aeration characteristic in different operating mode. The test result indicated that, after the optimized aeration facility is good effect in aeration effect, can satisfy the need of the project, provide the basis to solve the high-velocity flow question in the left spillway.
The left spillway hydraulic model test main research results induction that is as follows:
(1)In original scheme plan steep slope gradation section is short, and the shock-wave is to be intensed, and affects the spillway flow state. Then lengthens this gradation section, in the optimized plan, the flow state has obviously improved, the fluent splash phenomenon has a greatly effect. The pressure distribution is normal in the gate jiont and the spillway, satisfied the project request.
(2)The decompression test of the height 0.16mm ( prototype height 7.2mm) vertical convex body indicates that: every spot have not the stable cavitation cloud, therefore, the cavitation erosion question of this spillway doesn’t catch the eyes. The end of the bucket and the downstream are the spots which are suffered from cavitation erosion;The possibility of cavitation erosion has been reduced downstream the bucket terminal, and securer and securer toward downstream.
(3)In original scheme, there all can be formed the stable cavity downstream the two aerator. The aeration effect is good, but the hole shape of the ventilation is on the large side under 1# aerator, the splashes is seriously downstream 2# aerator, hereby, the shape of the aerator has the necessity to be further optimized; In the optimization scheme: the quantity ventilation reduced by 15% than by natural way downstream 1# aerator, and the method of ventilation replaced with the hole. The phenomenon of the splashes sharply reduced than the original scheme downstream 2# aerator.
(4)The uneveness control standard is universal in the high-flood peak discharge structure. The very spillway is the typical one. This paper has studied the uneveness control standard through the hydraulic model test. The flow cavitation number and the incipient cavitation number are tight related to the location of the spillway, the flow cavitation number is different from the incipient cavitation of the convex body in the different position of the spillway,and it can truely reflect the very characteristics byσ/σi.
引文
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