电力变压器局部放电超高频在线监测方法研究
|
摘要
局部放电是导致大型变压器内部绝缘劣化的主要原因之一。通过对变压器局部放电的在线监测能够及时准确地判断变压器内部绝缘状态,对防止电力变压器事故发生,对保障电力系统安全稳定运行具有重大意义。
由于局部放电超高频监测法能够有效避开低频干扰,近年来得到了广泛重视。然而将电力变压器局部放电超高频监测系统成功应用于工程实践,仍然有许多理论上的问题需要解决。本文在对局部放电在线监测研究现状总结分析的基础上,从超高频传感器(超高频天线)的优化设计、超高频信号抗干扰和超高频信号模式识别三个方面,研究了电力变压器局部放电超高频在线监测方法。论文主要内容如下:○1论述了Hilbert分形天线基本原理,并根据分形和天线电磁场理论,提出了应用于变压器局部放电超高频在线监测的Hilbert分形天线优化设计方法,介绍了Hilbert分形天线的性能;以电磁场仿真软件Ansoft Designer为工具,研究了几何参数对Hilbert分形天线性能的影响;结合电力变压器的结构特点,设计出用于变压器局部放电监测的三阶Hilbert分形天线。
○2研究了一种抑制局部放电超高频信号中白噪声的改进小波阈值去噪算法,分析了母小波对各尺度分解信号能量的影响,提出了逐层寻求最优母小波的方法;设计了四种典型油中绝缘缺陷,应用改进小波去噪算法对油中绝缘缺陷产生的局部放电超高频信号进行了去噪处理,并比较了采用不同阈值和阈值处理方法的去噪结果。○3研究了从局部放电超高频信号的小波系数中提取分形特征量的差盒分维数计算方法,根据所提取的特征量,分别以径向基神经网络和概率神经网络作为模式分类器,对四种油中缺陷产生的超高频信号进行分类,并对比分析了两个网络的识别结果。
Insulation deterioration, which is mainly caused by partial discharge (PD) occurring inside power transformers, is one of the prime reasons to cause transformer faults. In order to prevent accident faults and insure stable performance of power system, it is valuable to judge accurately the condition of transformers through on-line monitoring PD activities of transformers.
Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) monitoring approach is focused on recent years because of its effectiveness to avoid low-frequency noises. However, there are still unsolved problems to obstacle the on-site application of UHF on-line monitoring system for PD in transformers. In this paper, UHF on-line monitoring approach for PD in transformers is studied on the basis of concluding and analyzing the research situation of on-line monitoring for PD activities. This paper concentrates on three aspects: the optimized design of UHF sensor (UHF antenna), interference suppression of UHF signal and the recognition of UHF signal, all of which are shown below.
○1 The basic principles of Hilbert fractal antenna is introduced and the optimization and design approaches of Hilbert fractal antenna are presented for UHF on-line monitoring for PD in transformers based on fractal and antenna magnetic theories. The performance of Hilbert fractal antenna is discussed and the influence of geometry parameters to the performance of the antenna is studied based on the magnetic simulation software Ansoft Designer; a 3rd Hilbert fractal antenna is designed taking the structure of transformers into account.
○2 An improved wavelet denoising method is presented to suppress the white noise mixed within the UHF signal generated by PD activities. The optimal basic wavelet is calculated in each scale through analyzing the influence of basic wavelet to signal energy decomposed in each scale. The method is applied to denoise UHF signals generated by four types of classic artificial insulation defects and the denoising results derived from different thresholds and threshold methods are also compared.
○3 The difference box-counting method for fractal dimension is studied to extract fractal features from wavelet coefficients of UHF signal generated by PD. According to the extracted feature, radial basis function artificial neuron network and probability artificial neuron network, as pattern classifier, respectively, is used to recognize four types of UHF signals derived from artificial defects and the recognition results of two ANNs are compared.
由于局部放电超高频监测法能够有效避开低频干扰,近年来得到了广泛重视。然而将电力变压器局部放电超高频监测系统成功应用于工程实践,仍然有许多理论上的问题需要解决。本文在对局部放电在线监测研究现状总结分析的基础上,从超高频传感器(超高频天线)的优化设计、超高频信号抗干扰和超高频信号模式识别三个方面,研究了电力变压器局部放电超高频在线监测方法。论文主要内容如下:○1论述了Hilbert分形天线基本原理,并根据分形和天线电磁场理论,提出了应用于变压器局部放电超高频在线监测的Hilbert分形天线优化设计方法,介绍了Hilbert分形天线的性能;以电磁场仿真软件Ansoft Designer为工具,研究了几何参数对Hilbert分形天线性能的影响;结合电力变压器的结构特点,设计出用于变压器局部放电监测的三阶Hilbert分形天线。
○2研究了一种抑制局部放电超高频信号中白噪声的改进小波阈值去噪算法,分析了母小波对各尺度分解信号能量的影响,提出了逐层寻求最优母小波的方法;设计了四种典型油中绝缘缺陷,应用改进小波去噪算法对油中绝缘缺陷产生的局部放电超高频信号进行了去噪处理,并比较了采用不同阈值和阈值处理方法的去噪结果。○3研究了从局部放电超高频信号的小波系数中提取分形特征量的差盒分维数计算方法,根据所提取的特征量,分别以径向基神经网络和概率神经网络作为模式分类器,对四种油中缺陷产生的超高频信号进行分类,并对比分析了两个网络的识别结果。
Insulation deterioration, which is mainly caused by partial discharge (PD) occurring inside power transformers, is one of the prime reasons to cause transformer faults. In order to prevent accident faults and insure stable performance of power system, it is valuable to judge accurately the condition of transformers through on-line monitoring PD activities of transformers.
Ultra-high-frequency (UHF) monitoring approach is focused on recent years because of its effectiveness to avoid low-frequency noises. However, there are still unsolved problems to obstacle the on-site application of UHF on-line monitoring system for PD in transformers. In this paper, UHF on-line monitoring approach for PD in transformers is studied on the basis of concluding and analyzing the research situation of on-line monitoring for PD activities. This paper concentrates on three aspects: the optimized design of UHF sensor (UHF antenna), interference suppression of UHF signal and the recognition of UHF signal, all of which are shown below.
○1 The basic principles of Hilbert fractal antenna is introduced and the optimization and design approaches of Hilbert fractal antenna are presented for UHF on-line monitoring for PD in transformers based on fractal and antenna magnetic theories. The performance of Hilbert fractal antenna is discussed and the influence of geometry parameters to the performance of the antenna is studied based on the magnetic simulation software Ansoft Designer; a 3rd Hilbert fractal antenna is designed taking the structure of transformers into account.
○2 An improved wavelet denoising method is presented to suppress the white noise mixed within the UHF signal generated by PD activities. The optimal basic wavelet is calculated in each scale through analyzing the influence of basic wavelet to signal energy decomposed in each scale. The method is applied to denoise UHF signals generated by four types of classic artificial insulation defects and the denoising results derived from different thresholds and threshold methods are also compared.
○3 The difference box-counting method for fractal dimension is studied to extract fractal features from wavelet coefficients of UHF signal generated by PD. According to the extracted feature, radial basis function artificial neuron network and probability artificial neuron network, as pattern classifier, respectively, is used to recognize four types of UHF signals derived from artificial defects and the recognition results of two ANNs are compared.
引文
[1] 孙才新. 重视和加强防止复杂气候环境及输变电设备故障导致大面积事故地安全技术研究.中国电力,Vol.37,No.6, 2004, pp:1-8
[2] 严璋编. 电气设备在线监测技术. 第 1 版. 北京: 中国电力出版社. 1995 年 11 月
[3] 杨霁.于小波多尺度变换的局部放电去噪与识别方法研究.重庆大学博士学位论文,2004 年10 月
[4] 马晓华.电力设备绝缘监测综合式应用软件的研究.华北电力大学硕士论文,2003 年 1 月
[5] 王昌长等. 在线监测电力设备局部放电的电流传感器的研究. 电工技术学报,1990.5
[6] [苏]Γ.C.库钦斯基著, 徐永禧, 胡维新译. 高压电气设备局部放电. 第 1 版. 北京: 水利电力出版社. 1984 年 6 月
[7] 葛景滂. 邱昌容主编. 局部放电测量. 第 1 版. 北京: 机械工业出版社. 1984 年 6 月
[8] 邱昌容, 王乃庆主编. 电工设备局部放电及测试技术. 第1版. 北京: 机械工业出版社. 1994年 9 月
[9] 朱德恒, 谈克雄主编. 电绝缘诊断技术. 第 1 版. 北京: 中国电力出版社. 1999 年 4 月
[10] R. T. Harrold. Acoustic Waveguides for Sensing and Locating Electrical Discharge in HV Power Transformers and Other Apparatus. IEEE. PAS. Vol.98, No.2, March/April. 1979
[11] R. T. Harrold et al. Acoustic Technology Application in Electrical Insulation and Dielectics. IEEE EI, Vol.20, No.1, Feb 1985
[12] 金显贺等. 电力变压器绝缘局部放电的声发射频谱. 电工技术学报, No.4, 1989.11
[13] 袁易全. 局部放电超声特性实验研究. 电工技术学报, No.1, 1992.2
[14] 袁易全. 电力变压器局部放电超声定位中若干问题研究. 东南大学学报, No.3, 1991.3
[15] 小崎正光. 高电压与绝缘技术. 科学出版社, OHM 出版社, 2001.7
[16] 冯允平. 高电压技术中的气体放电及其应用. 北京: 水利电力出版社, 1989
[17] 程玉兰. 红外诊断技术在电力生产中的应用. 中国电力.1993
[18] 王国利. 电力变压器局部放电检测技术的现状和发展. 电工电能新技术, 2001.2
[19] 中能电力科技开发公司. 变压器油中主要故障气体在线监测. 1997.12
[20] 贾瑞君. 关于变压器油中溶解气体在线监测的综述. 电网技术, Vol.22, No.5, 1998.5
[21] A. Black et al. The Application of the Pulse Discrimination System to the Measurement of Partial Discharge in Insulation under Noise Condition. 1987. IEEE Int. Symposium on E.I. Conf. Record.
[22] Borsi. H. et al. Application of Rogowiski Coils for Partial Discharge Decoupling and NoiseSuppression. ISH, 1987, 42, 02
[23] M. Hastje. Primary Result with a Partial Discharge Computer aided Measuring System on Power Transformers. ISH, 1987, 42, 10
[24] H. Kawada et al. Partial Discharge Automatic Monitor for Oil-filled Power Transformers. IEEE. Vol.PAS. No.2 Feb. 1984
[25] D. Allan et al. Australia and New Zealand Experience in the Application of Diagnostic Techniques for Assessment of Insulation in High Voltage Apparatus. CIGRE, 1990
[26] D. Allan et al. New Techniques for Monitoring the Insulation Quality of In-service HV Apparatus. IEEE Tran. On EI. Vol.27, No.3 June 1992
[27] C. Boisseau. Instrument Transformers on Line Monitoring by Means of Partial Discharge Measurement. 7th ISH, August 1991
[28] 宋克仁等. 高压变压器在线局部放电测量. 高电压技术. 1992 年 3 月
[29] 朱德恒等. 在线检测变压器局部放电的微机系统. 高电压技术. 1992 年 3 月
[30] 郭恒等. 带电校正局部放电放电量方法的研究. 电工技术学报. 1990 年 8 月
[31] 郭恒. 用脉冲电流法在线检测电力设备局部放电的研究. 硕士学位论文. 清华大学. 1988 年
[32] W. R. Rutgers and Y. H. Fu. UHF PD-detection in a power transformer. 10th ISH, Montreal, vol. 4, pp: 2109-222, August 25-29, 1997
[33] M Pompili, et al. Early stage of negative PD in dielectric liquids [J]. IEEE Trans, on Diel. , and Elect. , Insul. , 1995, 2(4): 602-613
[34] 葛景滂,邱昌容编. 局部放电测量 北京 机械工业出版社 1984
[35] M.D. Judd, O. Farish, J.S. Pearson. UHF couplers for gas-insulated substations: a calibration technique, Science, Measurement and Technology. IEE Proceedings , Volume: 144 Issue: 3 , May 1997, Page(s): 117 –122
[36] M. Knapp, R. Feger, K.Feser, A. Breuer. Application of the CIGRE-sensitivity verification for UHF PD detection in three-phase GIS. High Voltage Engineering Symposium, 22-27 August 1999, Conference Publication No. 467, IEE, 1999
[37] Judd, M. D, Cleary, G. P, Bennoch, C. J. Applying UHF partial discharge detection to power transformers. Power Engineering Review, IEEE, Aug.2002, vol. 22, Issue:8, pp:57-59
[38] A.R. Convery, M.D. Judd. Measurement of Propagation characteristics for UHF signals in transformer insulation materials. Proc. 13th Int. Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH), Delft, 2
[39] M Pompili, C. Mazzetti and R. Bartnikas. Simultaneous ultrawide and narrowed detection of PD pulses in dielectric liquids. IEEE Trans. on Diel. And Elect. Insul. , 1998, 5(3):402-407
[40] 郭俊,吴广宁,张血琴,等. 局部放电检测技术的现状和发展[J]. 电工技术学报,2005,20(2):29-35.
[41] R. Convery, M. D. Judd. Measurement of Propagation characteristics for UHF signals in transformer insulation materials[C]. Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, 2003:25-29.
[42] CHEN Qing-guo, WANG Yong-hong, WEI Xin-lao. The UHF Method for Measurement of Partial Discharge and Interference Suppression[C]. Proceeding of 2005 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Material, 2005: 829-832.
[43] 王国利,郑毅,郝艳捧,等. 用于变压器局部放电检测的超高频传感器的初步研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报,2004, 22(4): 154-160.
[44] H.Matsuzaki. Internal Discharge Measurement Using a Microcomputer[C]. IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,Claymont,DE,1986:438-443
[45] Wang Changchang, Wang Zhongdong, An Xianhe and Zhu Deheng. A Digital Filter Technique Used for On-line Monitoring Partial Discharge. Proc. 2"0 Sino-Japanese Conf. On Insul. Diagnosis, Shanghai, P.R. China, June 1992, Vo1.3, No.3, p193-197.
[46] 张贤达. 现代信号处理. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 1995
[47] V.Nagesh, B.I.Gururaj. Evaluation of Digital Filters for Rejection Discrete Spectral Interference in On-site PD Measurements. IEEE Transaction on Electrical Insulation, Feb. 993, Vol.28, No., pp73-85.
[48] 于鹏娟,聂卫东. 一种可用于局部放电在线检测的数字滤波器. 变压器,Feb.1999, Vol.36, No 2, p30-33.
[49] Mallat S,Huang W L. Singularity detection and Processing with Wavelets[J]. IEEE Trans on Information Theory,1992,38(2):617-643
[50] 王祁等. 用小波变换提取高压变压器局部放电脉冲的研究. 电工技术学报,1997,12(4):29-33
[51] Donoho D,Johnstone I M,Kerkyacharian G,et al. Wavelet Shrinkage:asymptopisa. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,Ser B,1995,57(2):301-369
[52] Lapp. and H.-G. Kranz. The Use of the CIGRE Data Format for PD Diagnosis Applications. IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. Vol.7, No.1, Feb. 2000. pp. 102-112.
[53] M Hoof, R. Patsch. Pulse-Sequence Analysis: A New Method for Investigation the Physics of PD-induced Aging. IEE Proc.-Sci. Meas. Technol., Vol.142, No.1, January 1995. pp. 95-101.
[54] Hans-Gerd Kranz. Diagnosis of Partial Discharge Signals Using Neural Networks and Minimum Distance Classification. IEEE Transaction on Electrical Insulation. Vol.28, No.6, Dec. 1993. pp. 1018-1024.
[55] Amira A. Mazroua. Discrimination Between PD Pulse Shapes Using Different Neural NetworkParadigms. IEEE Transaction on Electrical Insulation. Vol.1 No.6. Dec. 1994. pp. 1119-1131.
[56] Zhenyuan Wang, Deheng Zhu, Kexiong Tan, Fuqi Li. PD Monitor System for Power Generators. IEEE Transaction on Electrical Insulation. Vol.5, No.6, Dec. 1998. pp. 850-856.
[57] 郑重, 谈克雄, 高凯. 局部放电脉冲波形特征分析. 高电压技术. 1999,25(4): 15-17.
[58] Zheng Zhong, Tan Kexiong. Partial Discharge Recognition Based on Pulse Waveform Using Time Domain Data Compression Method. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Properties and App.lications of Dielectric Materials. June 21-26, 2000, Xi’an, China. pp: 483-486.
[59] M. Cacciari, A. Contin, G. C. Montanari. Use of a Mixed-Weibull Distribution for the Identification of PD Phenomena. IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol.2, No.4, August 1995. pp. 614-627.
[60] R.Schifani, R.Candela. A New Algorithm for Mixed Weibull Analysis of Partial Discharge Amplitude Distributions. IEEE Trans on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. Vol. 6, No. 2, 1999. pp. 242-249.
[61] Gao Kai, Tan Kexiong, Li Fuqi, Wu Chengqi. The Use of Moment Features of Partial Discharges in Generator Stator Winding Models. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Properties and App.lications of Dielectric Materials. June 21-26, 2000, Xi’an, China. pp. 290-293.
[62] L. Satish and W. S. Zaengl. Can Fractal Features be Used for Recognition 3-D Partial Discharge Patterns. IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1995, Vol.2, No.3: pp352-359
[63] 成永红,谢小军,陈玉,等. 气体绝缘系统中典型缺陷的超宽频带放电信号的分形分析. 中国电机工程学报, 2004,24(8): 99-102.
[64] Krivda, E. Gulski, L. Satish and W. S. Zaengl. The Use of Fractal Features for Recognition of 3-D Discharge Patterns. IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. Vol.2, No.5, Oct. 1995. pp. 889-892.
[65] R. Candela, G. Mirelli, R. Schifani. PD Recognition by Means of Statistical and Fractal Parameters and a Neural Network. IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. Vol.7, No.1, Feb. 2000. pp. 87-94.
[66] 李新. 局部放电在线监测的信号重构和模式识别方法的研究. 重庆大学博士论文. 1999 年 7 月.
[67] 李剑,孙才新,杜林,等. 局部放电灰度图象分维数的研究.中国电机工程学报,2002, 22(8): 123-127.
[68] 孙才新,许高峰,唐炬,等. 以盒维数和信息维数为识别特征量的 GIS 局部放电模式识别方法. 中国电机工程学报, 2005,25(3):100-104
[69] 孙才新,李新,李俭. 小波与分形理论的互补性及其在局部放电模式识别中的应用研究. 中国电机工程学报, 2001,21(12): 73-76.
[70] 杨丽君, 廖瑞金, 孙才新, 李剑, 梁帅伟. 油纸绝缘老化阶段的多元统计分析. 中国电机工程学报. 2005,25(18): 151-156.
[71] 全玉生,马彦伟,何秋宇,李学鹏,杨俊伟. 基于模糊概率论的变压器局放信号模式识别法.电力系统自动化,2006,30(4): 71-74.
[72] 姜磊, 朱德恒, 李福琪, 谈克雄等. 基于人工神经网络的变压器绝缘模型放电模式识别的研究. 中国电机工程学报, 2001, 21(1): 21-24.
[73] Kai Gao, Kexiong Tan, Fuqi Li. PD Pattern Recognition for Stator Bar Models with Six Kinds of Characteristic Vectors using BP Networks. IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2002, Vol.9, No.3: pp381-389
[74] D.Wenzel, H.Borsi, E.Gockenbach. A New Approach for Partial Discharge Recognition on Transformers on-site by means of Genetic Algorithms. Conference Record of the 1996 IEEE International Symposium on Electric Insulation, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1996, June16-19: pp57-60
[75] 袁曾任主编. 人工神经网络及其应用. 第 1 版. 北京: 清华大学出版社. 南宁: 广西科学技术出版社. 1999 年 10 月.
[76] 李剑. 局部放电灰度图象识别特征提取与分形压缩方法的研究. 重庆大学博士学位论文, 2001.12.
[77] 阎平凡,张长水编. 人工神经网络与模拟进化计算. 第 1 版. 北京: 清华大学出版社. 2000年 11 月.
[78] Tsutomu Endo, Yonehiko Sunahara, Shinichi Satoh,et al. Resonant Frequency and Radiation Efficiency of Meander Line Antennas. Electronics and Communications in Japan, Part 2, Vol. 83, No. 1, 2000: 52-58.
[79] Jinhui Zhu, Ahmad Hoorfar ,and Nader Engheta. Bandwidth, Cross-Polarization, and Feed-Point Characteristics of Matched Hilbert Antennas. IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 2, 2003: 2-5.
[80] Boggs S A, Sotne C. Fundamental limitations in the measurement of corona and partial discharge. IEEE Trans. on EI 1982, 17(2): 143-150
[81] M.D. Judd, O. Farish, and B.F. Hampton. Excitation of UHF signals by partial discharges in GIS. IEEE Trans. Dielect. Elect. Insulation, vol. 3, Apr. 1996, pp:213~228
[82] Pemen A J M, Rutgers W R, van Rijin T J M, et al. On-line partial discharge monitoring of HV components[C]. 11th ISH, London, 1999.
[83] K. Raja, F. Devaux, and S. Lelaidier. Recognition of discharge sources using UHF PD signatures. IEEEE Elect. Insul. Mag., vol.18, no.5, pp:8-14, Sep/Oct, 2002
[84] 李剑,孙才新,陈明英,等. 局部放电识别中分维数分布的研究. 高压电器, 2001, 37(2): 18-23.
[85] Nirupam Sarker and B. B. Chaudhuri. An Efficient Fifferential Box-counting Approach to Compute Fractal Dimension of Image. IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Vol.24, No.1, Jan. 1994. pp.115-120
[86] B. B. Chaudhuri and Nirupam Sarker. Texture Segmentation Using Fractal Dimension. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. Vol.17, No.1, Jan. 1995. pp.72-77
[2] 严璋编. 电气设备在线监测技术. 第 1 版. 北京: 中国电力出版社. 1995 年 11 月
[3] 杨霁.于小波多尺度变换的局部放电去噪与识别方法研究.重庆大学博士学位论文,2004 年10 月
[4] 马晓华.电力设备绝缘监测综合式应用软件的研究.华北电力大学硕士论文,2003 年 1 月
[5] 王昌长等. 在线监测电力设备局部放电的电流传感器的研究. 电工技术学报,1990.5
[6] [苏]Γ.C.库钦斯基著, 徐永禧, 胡维新译. 高压电气设备局部放电. 第 1 版. 北京: 水利电力出版社. 1984 年 6 月
[7] 葛景滂. 邱昌容主编. 局部放电测量. 第 1 版. 北京: 机械工业出版社. 1984 年 6 月
[8] 邱昌容, 王乃庆主编. 电工设备局部放电及测试技术. 第1版. 北京: 机械工业出版社. 1994年 9 月
[9] 朱德恒, 谈克雄主编. 电绝缘诊断技术. 第 1 版. 北京: 中国电力出版社. 1999 年 4 月
[10] R. T. Harrold. Acoustic Waveguides for Sensing and Locating Electrical Discharge in HV Power Transformers and Other Apparatus. IEEE. PAS. Vol.98, No.2, March/April. 1979
[11] R. T. Harrold et al. Acoustic Technology Application in Electrical Insulation and Dielectics. IEEE EI, Vol.20, No.1, Feb 1985
[12] 金显贺等. 电力变压器绝缘局部放电的声发射频谱. 电工技术学报, No.4, 1989.11
[13] 袁易全. 局部放电超声特性实验研究. 电工技术学报, No.1, 1992.2
[14] 袁易全. 电力变压器局部放电超声定位中若干问题研究. 东南大学学报, No.3, 1991.3
[15] 小崎正光. 高电压与绝缘技术. 科学出版社, OHM 出版社, 2001.7
[16] 冯允平. 高电压技术中的气体放电及其应用. 北京: 水利电力出版社, 1989
[17] 程玉兰. 红外诊断技术在电力生产中的应用. 中国电力.1993
[18] 王国利. 电力变压器局部放电检测技术的现状和发展. 电工电能新技术, 2001.2
[19] 中能电力科技开发公司. 变压器油中主要故障气体在线监测. 1997.12
[20] 贾瑞君. 关于变压器油中溶解气体在线监测的综述. 电网技术, Vol.22, No.5, 1998.5
[21] A. Black et al. The Application of the Pulse Discrimination System to the Measurement of Partial Discharge in Insulation under Noise Condition. 1987. IEEE Int. Symposium on E.I. Conf. Record.
[22] Borsi. H. et al. Application of Rogowiski Coils for Partial Discharge Decoupling and NoiseSuppression. ISH, 1987, 42, 02
[23] M. Hastje. Primary Result with a Partial Discharge Computer aided Measuring System on Power Transformers. ISH, 1987, 42, 10
[24] H. Kawada et al. Partial Discharge Automatic Monitor for Oil-filled Power Transformers. IEEE. Vol.PAS. No.2 Feb. 1984
[25] D. Allan et al. Australia and New Zealand Experience in the Application of Diagnostic Techniques for Assessment of Insulation in High Voltage Apparatus. CIGRE, 1990
[26] D. Allan et al. New Techniques for Monitoring the Insulation Quality of In-service HV Apparatus. IEEE Tran. On EI. Vol.27, No.3 June 1992
[27] C. Boisseau. Instrument Transformers on Line Monitoring by Means of Partial Discharge Measurement. 7th ISH, August 1991
[28] 宋克仁等. 高压变压器在线局部放电测量. 高电压技术. 1992 年 3 月
[29] 朱德恒等. 在线检测变压器局部放电的微机系统. 高电压技术. 1992 年 3 月
[30] 郭恒等. 带电校正局部放电放电量方法的研究. 电工技术学报. 1990 年 8 月
[31] 郭恒. 用脉冲电流法在线检测电力设备局部放电的研究. 硕士学位论文. 清华大学. 1988 年
[32] W. R. Rutgers and Y. H. Fu. UHF PD-detection in a power transformer. 10th ISH, Montreal, vol. 4, pp: 2109-222, August 25-29, 1997
[33] M Pompili, et al. Early stage of negative PD in dielectric liquids [J]. IEEE Trans, on Diel. , and Elect. , Insul. , 1995, 2(4): 602-613
[34] 葛景滂,邱昌容编. 局部放电测量 北京 机械工业出版社 1984
[35] M.D. Judd, O. Farish, J.S. Pearson. UHF couplers for gas-insulated substations: a calibration technique, Science, Measurement and Technology. IEE Proceedings , Volume: 144 Issue: 3 , May 1997, Page(s): 117 –122
[36] M. Knapp, R. Feger, K.Feser, A. Breuer. Application of the CIGRE-sensitivity verification for UHF PD detection in three-phase GIS. High Voltage Engineering Symposium, 22-27 August 1999, Conference Publication No. 467, IEE, 1999
[37] Judd, M. D, Cleary, G. P, Bennoch, C. J. Applying UHF partial discharge detection to power transformers. Power Engineering Review, IEEE, Aug.2002, vol. 22, Issue:8, pp:57-59
[38] A.R. Convery, M.D. Judd. Measurement of Propagation characteristics for UHF signals in transformer insulation materials. Proc. 13th Int. Symposium on High Voltage Engineering (ISH), Delft, 2
[39] M Pompili, C. Mazzetti and R. Bartnikas. Simultaneous ultrawide and narrowed detection of PD pulses in dielectric liquids. IEEE Trans. on Diel. And Elect. Insul. , 1998, 5(3):402-407
[40] 郭俊,吴广宁,张血琴,等. 局部放电检测技术的现状和发展[J]. 电工技术学报,2005,20(2):29-35.
[41] R. Convery, M. D. Judd. Measurement of Propagation characteristics for UHF signals in transformer insulation materials[C]. Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, 2003:25-29.
[42] CHEN Qing-guo, WANG Yong-hong, WEI Xin-lao. The UHF Method for Measurement of Partial Discharge and Interference Suppression[C]. Proceeding of 2005 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Material, 2005: 829-832.
[43] 王国利,郑毅,郝艳捧,等. 用于变压器局部放电检测的超高频传感器的初步研究[J]. 中国电机工程学报,2004, 22(4): 154-160.
[44] H.Matsuzaki. Internal Discharge Measurement Using a Microcomputer[C]. IEEE Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena,Claymont,DE,1986:438-443
[45] Wang Changchang, Wang Zhongdong, An Xianhe and Zhu Deheng. A Digital Filter Technique Used for On-line Monitoring Partial Discharge. Proc. 2"0 Sino-Japanese Conf. On Insul. Diagnosis, Shanghai, P.R. China, June 1992, Vo1.3, No.3, p193-197.
[46] 张贤达. 现代信号处理. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 1995
[47] V.Nagesh, B.I.Gururaj. Evaluation of Digital Filters for Rejection Discrete Spectral Interference in On-site PD Measurements. IEEE Transaction on Electrical Insulation, Feb. 993, Vol.28, No., pp73-85.
[48] 于鹏娟,聂卫东. 一种可用于局部放电在线检测的数字滤波器. 变压器,Feb.1999, Vol.36, No 2, p30-33.
[49] Mallat S,Huang W L. Singularity detection and Processing with Wavelets[J]. IEEE Trans on Information Theory,1992,38(2):617-643
[50] 王祁等. 用小波变换提取高压变压器局部放电脉冲的研究. 电工技术学报,1997,12(4):29-33
[51] Donoho D,Johnstone I M,Kerkyacharian G,et al. Wavelet Shrinkage:asymptopisa. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,Ser B,1995,57(2):301-369
[52] Lapp. and H.-G. Kranz. The Use of the CIGRE Data Format for PD Diagnosis Applications. IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. Vol.7, No.1, Feb. 2000. pp. 102-112.
[53] M Hoof, R. Patsch. Pulse-Sequence Analysis: A New Method for Investigation the Physics of PD-induced Aging. IEE Proc.-Sci. Meas. Technol., Vol.142, No.1, January 1995. pp. 95-101.
[54] Hans-Gerd Kranz. Diagnosis of Partial Discharge Signals Using Neural Networks and Minimum Distance Classification. IEEE Transaction on Electrical Insulation. Vol.28, No.6, Dec. 1993. pp. 1018-1024.
[55] Amira A. Mazroua. Discrimination Between PD Pulse Shapes Using Different Neural NetworkParadigms. IEEE Transaction on Electrical Insulation. Vol.1 No.6. Dec. 1994. pp. 1119-1131.
[56] Zhenyuan Wang, Deheng Zhu, Kexiong Tan, Fuqi Li. PD Monitor System for Power Generators. IEEE Transaction on Electrical Insulation. Vol.5, No.6, Dec. 1998. pp. 850-856.
[57] 郑重, 谈克雄, 高凯. 局部放电脉冲波形特征分析. 高电压技术. 1999,25(4): 15-17.
[58] Zheng Zhong, Tan Kexiong. Partial Discharge Recognition Based on Pulse Waveform Using Time Domain Data Compression Method. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Properties and App.lications of Dielectric Materials. June 21-26, 2000, Xi’an, China. pp: 483-486.
[59] M. Cacciari, A. Contin, G. C. Montanari. Use of a Mixed-Weibull Distribution for the Identification of PD Phenomena. IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol.2, No.4, August 1995. pp. 614-627.
[60] R.Schifani, R.Candela. A New Algorithm for Mixed Weibull Analysis of Partial Discharge Amplitude Distributions. IEEE Trans on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. Vol. 6, No. 2, 1999. pp. 242-249.
[61] Gao Kai, Tan Kexiong, Li Fuqi, Wu Chengqi. The Use of Moment Features of Partial Discharges in Generator Stator Winding Models. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Properties and App.lications of Dielectric Materials. June 21-26, 2000, Xi’an, China. pp. 290-293.
[62] L. Satish and W. S. Zaengl. Can Fractal Features be Used for Recognition 3-D Partial Discharge Patterns. IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 1995, Vol.2, No.3: pp352-359
[63] 成永红,谢小军,陈玉,等. 气体绝缘系统中典型缺陷的超宽频带放电信号的分形分析. 中国电机工程学报, 2004,24(8): 99-102.
[64] Krivda, E. Gulski, L. Satish and W. S. Zaengl. The Use of Fractal Features for Recognition of 3-D Discharge Patterns. IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. Vol.2, No.5, Oct. 1995. pp. 889-892.
[65] R. Candela, G. Mirelli, R. Schifani. PD Recognition by Means of Statistical and Fractal Parameters and a Neural Network. IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. Vol.7, No.1, Feb. 2000. pp. 87-94.
[66] 李新. 局部放电在线监测的信号重构和模式识别方法的研究. 重庆大学博士论文. 1999 年 7 月.
[67] 李剑,孙才新,杜林,等. 局部放电灰度图象分维数的研究.中国电机工程学报,2002, 22(8): 123-127.
[68] 孙才新,许高峰,唐炬,等. 以盒维数和信息维数为识别特征量的 GIS 局部放电模式识别方法. 中国电机工程学报, 2005,25(3):100-104
[69] 孙才新,李新,李俭. 小波与分形理论的互补性及其在局部放电模式识别中的应用研究. 中国电机工程学报, 2001,21(12): 73-76.
[70] 杨丽君, 廖瑞金, 孙才新, 李剑, 梁帅伟. 油纸绝缘老化阶段的多元统计分析. 中国电机工程学报. 2005,25(18): 151-156.
[71] 全玉生,马彦伟,何秋宇,李学鹏,杨俊伟. 基于模糊概率论的变压器局放信号模式识别法.电力系统自动化,2006,30(4): 71-74.
[72] 姜磊, 朱德恒, 李福琪, 谈克雄等. 基于人工神经网络的变压器绝缘模型放电模式识别的研究. 中国电机工程学报, 2001, 21(1): 21-24.
[73] Kai Gao, Kexiong Tan, Fuqi Li. PD Pattern Recognition for Stator Bar Models with Six Kinds of Characteristic Vectors using BP Networks. IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, 2002, Vol.9, No.3: pp381-389
[74] D.Wenzel, H.Borsi, E.Gockenbach. A New Approach for Partial Discharge Recognition on Transformers on-site by means of Genetic Algorithms. Conference Record of the 1996 IEEE International Symposium on Electric Insulation, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1996, June16-19: pp57-60
[75] 袁曾任主编. 人工神经网络及其应用. 第 1 版. 北京: 清华大学出版社. 南宁: 广西科学技术出版社. 1999 年 10 月.
[76] 李剑. 局部放电灰度图象识别特征提取与分形压缩方法的研究. 重庆大学博士学位论文, 2001.12.
[77] 阎平凡,张长水编. 人工神经网络与模拟进化计算. 第 1 版. 北京: 清华大学出版社. 2000年 11 月.
[78] Tsutomu Endo, Yonehiko Sunahara, Shinichi Satoh,et al. Resonant Frequency and Radiation Efficiency of Meander Line Antennas. Electronics and Communications in Japan, Part 2, Vol. 83, No. 1, 2000: 52-58.
[79] Jinhui Zhu, Ahmad Hoorfar ,and Nader Engheta. Bandwidth, Cross-Polarization, and Feed-Point Characteristics of Matched Hilbert Antennas. IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 2, 2003: 2-5.
[80] Boggs S A, Sotne C. Fundamental limitations in the measurement of corona and partial discharge. IEEE Trans. on EI 1982, 17(2): 143-150
[81] M.D. Judd, O. Farish, and B.F. Hampton. Excitation of UHF signals by partial discharges in GIS. IEEE Trans. Dielect. Elect. Insulation, vol. 3, Apr. 1996, pp:213~228
[82] Pemen A J M, Rutgers W R, van Rijin T J M, et al. On-line partial discharge monitoring of HV components[C]. 11th ISH, London, 1999.
[83] K. Raja, F. Devaux, and S. Lelaidier. Recognition of discharge sources using UHF PD signatures. IEEEE Elect. Insul. Mag., vol.18, no.5, pp:8-14, Sep/Oct, 2002
[84] 李剑,孙才新,陈明英,等. 局部放电识别中分维数分布的研究. 高压电器, 2001, 37(2): 18-23.
[85] Nirupam Sarker and B. B. Chaudhuri. An Efficient Fifferential Box-counting Approach to Compute Fractal Dimension of Image. IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Vol.24, No.1, Jan. 1994. pp.115-120
[86] B. B. Chaudhuri and Nirupam Sarker. Texture Segmentation Using Fractal Dimension. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. Vol.17, No.1, Jan. 1995. pp.72-77