基于三维加速度传感器的跌倒监测研究
|
摘要
跌倒是指人身体的任何部位(不包括双脚)意外地触及地面或其它较低的平面,而当事人无法实时做出反应。跌倒是对健康,乃至生命的严重威胁,随着老龄化社会的到来,对跌倒的监测和及时报警日益成为一个紧迫的问题。
跌倒监测报警系统的目标是能够将跌倒(Fall)与日常生活的正常动作(Activities of Daily Life,ADL)区分开来,准确地检测跌倒的发生,并智能判断(并执行)是否需要报警求助.从而尽可能地缩短救助时间,减小跌倒带来的伤害(尤其是“长躺”),降低误报率,最终提升被监测者的生活质量.
本次研究采用了三维加速度传感器MMA7260、处理器MSP430F149及通讯模块的结构组合方案,搭建了三维加速度监测系统.
研究主要分为两部分。第一,对跌倒和ADL进行定义和模式分类,并组织实验,通过佩戴在腰间的数据记录系统记录各模式下的三维加速度数据,并对其进行处理、分析和比较;第二,根据分析结果,提出了以SVM或SMA为特征量,以人体活动/静息状态及姿态(直立/躺卧)为辅助判据的算法,并总结出了具体阈值等相关参数,在随后的验证实验中取得了90%以上的识别准确率。
另外,还提出了基于三维加速度数据的步态分析及跌倒预警的设想,并进行了步频分析等初步的分析与论证。
The definition of unintentional fall is that some part of one's body, except feet, hit the ground or any other lower planes accidentally, and the one could not react in time. Fall is one of the great threats against people's health, even lives. The detection of fall is becoming more and more urgent as the aged population growing bigger and bigger. The aim of the fall detection system (FDS) is to discriminate falls and activities of daily life (ADL), to detect fall and give an alarm if necessary, thereby to shorten the time before help coming, to minimize the harm caused by fall, especially the 'long-lie', to reduce the false alarm and to upgrade the quality of life finally.
This paper presents a real-time fall detection system based on tri-axial acceleration that is made up of MCU MSP430F149, tri-axial accelerometer MMA7260 and communication module.
This research was divided into two parts. First, to define the fall and ADL patterns, and to analyze and compare the different patterns' tri-axial acceleration data which are recorded in the laboratory-based experiments. Second, based on the analysis result, to extract the threshold-based algorithms, that is based on SVM or SMA and postural orientation to distinguish fall and ADL, with the result indicating an overall accuracy over 90% through the laboratory environment trials.
Besides, to present the assumes of gait feature extraction and fall forecast that is based on tri-axial acceleration, and to analyze and demonstrate briefly.
跌倒监测报警系统的目标是能够将跌倒(Fall)与日常生活的正常动作(Activities of Daily Life,ADL)区分开来,准确地检测跌倒的发生,并智能判断(并执行)是否需要报警求助.从而尽可能地缩短救助时间,减小跌倒带来的伤害(尤其是“长躺”),降低误报率,最终提升被监测者的生活质量.
本次研究采用了三维加速度传感器MMA7260、处理器MSP430F149及通讯模块的结构组合方案,搭建了三维加速度监测系统.
研究主要分为两部分。第一,对跌倒和ADL进行定义和模式分类,并组织实验,通过佩戴在腰间的数据记录系统记录各模式下的三维加速度数据,并对其进行处理、分析和比较;第二,根据分析结果,提出了以SVM或SMA为特征量,以人体活动/静息状态及姿态(直立/躺卧)为辅助判据的算法,并总结出了具体阈值等相关参数,在随后的验证实验中取得了90%以上的识别准确率。
另外,还提出了基于三维加速度数据的步态分析及跌倒预警的设想,并进行了步频分析等初步的分析与论证。
The definition of unintentional fall is that some part of one's body, except feet, hit the ground or any other lower planes accidentally, and the one could not react in time. Fall is one of the great threats against people's health, even lives. The detection of fall is becoming more and more urgent as the aged population growing bigger and bigger. The aim of the fall detection system (FDS) is to discriminate falls and activities of daily life (ADL), to detect fall and give an alarm if necessary, thereby to shorten the time before help coming, to minimize the harm caused by fall, especially the 'long-lie', to reduce the false alarm and to upgrade the quality of life finally.
This paper presents a real-time fall detection system based on tri-axial acceleration that is made up of MCU MSP430F149, tri-axial accelerometer MMA7260 and communication module.
This research was divided into two parts. First, to define the fall and ADL patterns, and to analyze and compare the different patterns' tri-axial acceleration data which are recorded in the laboratory-based experiments. Second, based on the analysis result, to extract the threshold-based algorithms, that is based on SVM or SMA and postural orientation to distinguish fall and ADL, with the result indicating an overall accuracy over 90% through the laboratory environment trials.
Besides, to present the assumes of gait feature extraction and fall forecast that is based on tri-axial acceleration, and to analyze and demonstrate briefly.
引文
1 胡逢祥,译.因跌倒所致骨折的危险因素.国外医学·物理学与康复医学分册,1999,15(1):18-19
2 WHO.The injury chartbook:a graphical overview ofthe global burden of injury.Geneva:WHO,2002:43-50
3 M.C.Hornbrook,V.J.Stevens,D.J.Wingfield,J.F.Hollis,M.R.Greenlick,and M.G.Ory,"Preventing falls among community-dwelling older persons:Results from a randomized trial," The Gerontologist 1994:34(1):16-23.
4 Lord SR,Ward JA,Williams P,Anstey KJ.An epidemiological study of falls in older community-dwelling women:the Randwick falls and fractures study.Aust J Public Health 1993;17(3):240-5
5 Tinetti ME,Speechley M,Ginter SF.Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community.N Engl J Med 1988;319(26):1701-7
6 Baker SP,Harvey AH.Fall injuries in the elderly.Clin Geriatr Med 1985;1(3):501-12.
7 Hoyert DL,Kochanek KD,Murphy SL.Deaths:final data for 1997.Natl Vital Stat Rep 1999;47(19):1-104
8 Tinetti ME,Speechley M,Ginter SF.Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community.N Engl J Med 1988;319(26):1701-7
9 Tinetti ME,Williams CS.Fall,injuries due to fall,and the risk of admission to a nursing home.N Engl J Med 1997;337(18):1279-84
10 Fisher ES,Baron JA,Malenka DJ,et aL Hip fracture incidence and mortality in New England.Epidemiology 1991;2:116-22
11 Koski K,Luukinen H,Laippala P,et aL Physiological factors and medications as predictors of injurious falls by elderly people.Age and Ageing 1996;25:29-38
12 Death Due to Unintentional Injuries.National Safety Council of the USA. http://www.nsc.org
13 覃朝晖,于普林,鸟正赉.老年人跌倒研究的现状及进展[J].中华老年医学杂志,2005,24(9):711-714
14 Doughty K,Lewis R,Mclntosh A,et al.The design of a practical and reliable fall detector for community and institutional telecare.Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2000;6:S 1:150-154
15 李林涛,王声涌.老年人跌倒的疾病负担和危险因素.中华流行病学杂志,2001,22(8):262-264
16 LordSR,Sherrington C,MenzHB.Falls in older people:risk factors and strategies for prevention.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press;2001
17 Vellas B,Cayla F,Bocquet H,De Pemille F,Albarede JL.Prospective study of restriction of activity in old people after falls.Age Ageing 1987;16(3):189-93
18 Wild D,Nayak US,Isaaes B.How dangerous are falls in old people at home?Br Med J(Clin Res Ed)1981;282(6260):266-8
19 J.Howland,M.E.Lachman,E.W.Peterson,J.Cote,L.Kasten,and A.Jette,"Covariates of fear of falling and associated activity curtailment," Gerontologist,vol.38,pp.549-55,1998
20 中医现代化科技发展战略研究课题组.中医现代化科技发展战略研究[M].北京:学苑出版社,2003:3-12.
21 徐国栋,骆清铭.老年人运动中跌倒的病因分析与预防[J].武汉体育学院学报.2000,34(4):48-51
22 周白瑜,于普林.老年人跌倒和心血管疾病[J].中华老年医学杂志.2006,25(3):224-227.
23 A.Kochera,"Falls among older persons and the role of the home:an analysis of cost,incidence,and potential savings from home modification," AARP Public Policy Institute,2002,http://research.aarp.org/il/ib56 falls.pdf.
24 朱月妹,袁浩斌,陈雷。老年人跌倒及其预防的认识和行为调查。家庭护士,2007,7(5):11-13
25 马敬东,刘筱娴。老年人骨折发生的危险因素[J]。国外医学社会医学分册,2002,19(6):70
26 Goebel J A.Estrogen replacement therapy and oosturM stability in the elderly[J].Am J Otol,1995,16(4):470.
27 Kerber k A.Disequilibrium in older people:a prospective study[J].Phys Ther,1997,77(8):812
28 范宝华,王秀平.老年人的跌跤问题及护理对策[J].解放军护理杂志,2001,18(2):24
29 张健,伍爱婵.广州3个城区老年人跌倒的原因分析[J].疾病控制杂志,2001,9(5):257
30 张福金 译。老年跌倒问题[J]。国外医学·物理医学与康复学分册2002,22,4:163
31 Roush RE,Teasdale TA,Murphy JN,Kirk MS.Impact of a personal emergency response system on hospital utilization by communityresiding elders.South Med J 1995;88(9):917-22.
32 Gurley RJ,Lum N,Sande M,Lo B,Katz MH.Persons found in their homes helpless or dead.N Engl J Med 1996;334(26):1710-6.
33 Porter EJ.Wearing and using personal emergency respone system buttons.J Gerontol Nurs 2005;31(10):26-33
34 Doughty K,Cameron K.Primary and Secondary Sensing Techniques for Fall Detection in the Home.Proceedings of Hospitals Without Walls.London:City University,1999
35 Bussmarm JBJ,van de Laar YM,Neeleman MP,et al.Ambulatory accelerometry to quantify motor behavior in patients after failed back surgery:a validation study[J].Pain 1998;74:153-161.
36 M.J.Mathie,A.C.F.Coster,B.G.Celler,and N.H.Lovell.Classification of basic daily movements using a triaxial accelerometer[J].Med.Biol.Eng.Comput.,2004;42:670-687.
37 M.J.Mathie.Monitoring and Interpreting Human Movement Patterns Using a Triaxial Accelerometer.Ph.D.thesis,Univ.New South Wales,Sydney,Australia,2003.
38 T.Yoshida,F.Mizuno,T.Hayasaka,et al.A wearable computer system for a detection and prevention of elderly users from falling[C].∥In IFMBE Proc.,2005,vol.12.
39 Bourke A.K,O'Brien J.V,Lyons G.M.Evaluation of a threshold-based tri-axial accelerometerfall detection algorithm.Gait & Posture 26(2007)194-199
40 Diaz A,Prado M,Roa L.M,Reina-Tosina J,Sanchez G.Preliminary evaluation of a full-time falling monitor for the elderly.Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS San Francisco,CA,USA ·September 1-5,2004:2180-2183
41 Kangas M,Konttila A,Winblad I,Jamsa T.Determination of simple thresholds for accelerometry-based parameters for fall detection.Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Cite Internationale,Lyon,France August 23-26,2007:1367-1370
42 Karantonis M,Narayanan MR,Mathie M,Lovell NH,Celler BG.Implementation of a real-time human movement classifier using a triaxial accelerometer for ambulatory monitoring.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN BIOMEDICINE,VOL.10,NO.1,JANUARY 2006:156-167
43 Chen J,Kwong K,Chang D,Luk J,Bajcsy R.Wearable Sensors for Reliable Fall Detection..Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference Shanghai,China,September 1-4,2005:3551-3554
44 Burchfield T.R,Venkatesan S.Accelerometer-Based Human Abnormal Movement Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks.
45 Smeesters C,Hayes WC,McMahon TA.Disturbance type and gait speed affect fall direction and impact location.J Biomech 2001;34(3):309-17
46 Hsiao ET,Robinovitch SN.Common protective movements govern unexpected falls from standing height.J Biomech 1998;31(1):1-9
47 O'Neill TW,Varlow J,Silman A J,Reeve J,Reid DM,Todd C,et al.Age and sex influences on fall characteristics.Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53(11):773-5
48 Vellas BJ,Wayne SJ,Garry PJ,Baumgartner RN.A two-year longitudinal study of falls in 482 community-dwelling elderly adults.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1998;53(4):M264-74
49 Nevitt MC,Cummings SR.Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures:the study of osteoporofic fractures.The study of osteoporotic fractures research Group.J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41(11):1226-34
50 E.K.Antonsson and R.W.Mann,"The frequency content of gait," J.Biomech.,vol.18,no.1,pp.39-47,1985
51 Carlijn V.C.,R.Kodde and J.D.Janssen,A triaxial accelerometer and portable data processing unit for the assessment of daily physical activity[J],IEEE Trans.Biomed Eng.1997,44(3):136-147.
52 M.S.Sun and J.O.Hill.A method for measuring mechanical work and work efficiency during human activities[J].J.Biomech.1993;26:229-241.
53 C.V.Bouten,K.T.Koekkoek,M.Verduin,R.Kodde,and J.D.Janssen.A triaxial accelerometer and portable data processing unit for the assessment of daily physical activity[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.1997;44(3):136-147.
54 K.Kiani,C.J.Snijders and E.S.Gelsema.Computerized analysis of daily life motor activity for ambulatory monitoring[J].Technology and Health Care,1997;5(4):307-318.
55 P.H.Veltink,H.B.Bussmann,W.D.Vries,Martens and R.C.van Lummel.Detection of static and dynamic activities using uniaxial accelerometers[J].IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering.1996;4(4):375-385.
56 K.Aminian,P.Robert,E.E.Buchser,B.Rutschmann,D.Hayoz and M. Depairon.Physical activity monitoring based on accelerometry:validation and comparison with video observation[J].Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing,1999;37(3):304-308.
57 J.Fahrenberg,F.Foerster,M.Smeja and W.Muller.Assement of posture and motion by multichannel piezoresistive accelerometer recordings[J].Psychophysiology.1997;34(5):607-612.
58 Nixon M S,Carter J N,Nash J M,et al.Automatic Gait Recognition[A].In;Proceedings of the IEEE Colloquium on Motion Analysis and Tracking[C],London,England,1999:1-6.
59 戴红.康复医学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1998:81-3
60 Kerrigan DC,Glenn MB.An illustration of clinical gait laboratory use to 21improve rehabilitation management.Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1994;73(6):421-7
61 Inman V T,Ralston H J,Todd F.Human Walking[M].Baltimore:Williams&W ilkins.198
62 Yu Ogura,Shumpei Ando,Hun-ok Lim and Atsuo Takanishi.Sensorybased walking motion instruction for biped humanoid robot(?)门.RO-botics and Autonomous Systems,2004,48(4):223-230.
63 Kavanagh J J,Barrett R S and Morrison S.Upper body accelerations during walking in healthy young and elderly men[J].Gait and Pos-ture,2004,20(3):291-298.
64 Gelat T.Pellec AL.Breniere Y.Evidence for a co mmon process in gait initiation and stepping on to a new level to reach gait velocity.Exp Brain Res 20o6:170(3):336-344
65 Cantor CR.Gait disorder.Clin Podiatr Med Surg 1999,16(1):141.151
66 Chiu MC.Wang MJ.The elect of gait speed and gender on perceived exertion,muscle activity,joint motion of Iower extremity,ground reaction force and head rate during normal walking.Gait Posture 2006:28
67 Hesse S,Sarkodie-Gyan T,Uhlenbrock D.Development of an advanced mechanized gait trainer,controlling movement of the center of mass.for restonng gait in non-ambulant subject.Biomed Tech(Bed)1999;44(7-8):194-201
68 Stolze H,Peteraen G,Raet-en J,et al.The gait disorder of advanced essential tremor.Brain 2001:124(Pt 11):2278,86
69 李正宇,张盘德 编译.踝背屈延迟预测老年人跌倒.国外医学·物理医学与康复学分册2004,24(1):39-40
2 WHO.The injury chartbook:a graphical overview ofthe global burden of injury.Geneva:WHO,2002:43-50
3 M.C.Hornbrook,V.J.Stevens,D.J.Wingfield,J.F.Hollis,M.R.Greenlick,and M.G.Ory,"Preventing falls among community-dwelling older persons:Results from a randomized trial," The Gerontologist 1994:34(1):16-23.
4 Lord SR,Ward JA,Williams P,Anstey KJ.An epidemiological study of falls in older community-dwelling women:the Randwick falls and fractures study.Aust J Public Health 1993;17(3):240-5
5 Tinetti ME,Speechley M,Ginter SF.Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community.N Engl J Med 1988;319(26):1701-7
6 Baker SP,Harvey AH.Fall injuries in the elderly.Clin Geriatr Med 1985;1(3):501-12.
7 Hoyert DL,Kochanek KD,Murphy SL.Deaths:final data for 1997.Natl Vital Stat Rep 1999;47(19):1-104
8 Tinetti ME,Speechley M,Ginter SF.Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community.N Engl J Med 1988;319(26):1701-7
9 Tinetti ME,Williams CS.Fall,injuries due to fall,and the risk of admission to a nursing home.N Engl J Med 1997;337(18):1279-84
10 Fisher ES,Baron JA,Malenka DJ,et aL Hip fracture incidence and mortality in New England.Epidemiology 1991;2:116-22
11 Koski K,Luukinen H,Laippala P,et aL Physiological factors and medications as predictors of injurious falls by elderly people.Age and Ageing 1996;25:29-38
12 Death Due to Unintentional Injuries.National Safety Council of the USA. http://www.nsc.org
13 覃朝晖,于普林,鸟正赉.老年人跌倒研究的现状及进展[J].中华老年医学杂志,2005,24(9):711-714
14 Doughty K,Lewis R,Mclntosh A,et al.The design of a practical and reliable fall detector for community and institutional telecare.Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare 2000;6:S 1:150-154
15 李林涛,王声涌.老年人跌倒的疾病负担和危险因素.中华流行病学杂志,2001,22(8):262-264
16 LordSR,Sherrington C,MenzHB.Falls in older people:risk factors and strategies for prevention.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press;2001
17 Vellas B,Cayla F,Bocquet H,De Pemille F,Albarede JL.Prospective study of restriction of activity in old people after falls.Age Ageing 1987;16(3):189-93
18 Wild D,Nayak US,Isaaes B.How dangerous are falls in old people at home?Br Med J(Clin Res Ed)1981;282(6260):266-8
19 J.Howland,M.E.Lachman,E.W.Peterson,J.Cote,L.Kasten,and A.Jette,"Covariates of fear of falling and associated activity curtailment," Gerontologist,vol.38,pp.549-55,1998
20 中医现代化科技发展战略研究课题组.中医现代化科技发展战略研究[M].北京:学苑出版社,2003:3-12.
21 徐国栋,骆清铭.老年人运动中跌倒的病因分析与预防[J].武汉体育学院学报.2000,34(4):48-51
22 周白瑜,于普林.老年人跌倒和心血管疾病[J].中华老年医学杂志.2006,25(3):224-227.
23 A.Kochera,"Falls among older persons and the role of the home:an analysis of cost,incidence,and potential savings from home modification," AARP Public Policy Institute,2002,http://research.aarp.org/il/ib56 falls.pdf.
24 朱月妹,袁浩斌,陈雷。老年人跌倒及其预防的认识和行为调查。家庭护士,2007,7(5):11-13
25 马敬东,刘筱娴。老年人骨折发生的危险因素[J]。国外医学社会医学分册,2002,19(6):70
26 Goebel J A.Estrogen replacement therapy and oosturM stability in the elderly[J].Am J Otol,1995,16(4):470.
27 Kerber k A.Disequilibrium in older people:a prospective study[J].Phys Ther,1997,77(8):812
28 范宝华,王秀平.老年人的跌跤问题及护理对策[J].解放军护理杂志,2001,18(2):24
29 张健,伍爱婵.广州3个城区老年人跌倒的原因分析[J].疾病控制杂志,2001,9(5):257
30 张福金 译。老年跌倒问题[J]。国外医学·物理医学与康复学分册2002,22,4:163
31 Roush RE,Teasdale TA,Murphy JN,Kirk MS.Impact of a personal emergency response system on hospital utilization by communityresiding elders.South Med J 1995;88(9):917-22.
32 Gurley RJ,Lum N,Sande M,Lo B,Katz MH.Persons found in their homes helpless or dead.N Engl J Med 1996;334(26):1710-6.
33 Porter EJ.Wearing and using personal emergency respone system buttons.J Gerontol Nurs 2005;31(10):26-33
34 Doughty K,Cameron K.Primary and Secondary Sensing Techniques for Fall Detection in the Home.Proceedings of Hospitals Without Walls.London:City University,1999
35 Bussmarm JBJ,van de Laar YM,Neeleman MP,et al.Ambulatory accelerometry to quantify motor behavior in patients after failed back surgery:a validation study[J].Pain 1998;74:153-161.
36 M.J.Mathie,A.C.F.Coster,B.G.Celler,and N.H.Lovell.Classification of basic daily movements using a triaxial accelerometer[J].Med.Biol.Eng.Comput.,2004;42:670-687.
37 M.J.Mathie.Monitoring and Interpreting Human Movement Patterns Using a Triaxial Accelerometer.Ph.D.thesis,Univ.New South Wales,Sydney,Australia,2003.
38 T.Yoshida,F.Mizuno,T.Hayasaka,et al.A wearable computer system for a detection and prevention of elderly users from falling[C].∥In IFMBE Proc.,2005,vol.12.
39 Bourke A.K,O'Brien J.V,Lyons G.M.Evaluation of a threshold-based tri-axial accelerometerfall detection algorithm.Gait & Posture 26(2007)194-199
40 Diaz A,Prado M,Roa L.M,Reina-Tosina J,Sanchez G.Preliminary evaluation of a full-time falling monitor for the elderly.Proceedings of the 26th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS San Francisco,CA,USA ·September 1-5,2004:2180-2183
41 Kangas M,Konttila A,Winblad I,Jamsa T.Determination of simple thresholds for accelerometry-based parameters for fall detection.Proceedings of the 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Cite Internationale,Lyon,France August 23-26,2007:1367-1370
42 Karantonis M,Narayanan MR,Mathie M,Lovell NH,Celler BG.Implementation of a real-time human movement classifier using a triaxial accelerometer for ambulatory monitoring.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN BIOMEDICINE,VOL.10,NO.1,JANUARY 2006:156-167
43 Chen J,Kwong K,Chang D,Luk J,Bajcsy R.Wearable Sensors for Reliable Fall Detection..Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference Shanghai,China,September 1-4,2005:3551-3554
44 Burchfield T.R,Venkatesan S.Accelerometer-Based Human Abnormal Movement Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks.
45 Smeesters C,Hayes WC,McMahon TA.Disturbance type and gait speed affect fall direction and impact location.J Biomech 2001;34(3):309-17
46 Hsiao ET,Robinovitch SN.Common protective movements govern unexpected falls from standing height.J Biomech 1998;31(1):1-9
47 O'Neill TW,Varlow J,Silman A J,Reeve J,Reid DM,Todd C,et al.Age and sex influences on fall characteristics.Ann Rheum Dis 1994;53(11):773-5
48 Vellas BJ,Wayne SJ,Garry PJ,Baumgartner RN.A two-year longitudinal study of falls in 482 community-dwelling elderly adults.J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1998;53(4):M264-74
49 Nevitt MC,Cummings SR.Type of fall and risk of hip and wrist fractures:the study of osteoporofic fractures.The study of osteoporotic fractures research Group.J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41(11):1226-34
50 E.K.Antonsson and R.W.Mann,"The frequency content of gait," J.Biomech.,vol.18,no.1,pp.39-47,1985
51 Carlijn V.C.,R.Kodde and J.D.Janssen,A triaxial accelerometer and portable data processing unit for the assessment of daily physical activity[J],IEEE Trans.Biomed Eng.1997,44(3):136-147.
52 M.S.Sun and J.O.Hill.A method for measuring mechanical work and work efficiency during human activities[J].J.Biomech.1993;26:229-241.
53 C.V.Bouten,K.T.Koekkoek,M.Verduin,R.Kodde,and J.D.Janssen.A triaxial accelerometer and portable data processing unit for the assessment of daily physical activity[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.1997;44(3):136-147.
54 K.Kiani,C.J.Snijders and E.S.Gelsema.Computerized analysis of daily life motor activity for ambulatory monitoring[J].Technology and Health Care,1997;5(4):307-318.
55 P.H.Veltink,H.B.Bussmann,W.D.Vries,Martens and R.C.van Lummel.Detection of static and dynamic activities using uniaxial accelerometers[J].IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering.1996;4(4):375-385.
56 K.Aminian,P.Robert,E.E.Buchser,B.Rutschmann,D.Hayoz and M. Depairon.Physical activity monitoring based on accelerometry:validation and comparison with video observation[J].Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing,1999;37(3):304-308.
57 J.Fahrenberg,F.Foerster,M.Smeja and W.Muller.Assement of posture and motion by multichannel piezoresistive accelerometer recordings[J].Psychophysiology.1997;34(5):607-612.
58 Nixon M S,Carter J N,Nash J M,et al.Automatic Gait Recognition[A].In;Proceedings of the IEEE Colloquium on Motion Analysis and Tracking[C],London,England,1999:1-6.
59 戴红.康复医学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1998:81-3
60 Kerrigan DC,Glenn MB.An illustration of clinical gait laboratory use to 21improve rehabilitation management.Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1994;73(6):421-7
61 Inman V T,Ralston H J,Todd F.Human Walking[M].Baltimore:Williams&W ilkins.198
62 Yu Ogura,Shumpei Ando,Hun-ok Lim and Atsuo Takanishi.Sensorybased walking motion instruction for biped humanoid robot(?)门.RO-botics and Autonomous Systems,2004,48(4):223-230.
63 Kavanagh J J,Barrett R S and Morrison S.Upper body accelerations during walking in healthy young and elderly men[J].Gait and Pos-ture,2004,20(3):291-298.
64 Gelat T.Pellec AL.Breniere Y.Evidence for a co mmon process in gait initiation and stepping on to a new level to reach gait velocity.Exp Brain Res 20o6:170(3):336-344
65 Cantor CR.Gait disorder.Clin Podiatr Med Surg 1999,16(1):141.151
66 Chiu MC.Wang MJ.The elect of gait speed and gender on perceived exertion,muscle activity,joint motion of Iower extremity,ground reaction force and head rate during normal walking.Gait Posture 2006:28
67 Hesse S,Sarkodie-Gyan T,Uhlenbrock D.Development of an advanced mechanized gait trainer,controlling movement of the center of mass.for restonng gait in non-ambulant subject.Biomed Tech(Bed)1999;44(7-8):194-201
68 Stolze H,Peteraen G,Raet-en J,et al.The gait disorder of advanced essential tremor.Brain 2001:124(Pt 11):2278,86
69 李正宇,张盘德 编译.踝背屈延迟预测老年人跌倒.国外医学·物理医学与康复学分册2004,24(1):39-40
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |