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数字内容产业链竞合关系研究
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摘要
首先阐述了论文研究背景、意义、数字内容产业的定义以及全球和中国的数字内容产业发展现状,对于数字内容产业形成的产业融合背景进行了研究,对数字内容产业链形成模式和特点做了总结,随后对数字内容产业链构成和分布做了详细阐述,分析了产业链的竞合关系,利用进化博弈的思想,研究内容商和内容分发商之间和内容分发商之间在进化博弈中采取特定策略的比例变化情况以及进化稳定策略问题,以此为依据来研究整个产业链的稳定性、收益分配、成本及收益水平,并指出了数字内容产业链的存在的弊病和发展方向。具体内容如下:
     1.数字内容产业形成的萌芽产生于已经发展成熟或进入衰退期的传统产业与信息产业的融合,具体来说出版业、传媒业、广播电视电影业、文化教育业等传统产业在技术进步、市场需求和放松管制等因素的共同作用下,在三网融合的基础上,与通信产业、互联网产业、信息技术产业、电子信息产业等产业发生了产业边界的模糊和产业的互相渗透,逐步实现了技术上的、市场上的、管理上的以及管制政策上的融合,从而产生了新的产业形态。所以说产业融合是数字内容产业形成的原因,数字内容产业链的接通、扩张、延展过程与产业融合的过程具有一致性。数字内容产业的发展分为三个阶段,第一阶段以三网融合和数字出版为代表,第二阶段参与融合的子产业逐步扩大到软件业、电影业、广告业、新闻业、传媒业,主要的代表技术有信息处理技术、数字影视技术、数字传媒技术等,第三阶段是以移动互联网技术和电子信息技术为主导的技术应用和数字内容服务的兴起。影响数字内容产业链形成的因素有技术、市场、企业三个方面,数字内容产业链的形成模式兼有市场交易式、纵向一体化式、准市场式的特征,属于一类混合式的形成模式
     2.数字内容产业链中的企业围绕“内容”这一核心要素展开了各种价值增值活动,而且数字内容产业具有服务业的典型特点,被用户的需求驱动,用户才是最终内容产品生产与否的决策者。数字内容的分发渠道需要强大的技术作为支持,还需要内容与技术接口的技术服务,因此,数字内容产业链涉及的环节构成多样,之间的关系错综复杂。本文对数字内容产业链的基本形态进行了研究,对产业链的构成、分布、参与者以及上下游关系进行了仔细剖析,阐述了数字内容产业链的特征:(1)需求导向型特征明显,(2)网状链接,层次复杂,(3)用户产业链核心地位,(4)产业链具有双向延伸性。文章提出数字内容产业链目前有三种可能的主导模式:内容商主导、网络运营商主导以及终端商主导,三种模式的各自特点是:内容商主导产业链必须建立在完善的知识产权保护基础上,对于分发渠道有充分的选择权和决定权;网络运营商主导模式目的是将内容商和终端商集成到自己的平台上,不断增强内容商和终端商对于网络渠道的依赖型;终端商主导模式目标是终端商利用终端优势直接建立与内容商的联系,获取最大分成收益,而将网络运营商管道化。
     3.在数字内容产业链中,按照产业链参与者的功能划分为依据,可以将产业链参与者分为两大阵营,一是内容商,包括数字内容原创者、版权服务商和数字内容服务商、应用服务提供商组成的数字内容提供商,二是内容分发商,可以分为适合普遍终端的内容分发商和适合特定终端的内容分发商。普遍终端内容分发商包括网络公司、互联网运营单位、通信网络运营单位、数字电影院线、广播电视公司等。另外,用户最终获取数字内容产品的渠道有三种:传统互联网渠道、移动互联网渠道、非网络渠道三种途径。考虑到数字内容产业的以下三方面情况,本文选用了进化博弈模型研究产业链竞合关系,1.由于各种因素的影响,产业链参与者经常有一定的盲目性往往受到以往生产模式和生产观念的影响以及对于产业发展过程中不确定因素的担忧,进化博弈的有限理性假设符合现实情况中处理复杂问题时的情况,这与产业发展情况非常吻合。2.进化博弈分析框架中的复制动态适合于研究现实经济中大量个体之间的较长期的经济关系,而产业发展,是一个循序渐进、不断变化的过程,也是一个较长期的过程。3.进化博弈模型的结论有效的揭示了产业链参与者的合作竞争关系,以及整个产业链的稳定性和发展趋势问题。本文为了充分研究数字内容产业链参与者之间的关系,提出了数字内容产业链博弈分析框架,将产业链归纳成内容商—内容分发商—用户二级产业链结构,内容提供商和内容分发商是产业链的两个节点,这两个节点代表着两个群体。数字内容产业链博弈关系有两种,一种是纵向博弈关系,即产业链上下游内容商和内容分发商之间的博弈关系,另一种是横向博弈关系,即下游内容分发商之间的博弈关系。
     4.从纵向产业链的角度研究内容上游内容商和下游内容分发商之间的博弈关系,将双方看成是产业链两个节点上的不同群体,双方有合作和不合作两种策略选择。建立有限理性进化博弈模型对其复制动态和进化稳定策略进行研究,得出了内容商和内容分发商的进化博弈会出现两个进化稳定策略:一是双方群体中合作策略的选择比例是百分之百,即(1,1)状态,二是双方群体中竞争策略选择比例是百分之百,即(0,0)状态。从产业链发展角度出发,(1,1)状态是最优的一种进化稳定策略。因此如果要增强上下游之间的合作,进一步增强产业链稳定性,则可以从以下几个方面入手:1.降低上下游企业的成本投入,2.调整上下游企业之间的收益分配系数,3.增加上下游环节的总收益。其中存在一个最优的收益分配系数,其与双方的成本投入之间具有特定的数量关系。在现实情况中,分发商的成本具有阶段性,例如在分发渠道建设初期投入非常大,当运营平稳以后,投入成本将回落,而内容商的投入一直维持在一个高位状态,所以要想在不同阶段都获得最大的合作概率,必须调整分配系数,因此可以预测,随着产业发展的成熟,内容商获得的分成比例将逐步增加到一个确定值。本文还分析了中国数字内容产业内容分发商市场的现状,指出打破内容分发商的垄断,调整整体分成比例,让内容商获得应得的利益,鼓励内容的创新创造,才能构建出一个健康良好、持续性发展的产业环境。
     5.从横向产业链的角度研究内容分发商内部的博弈关系,指出对于内容资源的争夺成为内容分发商竞争的根源。内容分发商有争夺内容资源和放弃内容资源两种策略选择。通过建立对称进化博弈模型,研究同一种群内容分发商的进化博弈问题,通过建立非对称进化博弈模型,研究两种不同种群内容分发商的进化博弈问题,得出内容分发商选择争夺内容资源的比例达到百分之百是系统的进化稳定策略。由于数字内容产业发展过程中受到政策、分发平台建设成本风险、版权纠纷、市场需求程度等各种因素的影响,内容分发商群体中不可能一开始就都去积极争夺数字内容资源,采取争夺策略,有一部分内容分发商在观望、等待中采取了放弃策略,而后通过对周围内容分发商的观察来调整自己的策略,最终进入了一种所有内容分发商都争夺内容资源的状态,内容分发商种群构成多元化后促进了产业链下游朝着全面竞争的方向发展,这种状态能够有利于保证产业链的稳定性。同时指出内容分发商有两种可能的进化途径,一种是单种群部分竞争——单种群完全竞争,一种是单种群竞争——双种群部分竞争——双种群完全竞争,在现实情况下可以分别对应产业发展的不同阶段,较好地揭示了产业链成长的规律。
     6.根据数字内容产品的成本构成特点,建立三方完全信息静态博弈模型和三方完全信息动态博弈模型,着重研究传统互联网、移动互联网以及非网络三种渠道分发数字内容产品的“投放量”之间博弈关系。指出对于数字内容产业来说,三种渠道的流通成本是影响投放量的重要因素,每个渠道为了获得最大的收益不能盲目进行数字内容的分发和投放,通过此模型揭示了非网络渠道逐步萎缩的原因,也指出产业发展中的一些症结,例如网络运营商同时进行基于传统互联网和移动互联网的数字内容经营,非常容易造成“左右手”之间的博弈,因此通过对于投放量的控制和流通成本的平衡,才能达到最大的收益。
     最后,归纳了论文的结论、理论创新与实践意义,并指出了研究的不足与未来的研究展望。
This dissertation elaborates the background, significance, and definition of the digital content industry, as well as its present situation of development in China and throughout the world and investigates background of the industry amalgamation aroused by the digital content industry. Besides, it summarizes the formation model and characteristics of the digital content industry chain and also describes the formation and distribution of digital content industry chain in detail. Finally, analysis on cooperative and competitive relationships of industrial chain is involved and also on issues of strategy settlement and proportion change in certain strategy adoption between the content providers and content distributors based on Evolutionary Game Theory. On the basis of above analyses, this study deals with the stability, income distribution, costs and income levels of the whole industry chain. Details are as follows:
     1. The buds of DCI appeared in the convergence of traditional industries in its phase of maturity and decline and information industry. Specifically, on the basis of three networks convergence and under the joint actions of technical progress, market demand, and relaxation of regulation, traditional industries like publishing, media, radio, television and film, cultural education penetrated with industries like communication, internet, information technology, and electrical information, and blurred the boundaries among them thus realized integrations of technology, market, management and policy of regulation and produced new industry. Therefore, DCI is the result of industry convergence and there is coherence between connection and expansion of DCI chains and the process of industry convergence. The development of the digital content industry evolved through three stages:(1) convergence of three networks and digital publishing as representatives;(2) Sub-industries involved in convergence expanded to fields and industries like software, film, advertisement, news and communication. Information processing technology, digital film technology, and digital media technology are representatives;(3) Upspring of technology application and digital content service, predominated by technologies of mobile internet and electronic information. Factors affecting DCI chains include three aspects—technology, market and enterprise while formation of DCI belongs to a kind of mixture mode, characterized by three features:marketing transaction, vertical integration and quasi-market.
     2. Enterprises of DCI chains launch various value-added activities under the guidance of the core conception of "content". DCI has typical characteristics of the service industry, driven by the demands of users. Users are the final decision-makers of content products.DCI distribution channels need strong technological support and service of connections between content and technology. Therefore, links and their internal relationships DCI chains involved are quite diverse and complicated. This essay makes a detailed research on the basic forms of DCI chains, dissects formation, distribution, participants and upstream and downstream relations, and elaborates features of DCI chains:(1) demand-oriented (2) complex network link (3) user-centric position (4) two-way extension. Besides, the essay proposes that there are three possible dominant modes of DCI chains:content provider-dominant mode, network operators-dominant mode, and terminal providers-dominant mode. Separately, their features are:content provider-dominant industry chains are on the basis of perfect intellectual property protection and they have the full right to choose and decide on distribution channels; network operator-dominant industry chains is aimed at integrating content providers and terminal providers into its platform, and continuously enhancing the dependence of content providers and terminal providers on network channels; In terminal providers-dominant industry chains, terminal operators are allowed to establish contact with the content providers by making full use of terminal advantages and to obtain the maximum of income, as a result, to realize channelization of network operators.
     3. In DCI chains, according functions of participants, DCI chains can be divided into two camps:content providers and content distributors. The former includes digital content creators, copyrights service providers and digital content providers, application service providers and the latter can be divided into two types, one is for universal terminals such as Internet companies, Internet operating units, communications network operators, digital cinemas, radio and television companies and the other is for specific terminals. In addition, users can receive the digital content products in three ways:the traditional Internet channels, mobile Internet channels, and non-network channels. The essay chooses Evolutionary Game Model to analyze competition and cooperation relationship of DCI chains for the following reasons:(1) Due to various factors, participants of the industry chains often have certain blindness, are affected by past modes and conceptions of production or worry about the uncertainties in the process of industrial development, and their rationality assumptions of Evolutionary Game Theory are in accordance with circumstances of dealing with complex issues in reality of the complex issues dovetailing into industrial development;(2) The replicator dynamics in the framework of Evolutionary Game Analysis is suitable for the research on the longer-term economic relations among large number of individuals in the real economic situation and industrial development is also a gradual, ever-changing long-term process.(3) The conclusions drawn from Evolutionary Game Mode reveal the relationship of cooperation and competition among participants in the industry chains, as well as issues on stability and development trends of the whole industry chain. In order to fully study the relationship among participants of DCI chains, the paper presents the analytical framework of Evolutionary Game Theory. Industry chains can be described as the structure of "content provider-content distributors-user". Content providers and content distributors are two nodes of the industry chains, which represent two groups. There are two kinds of game relationships of DCI chains, one is the vertical game relation, that is, the relations among upstream and downstream content providers and content distributors; the other is the horizontal game relations among downstream content distributors.
     4. From the perspective of vertical industry chain, the essay investigates the game relation between upstream content providers and downstream content distributors, which are regarded as two different groups of nodes of industry chains. They have two strategies to choose:co-operation and non-cooperation. The essay studies the replication dynamics and evolutionary stable strategy of a limited rationality evolutionary game model, points out that the evolutionary game between content providers and content distributors presents two Evolutionary Stable Strategies(ESS):one is (1,1), indicating100%chance of co-operation among groups and the other is (0,0), indicating100%chance of competition. In terms of industry chain development, the ESS (1,1) is the optimal strategy. Therefore, in order to enhance the cooperation between upstream and downstream and further improve the stability of industry chains, the following methods can be used:(1) reduce cost input of enterprises;(2) adjust the proportion of income distribution;(3) increase the gross income. There is an optimal proportion of income distribution, sharing some numerical relations with cost input of both sides. In reality, the cost of content distributors changes in different stages:at the initial stage of distribution channel construction, the investment is always very large, and after operations run smoothly, the cost input falls while the investment of content providers is being maintained at a high state. Therefore, in order to obtain the maximum probability of cooperation at different stages, the distribution ratio should be adjusted. It is predicted that with the maturity of industry development, sharing ratio of content providers will gradually increase to a certain value. The essay also analyzes the present state of content distributor market of DCI in China, and points out only through breaking up monopolies of content distributors, adjusting the overall sharing ratio, providing content providers with interests they deserve to, and encouraging content innovation can we build a healthy and sustainable environment for the industry.
     5. From the perspective of horizontal industry chain, the essay studies game relations among content distributors and reveals that content contests become the root of the competition among content distributors. Content distributors have two strategies to choose:to compete for the content resources or to give up. Two models have been established to investigate issues of evolutionary games:symmetrical for content distributors of the same group and non-symmetrical for content distributors of different groups. This essay finds out that the ESS (1,1) means the percentage of competing for content resources can reach100%. In the development process of the digital content industry, subject to factors like policy, cost risk of distribution platform construction, copyright disputes and the degree of market demand, content distribution business groups unlikely adopt competition strategy and compete actively for digital content resources at the very beginning. Some of them choose to give up while watching and waiting, and later adjust their strategies through the observation on other content distributors and finally enter into the state of competition among all distributors. Diversity of Content distributor group formations promotes the full competition state of development, ensuring the stability of the industry chains. The essay also points out that content distributors have two possible evolutionary ways: single-group partial competition—single-group perfect competition, and single-group competition—double-groups partial competition—double-groups perfect competition. The two ways can correspond to different stages of industry development in reality, indicating the law of industry chain growth.
     6. Based on the characteristics of cost constitution of digital content products, this essay builds both static and dynamic models of three channels of content distribution, and mainly focuses on game relations among release distribution of digital content products on the three channels. It also recognizes that the circulation cost is an important factor affecting the amount of investment in DCI. It is not wise to distribute and invest blindly for the sake of maximum profits. Besides, it indicates, by analyzing this model, the reason for gradual shrinking of non-network channels, and points out the crux of industry development, for instance, network operators carry out their business through traditional Internet and mobile Internet at the same time, between which conflicts are often caused. Therefore, in order to achieve maximum benefits, we'd seek for a good balance between investment control and circulation cost.
     Finally, this dissertation summarizes conclusions, theory innovation and practical significance, and also points out limitations and future prospects of research.
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