跨界产业集群之间合作网络研究
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摘要
随着第三次科技革命的来临与经济全球化的深入,交通与通信技术日新月异,资源的跨区域流动性空前加大。以大型跨国公司为主导的全球生产网络成为新时期重要的经济现象,不少中小型企业也将其研发、生产嵌入到全球生产网络之中。受其影响,产业集群的开放性特征越来越明显,资本、技术、人才等创新资源在不同产业集群之间的交流更加频繁,不同产业集群之间的联系愈来愈密切。不同经济体产业集群之间相互联系成为新时期全球经济空间组织的一道风景线,其对全球经济发展的推动作用越来越大。因此,分析不同产业集群之间合作的前提条件、合作机制、演化机理等具有重要的理论与应用价值。
论文以导师主持的教育部人文社科基金项目“网络权力与企业空间行为、企业创新”、上海市科技发展基金软科学重点项目“张江建成世界一流高新区的发展思路与策略研究”、上海张江高科技园区领导小组项目“浦东新区志张江高科技园区卷编制”、上海市政府决策咨询研究项目“构建浦东开放型创新体系研究”、上海张江集团“张江高科技园区产业发展十大亮点”等研究课题为支撑,在2010年至2013年2月的时间内对张江高科技园区内20多家集成电路企业及上海半导体协会、上海市集成电路协会、张江集团等部门进行了30多次访谈和调研,为本文顺利完成奠定了扎实的基础。
从网络的空间范围来看,经济地理学者比较关注以地方网络为主的产业集群理论和以全球联系为主的全球生产网络两大理论流派。Allen Scott等产业集群论者对产业集群的概念及内涵、组成结构、合作机制、类型、演化机理等内容进行了系统研究。近年来,Harald Bathelt等部分学者也开始重视外部联系对于产业集群发展的重要性,关注产业集群外部联系机制及其影响。Peter Dicken等全球生产网络论者则主要分析了全球生产网络的内涵、结构、治理机制、跨国公司与国家制度的相互作用等。然而,无论是新区域主义者提出的产业集群理论,还是贸易理论演化而来的全球生产网络理论都无法解释位于不同经济体产业集群之间合作的经济空间组织现象,更没有解释这种跨界产业集群之间合作联系的机理和过程。
本文在借鉴产业集群、全球生产网络理论的基础上,构建了超越产业集群和全球生产网络理论的全新分析框架,系统阐述了跨界产业集群之间合作网络的概念及内涵、发生机制、前提条件、制约因子、组成结构、合作机制与演化机理等。并在实地调研的基础上,对张江与新竹集成电路产业集群之间合作网络进行了实证分析,得出结论如下：
第一,跨界产业集群之间合作网络提升了全球资源的整合能力。本文认为跨界产业集群之间合作网络指的是在不同地区具有相互依赖关系的两个产业集群(产业集群A与产业集群B)通过正式或非正式联系形成的空间组织体系,能够充分利用不同地区优势,更高效地整合创新资源。他们所依托的制度可能相同,也可能差异较大。跨界产业集群之间合作网络具有地域不连续性、相互依赖性、制度复杂性等特征,由位于不同经济体的两个产业集群和外部通道构成。产业集群包括了企业、研发机构、大学和中介组织等微观主体、地方网络、及其所依托的制度与文化。外部通道不仅包括网络内产业集群之间的相互联系,而且包括与其他地区的正式或非正式联系。这种网络组织构架能够充分利用不同产业集群的资源优势,促进产业集群之间分工合作,推动经济整体创新发展。
第二,跨界产业集群之间合作网络具有一定前提条件与制约因子。虽然经济全球化继续深入、产业集群外部性特征越来越明显,但并不是所有的产业集群之间都能形成跨界产业集群之间合作网络。不同经济体的产业集群之间进行合作需要一定的前提条件,如相似的产业基础、不同的区位条件、大量的FDI、不同的技术等级等。不同产业集群所依托的制度对于跨界产业集群之间合作网络的作用并不相同。相异的文化会制约跨界产业集群之间合作网络的形成与发展。
第三,网络权力与跨界技术社区推动跨界产业集群之间合作网络演化。组织邻近与关系邻近是不同经济区产业集群相互作用的两种表现方式。具体来说,外部通道分为FDI、上下游合作、人才跨界流动三种形式,跨界产业集群之间合作网络通过这三种联系形式实现两地资源高效整合与快速创新发展。网络权力、市场等因素通过推动外部通道的发展促进跨界产业集群之间合作网络形成与发展。在跨界产业集群之间合作网络形成与发展的过程中,制度与文化起着一定的推动或阻碍作用。
根据不同经济体产业集群之间的合作密切程度与外部通道发育情况,跨界产业集群之间合作网络的演化过程可分为孕育、发展、成熟、衰退、消亡或复兴五个阶段。在孕育期,跨界产业集群之间合作网络中的一个产业集群发展成熟,另一个产业集群刚刚起步；通过企业家异地创业或跨国企业异地建立分支机构,落后区域获得初步发展,不同经济体产业集群之间初步形成合作联系。进入发展阶段后,外部通道逐渐增多,产业集群A与B内跨国企业之间的联系增多,产业集群之问的跨界合作更加密切；在跨国企业分支机构网络权力的影响下,后发地区吸引产业集群A内上下游企业进入,推动地方网络逐渐形成,促使产业集群B形成。在成熟阶段,外部通道不仅包括企业之间的跨界联系,而且包括管理人员、技术人才及核心企业家的人才跨界流动；产业集群B获得快速发展,创新能力迅速提升,通过自主创新能力培育与产业集群A的技术差距不断缩小,并与产业集群A形成上下游合作联系。产业集群A与B通过正式与非正式合作,推动跨界产业集群之间合作网络走向成熟。当发生消极锁定、缺乏与外界交流时,跨界产业集群之间合作网络将进入衰退阶段。当网络内技术守门员通过与研发机构、外部技术层级更高的企业合作获得突破性技术、开发革命性产品、开拓新的市场时,跨界产业集群之间合作网络则步入复兴期。
第四,张江与新竹IC跨界产业集群之间合作网络已进入成熟期。从1992年张江高科技园区启动至今,张江与新竹IC跨界产业集群之间合作网络共经历了孕育、发展、成熟三个阶段。在孕育阶段(1992至1999年),受中国大陆改革开放、特别是大陆投资环境和巨大市场的吸引,新竹IC产业集群内的企业家、资金、人才等创新资源流入张江高科技园区；张江高科技园区IC产业与新竹科学工业园区IC产业技术差距非常大,主要处于全球IC产业的制造和封装领域。在发展阶段(2000年至2004年),受1999年上海市政府发布“聚焦张江”战略的鼓舞,在台资企业网络权力与大陆市场吸引的作用下,新竹IC产业集群内IC设计企业跟随进入张江,促使新竹IC产业集群内更多的人才、资金、技术等创新资源进入张江。张江与新竹IC跨界产业集群之间合作网络的制造环节在全球IC产业中占据绝对优势,设计领域也获得一定发展。在成熟阶段(2005年至今),张江与新竹IC跨界产业集群之间的人才流动更加频繁,上下游跨界合作联系较为明显,张江与新竹IC产业集群融合发展共同推进两地IC产业发展。在IC制造的带动下,张江与新竹IC跨界产业集群之间合作网络IC设计业也获得快速发展。同时,在技术扩散的作用下,张江与新竹IC产业集群技术差距进一步缩小。
张江高科技园区对外开放制度设计吸引了人才、FDI,推动了张江外部通道的发展,促进了张汀与新竹IC跨界产业集群之间合作网络的形成与发展；而新竹科学工业园区限制高端技术及大型投资项目进入中国大陆的政策,阻碍外部通道的发展,从而制约张江与新竹IC跨界产业集群之间合作网络的发展。但是,由中介组织发起的“海峡两岸集成电路产业合作发展论坛”为张江与新竹IC产业集群合作提供了交流合作的管道,在一定程度上抵消了台湾当局设置的制度障碍。这就是说,张江与新竹同祖同宗的中华文化替代了管理部门,发挥了推动跨界产业集群之间合作网络发展的作用。
With the advent of the third industrial revolution and the deepening of economic globalization, transportation and communication technologies improve rapidly, and the trans-regional mobility of the resources is increasing dramatically. Not only MNCs join in GPN, but also SMEs are embedded in GPN. In the meantime, the openness of industrial clusters is more evident. Innovation resources such as capital, technology and talents have flown more frequently between different industrial clusters. The relations between different industrial clusters are closer. The connections between different industrial clusters in different economic entities are appeared as the symbol of a new global economic spatial organization which is crucial to push forward the global economy. So, it is very important and significant to analyze the preconditions, mechanism and evolution in the perspective of economic geography.
The dissertation receives the support from Humanity and Social Science Youth foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Granted Code:08JA790044), Shanghai Science and Technology Development Fund Soft Science Project (Granted Code:11692101000). Further, the interview, discussion and survey with more than20enterprises, association and management departments in Zhangjiang High-tech Park is the foundation of the dissertation. In the perspective of network space, there are two main research branches of economic geography:theory of industrial clusters, which emphasize local network; global production networks, which underline global connection. Researches about industrial clusters have included concept, character, structure, mechanism, type and evolution. Some scholars have paid more attention to outer relations'importance to the development of industrial cluster recently, and have done more researches to analyze the mechanism of global pipeline. Literatures about GPN mainly analyze the interaction between the connotation, structure, mechanism, MNCs and national regulations. However, both the industrial clusters and GPN cannot explain the phenomenon, mechanism and process which industrial clusters in different economies are connected with each other.
Based on theories about networks in economic geography, this dissertation puts forward a new analytical framework beyond industrial clusters and GPN, and systematically elaborates the concept, connotation, mechanism, precondition, restriction, component, cooperation and evolution of the cross-border network between industrial clusters. This dissertation analyzes the network of Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters on the base of field investigation and gets some conclusions as follows:
Firstly, cross-border network between industrial clusters enhances the integration capability of global resources. The cross-border network between industrial clusters is a spatial organization system formed by formal and informal contact in two industrial clusters (industrial clusters A and B) of different areas. The cross-border network between industrial clusters can take regional advantages to integrate innovative resources and promote economic development more efficiently. The regimes which support industrial clusters in cross-border network may be very different or similar. The cross-border network between industrial clusters has some characteristics such as field discontinuous, interdependence, complexity of system, etc. The cross-border network includes two industrial clusters located in different economies and global pipeline. Industrial cluster includes companies, research centers, universities, intermediaries, as well as local networks, regimes and cultures. The cross-border network can make the full use of the superior resources from different industrial clusters so as to facilitate the labor-division and the cooperation, and promote overall economic development.
Secondly, there are some preconditions and restrictive factors to form the cross-border network between industrial clusters. Although economic globalization keeps moving and the externality of industrial clusters is more obvious, not all industrial clusters can link with each other to form the cross-border network. The preconditions include similar industrial foundations, different locations, lots of FDI, different technological levels. The regimes may have completely different ways to play a role in the cross-border network between industrial clusters. Different cultures may constraint the development of the cross-border network.
Thirdly, network power and cross-border technical community have promoted the evolution of cross-border network between industrial clusters. Organization proximity and relation proximity are two interactive expressions by two industrial clusters in different areas. Specifically, global pipelines include FDI, the cooperation between downstream and upstream enterprises, talent-flowing, by which the cross-border network between industrial clusters promotes development efficiency. The factors of network power and market advance the development of the cross-border network between industrial clusters by promoting global pipeline. Regime and culture play a complex role in the evolution.
According to the cooperation of industrial clusters, the cross-border network between industrial clusters follows a kind of life cycle with different phases or stages of incubation, growth, mature and decline or revitalization that differs in their characteristics. In the incubation, one industrial cluster has become matured, while another just starts. Backward regions get initial development because of entrepreneurs to start a business or the transnational enterprises establish a branch from remote areas. The industrial clusters start to make initial contact with each other. During the growth of the cross-border network between industrial clusters, the linkages between industrial clusters are increased, and the cooperation becomes frequent. With the influence of the transnational branch's network power, backward region attracts upstream and downstream enterprises of Industrial Cluster A, and promotes to form local network and Industrial Cluster B. In the mature phase, the global pipelines include not only enterprise cooperation but also talent flow. Industrial cluster B gets rapid development and narrows the technology gap with the Industrial Clusters A. By formal and informal cooperation, Industrial Cluster A and B promotes the cross-border network between industrial clusters to matured phase. When the negative locking and lack of communication with the outside world happens, the cross-border network between industrial clusters may come to a decline phase. If technological gatekeepers gain breakthrough technology through the cooperation with the research institutions, high-level external enterprises, therefore developed new products, and extended new market, the cross-border network between industrial clusters can revive.
Fourthly, the cross-border network of Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters has come to the matured phase. From1992when Zhangjiang IC industrial clusters appeared to now, the cross-border network of Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters went through incubation, growth and mature phases. In the incubation phase, due to the potential and huge market development in mainland China, innovation resources such as entrepreneurs, capital and talents in Hsinchu flaw into Zhangjiang. There are large technological gap between Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industries, mainly in manufacturing and packaging of ICs. In the growth phase, affected by the network power of Taiwanese-invested enterpris and the market attractiveness by mainland China, IC design enterprises set up subsidiaries in Zhangjiang, which cause more resources in Hsinchu flowed into Zhangjiang. The network of Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters had absolutely advantages in IC manufacturing, and the IC design industry developed rapidly. In the mature phase, senior talents flow more frequently and the cooperation between upstream and downstream enterprises became closer between Zhangjiang and Hsinchu. Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters collaborate to promote global IC industry development. Driven by IC manufacturing, IC design industry got rapid development in the cross-border network of Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters, and narrowed the technological gap between Zhangjiang and Hsinchu.
The regime in Zhangjiang High-tech Park pushed forward the formation and development of the cross-border network of Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters by attracting talents and FDI, et al. The regime in Hsinchu hindered the development of global pipeline by impeding capital and advanced technologies drain. The cooperation between intermediaries, such as "cross-strait IC industrial cooperation development forum" has provided the regulatory support to the Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters in the mature phase. There are similar cultures in Zhangjiang and Hsinchu, which accelerated the development of the cross-border network of Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters.
论文以导师主持的教育部人文社科基金项目“网络权力与企业空间行为、企业创新”、上海市科技发展基金软科学重点项目“张江建成世界一流高新区的发展思路与策略研究”、上海张江高科技园区领导小组项目“浦东新区志张江高科技园区卷编制”、上海市政府决策咨询研究项目“构建浦东开放型创新体系研究”、上海张江集团“张江高科技园区产业发展十大亮点”等研究课题为支撑,在2010年至2013年2月的时间内对张江高科技园区内20多家集成电路企业及上海半导体协会、上海市集成电路协会、张江集团等部门进行了30多次访谈和调研,为本文顺利完成奠定了扎实的基础。
从网络的空间范围来看,经济地理学者比较关注以地方网络为主的产业集群理论和以全球联系为主的全球生产网络两大理论流派。Allen Scott等产业集群论者对产业集群的概念及内涵、组成结构、合作机制、类型、演化机理等内容进行了系统研究。近年来,Harald Bathelt等部分学者也开始重视外部联系对于产业集群发展的重要性,关注产业集群外部联系机制及其影响。Peter Dicken等全球生产网络论者则主要分析了全球生产网络的内涵、结构、治理机制、跨国公司与国家制度的相互作用等。然而,无论是新区域主义者提出的产业集群理论,还是贸易理论演化而来的全球生产网络理论都无法解释位于不同经济体产业集群之间合作的经济空间组织现象,更没有解释这种跨界产业集群之间合作联系的机理和过程。
本文在借鉴产业集群、全球生产网络理论的基础上,构建了超越产业集群和全球生产网络理论的全新分析框架,系统阐述了跨界产业集群之间合作网络的概念及内涵、发生机制、前提条件、制约因子、组成结构、合作机制与演化机理等。并在实地调研的基础上,对张江与新竹集成电路产业集群之间合作网络进行了实证分析,得出结论如下：
第一,跨界产业集群之间合作网络提升了全球资源的整合能力。本文认为跨界产业集群之间合作网络指的是在不同地区具有相互依赖关系的两个产业集群(产业集群A与产业集群B)通过正式或非正式联系形成的空间组织体系,能够充分利用不同地区优势,更高效地整合创新资源。他们所依托的制度可能相同,也可能差异较大。跨界产业集群之间合作网络具有地域不连续性、相互依赖性、制度复杂性等特征,由位于不同经济体的两个产业集群和外部通道构成。产业集群包括了企业、研发机构、大学和中介组织等微观主体、地方网络、及其所依托的制度与文化。外部通道不仅包括网络内产业集群之间的相互联系,而且包括与其他地区的正式或非正式联系。这种网络组织构架能够充分利用不同产业集群的资源优势,促进产业集群之间分工合作,推动经济整体创新发展。
第二,跨界产业集群之间合作网络具有一定前提条件与制约因子。虽然经济全球化继续深入、产业集群外部性特征越来越明显,但并不是所有的产业集群之间都能形成跨界产业集群之间合作网络。不同经济体的产业集群之间进行合作需要一定的前提条件,如相似的产业基础、不同的区位条件、大量的FDI、不同的技术等级等。不同产业集群所依托的制度对于跨界产业集群之间合作网络的作用并不相同。相异的文化会制约跨界产业集群之间合作网络的形成与发展。
第三,网络权力与跨界技术社区推动跨界产业集群之间合作网络演化。组织邻近与关系邻近是不同经济区产业集群相互作用的两种表现方式。具体来说,外部通道分为FDI、上下游合作、人才跨界流动三种形式,跨界产业集群之间合作网络通过这三种联系形式实现两地资源高效整合与快速创新发展。网络权力、市场等因素通过推动外部通道的发展促进跨界产业集群之间合作网络形成与发展。在跨界产业集群之间合作网络形成与发展的过程中,制度与文化起着一定的推动或阻碍作用。
根据不同经济体产业集群之间的合作密切程度与外部通道发育情况,跨界产业集群之间合作网络的演化过程可分为孕育、发展、成熟、衰退、消亡或复兴五个阶段。在孕育期,跨界产业集群之间合作网络中的一个产业集群发展成熟,另一个产业集群刚刚起步；通过企业家异地创业或跨国企业异地建立分支机构,落后区域获得初步发展,不同经济体产业集群之间初步形成合作联系。进入发展阶段后,外部通道逐渐增多,产业集群A与B内跨国企业之间的联系增多,产业集群之问的跨界合作更加密切；在跨国企业分支机构网络权力的影响下,后发地区吸引产业集群A内上下游企业进入,推动地方网络逐渐形成,促使产业集群B形成。在成熟阶段,外部通道不仅包括企业之间的跨界联系,而且包括管理人员、技术人才及核心企业家的人才跨界流动；产业集群B获得快速发展,创新能力迅速提升,通过自主创新能力培育与产业集群A的技术差距不断缩小,并与产业集群A形成上下游合作联系。产业集群A与B通过正式与非正式合作,推动跨界产业集群之间合作网络走向成熟。当发生消极锁定、缺乏与外界交流时,跨界产业集群之间合作网络将进入衰退阶段。当网络内技术守门员通过与研发机构、外部技术层级更高的企业合作获得突破性技术、开发革命性产品、开拓新的市场时,跨界产业集群之间合作网络则步入复兴期。
第四,张江与新竹IC跨界产业集群之间合作网络已进入成熟期。从1992年张江高科技园区启动至今,张江与新竹IC跨界产业集群之间合作网络共经历了孕育、发展、成熟三个阶段。在孕育阶段(1992至1999年),受中国大陆改革开放、特别是大陆投资环境和巨大市场的吸引,新竹IC产业集群内的企业家、资金、人才等创新资源流入张江高科技园区；张江高科技园区IC产业与新竹科学工业园区IC产业技术差距非常大,主要处于全球IC产业的制造和封装领域。在发展阶段(2000年至2004年),受1999年上海市政府发布“聚焦张江”战略的鼓舞,在台资企业网络权力与大陆市场吸引的作用下,新竹IC产业集群内IC设计企业跟随进入张江,促使新竹IC产业集群内更多的人才、资金、技术等创新资源进入张江。张江与新竹IC跨界产业集群之间合作网络的制造环节在全球IC产业中占据绝对优势,设计领域也获得一定发展。在成熟阶段(2005年至今),张江与新竹IC跨界产业集群之间的人才流动更加频繁,上下游跨界合作联系较为明显,张江与新竹IC产业集群融合发展共同推进两地IC产业发展。在IC制造的带动下,张江与新竹IC跨界产业集群之间合作网络IC设计业也获得快速发展。同时,在技术扩散的作用下,张江与新竹IC产业集群技术差距进一步缩小。
张江高科技园区对外开放制度设计吸引了人才、FDI,推动了张江外部通道的发展,促进了张汀与新竹IC跨界产业集群之间合作网络的形成与发展；而新竹科学工业园区限制高端技术及大型投资项目进入中国大陆的政策,阻碍外部通道的发展,从而制约张江与新竹IC跨界产业集群之间合作网络的发展。但是,由中介组织发起的“海峡两岸集成电路产业合作发展论坛”为张江与新竹IC产业集群合作提供了交流合作的管道,在一定程度上抵消了台湾当局设置的制度障碍。这就是说,张江与新竹同祖同宗的中华文化替代了管理部门,发挥了推动跨界产业集群之间合作网络发展的作用。
With the advent of the third industrial revolution and the deepening of economic globalization, transportation and communication technologies improve rapidly, and the trans-regional mobility of the resources is increasing dramatically. Not only MNCs join in GPN, but also SMEs are embedded in GPN. In the meantime, the openness of industrial clusters is more evident. Innovation resources such as capital, technology and talents have flown more frequently between different industrial clusters. The relations between different industrial clusters are closer. The connections between different industrial clusters in different economic entities are appeared as the symbol of a new global economic spatial organization which is crucial to push forward the global economy. So, it is very important and significant to analyze the preconditions, mechanism and evolution in the perspective of economic geography.
The dissertation receives the support from Humanity and Social Science Youth foundation of Ministry of Education of China (Granted Code:08JA790044), Shanghai Science and Technology Development Fund Soft Science Project (Granted Code:11692101000). Further, the interview, discussion and survey with more than20enterprises, association and management departments in Zhangjiang High-tech Park is the foundation of the dissertation. In the perspective of network space, there are two main research branches of economic geography:theory of industrial clusters, which emphasize local network; global production networks, which underline global connection. Researches about industrial clusters have included concept, character, structure, mechanism, type and evolution. Some scholars have paid more attention to outer relations'importance to the development of industrial cluster recently, and have done more researches to analyze the mechanism of global pipeline. Literatures about GPN mainly analyze the interaction between the connotation, structure, mechanism, MNCs and national regulations. However, both the industrial clusters and GPN cannot explain the phenomenon, mechanism and process which industrial clusters in different economies are connected with each other.
Based on theories about networks in economic geography, this dissertation puts forward a new analytical framework beyond industrial clusters and GPN, and systematically elaborates the concept, connotation, mechanism, precondition, restriction, component, cooperation and evolution of the cross-border network between industrial clusters. This dissertation analyzes the network of Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters on the base of field investigation and gets some conclusions as follows:
Firstly, cross-border network between industrial clusters enhances the integration capability of global resources. The cross-border network between industrial clusters is a spatial organization system formed by formal and informal contact in two industrial clusters (industrial clusters A and B) of different areas. The cross-border network between industrial clusters can take regional advantages to integrate innovative resources and promote economic development more efficiently. The regimes which support industrial clusters in cross-border network may be very different or similar. The cross-border network between industrial clusters has some characteristics such as field discontinuous, interdependence, complexity of system, etc. The cross-border network includes two industrial clusters located in different economies and global pipeline. Industrial cluster includes companies, research centers, universities, intermediaries, as well as local networks, regimes and cultures. The cross-border network can make the full use of the superior resources from different industrial clusters so as to facilitate the labor-division and the cooperation, and promote overall economic development.
Secondly, there are some preconditions and restrictive factors to form the cross-border network between industrial clusters. Although economic globalization keeps moving and the externality of industrial clusters is more obvious, not all industrial clusters can link with each other to form the cross-border network. The preconditions include similar industrial foundations, different locations, lots of FDI, different technological levels. The regimes may have completely different ways to play a role in the cross-border network between industrial clusters. Different cultures may constraint the development of the cross-border network.
Thirdly, network power and cross-border technical community have promoted the evolution of cross-border network between industrial clusters. Organization proximity and relation proximity are two interactive expressions by two industrial clusters in different areas. Specifically, global pipelines include FDI, the cooperation between downstream and upstream enterprises, talent-flowing, by which the cross-border network between industrial clusters promotes development efficiency. The factors of network power and market advance the development of the cross-border network between industrial clusters by promoting global pipeline. Regime and culture play a complex role in the evolution.
According to the cooperation of industrial clusters, the cross-border network between industrial clusters follows a kind of life cycle with different phases or stages of incubation, growth, mature and decline or revitalization that differs in their characteristics. In the incubation, one industrial cluster has become matured, while another just starts. Backward regions get initial development because of entrepreneurs to start a business or the transnational enterprises establish a branch from remote areas. The industrial clusters start to make initial contact with each other. During the growth of the cross-border network between industrial clusters, the linkages between industrial clusters are increased, and the cooperation becomes frequent. With the influence of the transnational branch's network power, backward region attracts upstream and downstream enterprises of Industrial Cluster A, and promotes to form local network and Industrial Cluster B. In the mature phase, the global pipelines include not only enterprise cooperation but also talent flow. Industrial cluster B gets rapid development and narrows the technology gap with the Industrial Clusters A. By formal and informal cooperation, Industrial Cluster A and B promotes the cross-border network between industrial clusters to matured phase. When the negative locking and lack of communication with the outside world happens, the cross-border network between industrial clusters may come to a decline phase. If technological gatekeepers gain breakthrough technology through the cooperation with the research institutions, high-level external enterprises, therefore developed new products, and extended new market, the cross-border network between industrial clusters can revive.
Fourthly, the cross-border network of Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters has come to the matured phase. From1992when Zhangjiang IC industrial clusters appeared to now, the cross-border network of Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters went through incubation, growth and mature phases. In the incubation phase, due to the potential and huge market development in mainland China, innovation resources such as entrepreneurs, capital and talents in Hsinchu flaw into Zhangjiang. There are large technological gap between Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industries, mainly in manufacturing and packaging of ICs. In the growth phase, affected by the network power of Taiwanese-invested enterpris and the market attractiveness by mainland China, IC design enterprises set up subsidiaries in Zhangjiang, which cause more resources in Hsinchu flowed into Zhangjiang. The network of Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters had absolutely advantages in IC manufacturing, and the IC design industry developed rapidly. In the mature phase, senior talents flow more frequently and the cooperation between upstream and downstream enterprises became closer between Zhangjiang and Hsinchu. Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters collaborate to promote global IC industry development. Driven by IC manufacturing, IC design industry got rapid development in the cross-border network of Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters, and narrowed the technological gap between Zhangjiang and Hsinchu.
The regime in Zhangjiang High-tech Park pushed forward the formation and development of the cross-border network of Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters by attracting talents and FDI, et al. The regime in Hsinchu hindered the development of global pipeline by impeding capital and advanced technologies drain. The cooperation between intermediaries, such as "cross-strait IC industrial cooperation development forum" has provided the regulatory support to the Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters in the mature phase. There are similar cultures in Zhangjiang and Hsinchu, which accelerated the development of the cross-border network of Zhangjiang and Hsinchu IC industrial clusters.
引文
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