接入网IPv6隧道过渡体系结构与协议研究
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摘要
随着IPv4网络地址空间的耗尽，IPv6取代IPv4已成为互联网发展的大势所趋。由于IPv6与IPv4的协议不兼容性，IPv6网络与IPv4网络无法直接通信，实现从IPv4向IPv6的平滑过渡成为十分重要与紧迫的课题。接入网络直接面向海量终端用户与上层应用，耗费大量地址，是IPv6过渡的核心难点。隧道技术具有保持端到端透明性、可扩展性高等优势，是实现IPv6过渡的重要方法。本文分析了接入网络IPv4-IPv6过渡与共存的问题，提出接入网隧道过渡体系结构，在协议机制、地址资源分配、路由与部署规划等各个方面给出了接入网过渡解决方案。本文的研究内容和贡献包括：
1.综述IPv6过渡领域的研究现状与主流过渡技术机制。论文阐明了IPv6过渡的基本问题以及翻译和隧道技术的原理，分析了IETF提出的主流过渡机制，总结其中可用的机制及应用场景，指出了过渡技术研究的难点与趋势。
2.提出接入网隧道IPv6过渡体系结构。针对端到端异构互联问题进行形式化描述，基于隧道构建双栈网络连接和端到端路径，设计终端同地址簇通信模型，提出避免跨地址簇互通，保持端到端透明性与高可扩展性的接入网隧道过渡体系结构。确立接入网单栈网络配合星型隧道的基本过渡形式，指出本文后续分析的接入网隧道机制、地址资源分配和异构路由三要素。
3.设计接入网4over6隧道机制及其配套协议。分析接入网络中已有IPv4-over-IPv6隧道机制的缺陷，设计跨IPv6网络分配IPv4地址以及基于端口集共享地址的地址下发协议，进而提出接入网公有4over6与轻量级4over6隧道机制，实现了保持端到端特性、保持46编址独立与轻量级状态维护。
4.提出基于端口集的高效地址资源分配算法。针对接入网异构地址资源共享与分配问题，建立端口集资源分配模型，提出端口集分配算法，通过可变端口集单元的规整化组织、分配与回收，实现地址空间的高效与充分利用。提出基于端口集时间智能的分配算法，进一步提高地址利用率。
5.设计低传输代价的接入网隧道集中点置放与路由规划策略。针对星型汇聚特征下的接入网隧道规划问题，为集中点置放与路由建立优化模型，提出组合使用去变量耦合、拓扑变换星型特征消除和最小干扰路由的方案，求解集中点位置以及流量转发路径，实现低传输代价的隧道机制部署规划。
With the exhaustion of IPv4address space, IPv6is widely believed to replace IPv4for Internet development. Due to the incompatibility between IPv4and IPv6protocols,IPv4and IPv6networks cannot communicate directly. Therefore the transition from IPv4to IPv6has become a task of great significance and urgency. The access networks face thehuge numbers of network users and upper layer applications directly, as well as consumemassive addresses, which makes the transition of access networks the essential difcultyfor IPv6transition. The dissertation investigates the problem of IPv4-IPv6coexistence&transition in access networks comprehensively, and develops solutions in mechanism&protocols, address resource utilization method and placement&routing plan for accessnetwork transition. The contributions of this dissertation include the following aspects:
1.Survey the research works in the field, especially the mainstream transition mech-anisms. The dissertation states the basic problem of IPv6transition and the principleof translation&tunneling techniques, analyzes the mainstream transition mechanismsraised so far in IETF, summarizes the feasible mechanisms among them based on theirapplication scenarios, and concludes the difculties and the trend of the study in the field.
2.Propose the IPv6tunneling transition architecture for access networks. The disser-tation formalizes the basic transition problem of heterogeneous end-to-end connectivity,proposes the methods of building dual-stack network layer connectivity and end-to-endpath using tunneling technique, designs a homogeneous end-to-end communication mod-el. The IPv6tunneling transition architecture avoids cross-protocol inter-connection, andachieves the advantages on end-to-end transparency and scalability. Based on that, thebasic form of access network transition is determined as single-stack network plus hub&spoke tunnel. The follow-up roadmap of this dissertation is determined as well, tostudy the elements of tunneling mechanism, address resource allocation and heteroge-neous routing for access network transition.
3.Develop the4over6tunneling access mechanisms and their supporting protocols.The dissertation analyzes the flaws in the existing IPv4-over-IPv6access mechanisms,designs the protocols to allocate IPv4addresses in IPv6network and to enable port-set-style address sharing, and then develops the Public4over6and Lightweight4over6tun-neling access mechanisms. The mechanisms have the merits of end-to-end transparency, IPv4-IPv6address independency and lightweight state maintenance.
4.Propose an efcient algorithm to allocate address resources in port-set granular-ity. To solve the heterogeneous address resource allocation and sharing problem in ac-cess network, the dissertation builds a resource allocation model for port-set-granularityresources, and develops an algorithm which organizes, allocates and recycles the trans-formable port-set units neatly. The algorithm achieves sufcient utilization of the addressspace in efcient execution time. An enhanced algorithm which further explores the timeinformation of the units is proposed to improve the address utilization rate.
5.Develop a low-cost strategy for concentrator placement and route planning of tun-neling access mechanisms. To plan the tunneling mechanisms in access network in con-sideration of the hub concentrating feature, the dissertation builds an optimization mod-el for concentrator placement and route planning, and proposes a solution which com-bines the methods of variable decomposition, topology transformation and minimum-interference routing, to find the positions for the concentrators and the forwarding pathsfor the tunneling flows. The solution produces a deployment plan for the tunneling accessmechanisms with a low transmission cost.
1.综述IPv6过渡领域的研究现状与主流过渡技术机制。论文阐明了IPv6过渡的基本问题以及翻译和隧道技术的原理，分析了IETF提出的主流过渡机制，总结其中可用的机制及应用场景，指出了过渡技术研究的难点与趋势。
2.提出接入网隧道IPv6过渡体系结构。针对端到端异构互联问题进行形式化描述，基于隧道构建双栈网络连接和端到端路径，设计终端同地址簇通信模型，提出避免跨地址簇互通，保持端到端透明性与高可扩展性的接入网隧道过渡体系结构。确立接入网单栈网络配合星型隧道的基本过渡形式，指出本文后续分析的接入网隧道机制、地址资源分配和异构路由三要素。
3.设计接入网4over6隧道机制及其配套协议。分析接入网络中已有IPv4-over-IPv6隧道机制的缺陷，设计跨IPv6网络分配IPv4地址以及基于端口集共享地址的地址下发协议，进而提出接入网公有4over6与轻量级4over6隧道机制，实现了保持端到端特性、保持46编址独立与轻量级状态维护。
4.提出基于端口集的高效地址资源分配算法。针对接入网异构地址资源共享与分配问题，建立端口集资源分配模型，提出端口集分配算法，通过可变端口集单元的规整化组织、分配与回收，实现地址空间的高效与充分利用。提出基于端口集时间智能的分配算法，进一步提高地址利用率。
5.设计低传输代价的接入网隧道集中点置放与路由规划策略。针对星型汇聚特征下的接入网隧道规划问题，为集中点置放与路由建立优化模型，提出组合使用去变量耦合、拓扑变换星型特征消除和最小干扰路由的方案，求解集中点位置以及流量转发路径，实现低传输代价的隧道机制部署规划。
With the exhaustion of IPv4address space, IPv6is widely believed to replace IPv4for Internet development. Due to the incompatibility between IPv4and IPv6protocols,IPv4and IPv6networks cannot communicate directly. Therefore the transition from IPv4to IPv6has become a task of great significance and urgency. The access networks face thehuge numbers of network users and upper layer applications directly, as well as consumemassive addresses, which makes the transition of access networks the essential difcultyfor IPv6transition. The dissertation investigates the problem of IPv4-IPv6coexistence&transition in access networks comprehensively, and develops solutions in mechanism&protocols, address resource utilization method and placement&routing plan for accessnetwork transition. The contributions of this dissertation include the following aspects:
1.Survey the research works in the field, especially the mainstream transition mech-anisms. The dissertation states the basic problem of IPv6transition and the principleof translation&tunneling techniques, analyzes the mainstream transition mechanismsraised so far in IETF, summarizes the feasible mechanisms among them based on theirapplication scenarios, and concludes the difculties and the trend of the study in the field.
2.Propose the IPv6tunneling transition architecture for access networks. The disser-tation formalizes the basic transition problem of heterogeneous end-to-end connectivity,proposes the methods of building dual-stack network layer connectivity and end-to-endpath using tunneling technique, designs a homogeneous end-to-end communication mod-el. The IPv6tunneling transition architecture avoids cross-protocol inter-connection, andachieves the advantages on end-to-end transparency and scalability. Based on that, thebasic form of access network transition is determined as single-stack network plus hub&spoke tunnel. The follow-up roadmap of this dissertation is determined as well, tostudy the elements of tunneling mechanism, address resource allocation and heteroge-neous routing for access network transition.
3.Develop the4over6tunneling access mechanisms and their supporting protocols.The dissertation analyzes the flaws in the existing IPv4-over-IPv6access mechanisms,designs the protocols to allocate IPv4addresses in IPv6network and to enable port-set-style address sharing, and then develops the Public4over6and Lightweight4over6tun-neling access mechanisms. The mechanisms have the merits of end-to-end transparency, IPv4-IPv6address independency and lightweight state maintenance.
4.Propose an efcient algorithm to allocate address resources in port-set granular-ity. To solve the heterogeneous address resource allocation and sharing problem in ac-cess network, the dissertation builds a resource allocation model for port-set-granularityresources, and develops an algorithm which organizes, allocates and recycles the trans-formable port-set units neatly. The algorithm achieves sufcient utilization of the addressspace in efcient execution time. An enhanced algorithm which further explores the timeinformation of the units is proposed to improve the address utilization rate.
5.Develop a low-cost strategy for concentrator placement and route planning of tun-neling access mechanisms. To plan the tunneling mechanisms in access network in con-sideration of the hub concentrating feature, the dissertation builds an optimization mod-el for concentrator placement and route planning, and proposes a solution which com-bines the methods of variable decomposition, topology transformation and minimum-interference routing, to find the positions for the concentrators and the forwarding pathsfor the tunneling flows. The solution produces a deployment plan for the tunneling accessmechanisms with a low transmission cost.
引文
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[28] Mackay M, Edwards C. A Managed IPv6Transitioning Architecture for Large Network De-ployments. Internet Computing, IEEE,2009,13(4):42–51.
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