车辆OBD技术与排放召回制度研究
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摘要
OBD技术和车辆排放召回制度在欧美等一些发达国家已成为控制汽车排放污染的有效手段。随着我国汽车排放标准的不断加严,我国对OBD技术和车辆排放召回制度的研究、论证以及引入工作已经开始起步。从2005年开始,中国汽车技术研究中心开始承担国家环保总局与日产汽车公司的合作项目“OBD技术与在用车排放管理研究”,作为该项目的部分研究内容,本论文的主要工作就是通过查阅国内外相关的资料,并借鉴国外的实施经验,对OBD技术和车辆排放召回制度进行深入的研究,从而为我国OBD技术的引入和车辆排放召回制度的制定与实施进行前期的探索研究工作。
本文首先对OBD技术和车辆排放召回制度进行了概述,简要介绍了OBD系统的功能及意义、排放召回制度的定义和目的以及它们各自的发展情况。然后分别对OBD技术和美国排放召回制度进行了系统深入的研究。对于OBD技术,主要从OBD系统的软硬件组成、排放监测原理和OBD技术与在用车排放控制三方面进行了论述,指出了OBD技术是在用车排放管理的重要技术手段。本文以美国为例对车辆排放召回制度进行了研究,系统地介绍了美国排放召回制度的法律依据和管理机构,重点剖析了排放召回制度在美国的运行机制,并以美国环保局公布的年度排放召回总结为依据,对造成车辆排放召回的原因进行了详细的归类和分析,从而为我国将要实施的车辆排放召回工作提供了大量可借鉴的排放缺陷召回案例。通过上述对美国排放召回制度的深入研究,并结合我国的汽车排放管理现状,从排放召回的制度建设要求、管理建设要求、基础设施要求以及召回制度对汽车、石化、维修等相关行业的挑战四个主要方面对我国实施排放召回制度的可行性进行了论证。最后,概述了我国现行排放管理的全过程,并在上述研究的基础上,为我国汽车排放管理的进一步改进和完善提出了引入I/M制度、OBD技术和车辆排放召回制度等一些有益的建议与对策。
OBD technology and vehicle emissions recall regulations have become the effective means of vehicle emissions control in some developed countries, such as Europe and the United States. With the continuous tightening of vehicle emission standards in our country, the work which research, evaluation as well as introduction of the OBD technology and emissions recall regulations has been started. Since 2005, China Automotive Technology and Research Center has begun to undertake "Research on OBD Technology and In-Use Vehicle Emissions Management" which is the cooperation project of the State Environmental Protection Administration and Nissan Motor Company. As part of the research project, the main task of this paper is to carry on a thorough research to the OBD technology and vehicle emissions recall regulations by consulting the relevant information at home and abroad and learning from foreign implement experiences, thus carry on early exploration and research work for the introduction of OBD technology as well as the formulation and implementation of vehicle emissions recall regulations.
Firstly, this paper makes a outline to the OBD technology and vehicle emissions recall regulations and it simply introduces the function and meaning of OBD system,the definition and purpose of the emissions recall regulations as well as their respective development circumstances.Then, it carries on a systemic and thorough research to the OBD technology and American emissions recall regulations. For the OBD technology, it elaborates mainly from three aspects, such as, the software and hardware components of OBD system, emissions monitoring principles as well as OBD technology and In-Use vehicle emissions control, and pointing out that the OBD technology is the important technological means in the management of In-Use vehicle emissions. This paper takes the United States as an example to study the vehicle emissions recall regulations, systematically introduces the legal basis and management structure of American emissions recall regulations, analyzes the operational mechanism of American emissions recall regulations with emphasis, and it carries on the detailed classification and the analysis on the reasons which caused the vehicles to be recalled basing on the annual summary of Emission-Related recall which announced by the EPA, thus providing a lot of emissions defect recall cases which can be referenced by the emissions recall work of our country in the future. Through thorough research on the above American emissions recall regulations, and combining with the vehicle emissions management status of our country, it demonstrates the feasibility to enforce emissions recall regulations in our country from four main aspects, such as, regulation requirements, management requirements, infrastructure requirements as well as the challenges to the automotive, petrochemical, maintenance and other related industries. Finally, it outlines the whole process of our country's current emissions management, and on the basis of the above research, proposes that introducing some beneficial suggestions and the countermeasure, such as the I / M regulations, the OBD technology and vehicle emissions recall regulations for the further improvement and the consummation of our country's vehicle emissions management.
本文首先对OBD技术和车辆排放召回制度进行了概述,简要介绍了OBD系统的功能及意义、排放召回制度的定义和目的以及它们各自的发展情况。然后分别对OBD技术和美国排放召回制度进行了系统深入的研究。对于OBD技术,主要从OBD系统的软硬件组成、排放监测原理和OBD技术与在用车排放控制三方面进行了论述,指出了OBD技术是在用车排放管理的重要技术手段。本文以美国为例对车辆排放召回制度进行了研究,系统地介绍了美国排放召回制度的法律依据和管理机构,重点剖析了排放召回制度在美国的运行机制,并以美国环保局公布的年度排放召回总结为依据,对造成车辆排放召回的原因进行了详细的归类和分析,从而为我国将要实施的车辆排放召回工作提供了大量可借鉴的排放缺陷召回案例。通过上述对美国排放召回制度的深入研究,并结合我国的汽车排放管理现状,从排放召回的制度建设要求、管理建设要求、基础设施要求以及召回制度对汽车、石化、维修等相关行业的挑战四个主要方面对我国实施排放召回制度的可行性进行了论证。最后,概述了我国现行排放管理的全过程,并在上述研究的基础上,为我国汽车排放管理的进一步改进和完善提出了引入I/M制度、OBD技术和车辆排放召回制度等一些有益的建议与对策。
OBD technology and vehicle emissions recall regulations have become the effective means of vehicle emissions control in some developed countries, such as Europe and the United States. With the continuous tightening of vehicle emission standards in our country, the work which research, evaluation as well as introduction of the OBD technology and emissions recall regulations has been started. Since 2005, China Automotive Technology and Research Center has begun to undertake "Research on OBD Technology and In-Use Vehicle Emissions Management" which is the cooperation project of the State Environmental Protection Administration and Nissan Motor Company. As part of the research project, the main task of this paper is to carry on a thorough research to the OBD technology and vehicle emissions recall regulations by consulting the relevant information at home and abroad and learning from foreign implement experiences, thus carry on early exploration and research work for the introduction of OBD technology as well as the formulation and implementation of vehicle emissions recall regulations.
Firstly, this paper makes a outline to the OBD technology and vehicle emissions recall regulations and it simply introduces the function and meaning of OBD system,the definition and purpose of the emissions recall regulations as well as their respective development circumstances.Then, it carries on a systemic and thorough research to the OBD technology and American emissions recall regulations. For the OBD technology, it elaborates mainly from three aspects, such as, the software and hardware components of OBD system, emissions monitoring principles as well as OBD technology and In-Use vehicle emissions control, and pointing out that the OBD technology is the important technological means in the management of In-Use vehicle emissions. This paper takes the United States as an example to study the vehicle emissions recall regulations, systematically introduces the legal basis and management structure of American emissions recall regulations, analyzes the operational mechanism of American emissions recall regulations with emphasis, and it carries on the detailed classification and the analysis on the reasons which caused the vehicles to be recalled basing on the annual summary of Emission-Related recall which announced by the EPA, thus providing a lot of emissions defect recall cases which can be referenced by the emissions recall work of our country in the future. Through thorough research on the above American emissions recall regulations, and combining with the vehicle emissions management status of our country, it demonstrates the feasibility to enforce emissions recall regulations in our country from four main aspects, such as, regulation requirements, management requirements, infrastructure requirements as well as the challenges to the automotive, petrochemical, maintenance and other related industries. Finally, it outlines the whole process of our country's current emissions management, and on the basis of the above research, proposes that introducing some beneficial suggestions and the countermeasure, such as the I / M regulations, the OBD technology and vehicle emissions recall regulations for the further improvement and the consummation of our country's vehicle emissions management.
引文
[1]郝吉明,傅立新.城市机动车排放污染控制.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2001:141-153.
[2]中国机动车排放控制委员会.2006年机动车排放控制报告.中国汽车技术研究中心,中国环境保护协会,2007.1:4
[3]余小萱,李铁军.汽车排气污染防治重点对策研究.城市管理与科技,1999.3:13
[4]李锦.车载自诊断系统的部件监控及认证试验流程:[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学车辆工程系,2006:2-3
[5]徐建平.美国第2代及欧洲汽车微机故障诊断系统.汽车电器,2003.6:45-48
[6]张华.随车电脑诊断系统OBD-Ⅱ的应用.汽车维修,2003.5:57-58
[7]高海洋.第二代车载诊断系统OBD Ⅱ.世界汽车,2003.7:59-60
[8]朱小慧,费继兵.车载故障诊断系统的研究.车用发动机,2004.8:10-14
[9]钱人一.汽车发动机三效催化转化器和氧传感器的故障诊断.汽车技术,2000.4:29-31
[10]The.Clean Air Act,Set 207(c)
[11]潘朋,颜伏伍,方茂东.美国汽车排放缺陷召回制度研究.汽车工业研究,2007.4:45
[12]潘朋,颜伏伍,方茂东.浅谈美国汽车排放缺陷召回制度.世界标准化与质量管理,2007.10:44-45
[13]王松,刘祥,孙宁.世界主要国家汽车召回管理制度比较.世界标准信息,2006.1
[14]潘朋,颜伏伍,方茂东.OBD系统的现状极其发展趋势.交通节能与环保,2007.5:36
[15]周龙保,刘巽俊,高宗英.内燃机学,机械工业出版社,1999.6:178-179
[16]王绍銧,夏群生,李建秋等.汽车电子学.北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[17]李建秋,赵六奇,韩晓东等.汽车电子学教程.北京:清华大学出版社,2006
[18]Martin Klenk,Winfried Moser,Werner Mueller,Wolfgang Wimmer.Misfire Detection by Evaluating Crankshaft Speed-A Means to Comply with OBD-Ⅱ.SAE Paper 930399
[19]梁锋,杨林,赫强,谭文春,肖文雍,卓斌.电控柴油机的在线失火诊断策略研究.内燃机学报,2004.4:332-336
[20]Donghyeon LeeGiorgio Rizzoni.Detection of partial misfire in IC engines using a measurement of crankshaft angular velocity.SAE Paper 951070
[21]P.Azzoni,G.Cantoni,G.Minelli,D.Moro.Measurement of engine misfire in the Lamborghini 533 V-12 engine using crankshaft speed fluctuations,SAE Paper 950837
[22]Jeremy Williams.An overview of misfiring cylinder engine diagnostic techniques based on crankshaft angular velocity.SAE Paper 960039
[23]汪映,周龙保,吴筱敏.离子电流法检测发动机失火和爆震的研究.西安交通大学学报,2002.9:895-898
[24]吴筱敏,汪映,关勇.汽油机燃烧和失火离子信号的特征分析.燃烧科学与技术,2004.8:341-344
[25]John Auzin,Hasse Johansson,Jan Nytomt.Ion-gap sense in misfire detection,knock and.engine control.SAE Paper,950004.
[26]Anson Lee,Jan S.Pyko.Engine misfire detection by ionization current monitoring.SAE Paper,950003
[27]D.Lundstre,S.Schagerberg.Misfire detection for prechamber SI engines using ionsensing and rotational speed measurements SAE Paper,200-01-0993
[28]Youngkyo Chung,Choongsik Bae,Sangmin Choi,Kumjung Yoon.Application of a Wide Range Oxygen Sensor for the Misfire Detection.SAE Paper,1999-01-1485
[29]王建昕,傅立新,黎维彬.汽车排气污染治理及催化转化器.化学工业出版社,2000.5
[30]OBD-Ⅱ performance of three-way catalysts,SAE Paper 980665.Model-based OBD for three-way catalyst systems,SAE Paper 2004-01-0639.
[31]A review of the dual EGO sensor method for OBD-Ⅱ catalyst efficiency monitoring,SAE Paper 942057.
[32]The effect of manganese oxides on OBD-Ⅱ catalytic converter monitoring,SAE Paper 942056
[33]Ing.Stefania Santini,On Board Diagnosis for Three-way Catalytic Converters,Universita del Sannio,Universita di Napoli Federico Ⅱ
[34]Low-emission,three-way catalyst and OSC material development for OBD diagnostics,SAE Paper 1999-01-3625.
[35]Dan Harrison.美国在用车污染达标管理.北京:机动车污染控制国际研讨会,2006.12
[36]Chuck Freed,In-use emission durability testing-recall,AVECC,2007
[37]Code of Federal Regulations,Title 40,Part 85,Subpart S
[38]Code of Federal Regulations,Title 40,Part 85,Subpart T
[39]Compliance and Innovative Strategies Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,2006 Annual Summary of Emission-Related Recall and Voluntary Service Campaigns Performed on Light Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks,2007.5
[40]Buzz Peters Unifrax Corp,Enforcement of Catalytic Converter Durability Requirements and the Role of Support Mat in Achieving:Durability,AVECC,2007
[41]束海波,邵毅明.我国在用车I/M制度管理体系的探索.汽车研究与开发,2003.1:34-37
[42]张倩,吴志军.车载诊断系统若干问题探讨.上海汽车,2006.05:36-39
[43]张翔,颜伏伍,邹斌.现代车载诊断系统及其在我国的应用.柴油机,2007.5:10-12
[2]中国机动车排放控制委员会.2006年机动车排放控制报告.中国汽车技术研究中心,中国环境保护协会,2007.1:4
[3]余小萱,李铁军.汽车排气污染防治重点对策研究.城市管理与科技,1999.3:13
[4]李锦.车载自诊断系统的部件监控及认证试验流程:[硕士学位论文].武汉:武汉理工大学车辆工程系,2006:2-3
[5]徐建平.美国第2代及欧洲汽车微机故障诊断系统.汽车电器,2003.6:45-48
[6]张华.随车电脑诊断系统OBD-Ⅱ的应用.汽车维修,2003.5:57-58
[7]高海洋.第二代车载诊断系统OBD Ⅱ.世界汽车,2003.7:59-60
[8]朱小慧,费继兵.车载故障诊断系统的研究.车用发动机,2004.8:10-14
[9]钱人一.汽车发动机三效催化转化器和氧传感器的故障诊断.汽车技术,2000.4:29-31
[10]The.Clean Air Act,Set 207(c)
[11]潘朋,颜伏伍,方茂东.美国汽车排放缺陷召回制度研究.汽车工业研究,2007.4:45
[12]潘朋,颜伏伍,方茂东.浅谈美国汽车排放缺陷召回制度.世界标准化与质量管理,2007.10:44-45
[13]王松,刘祥,孙宁.世界主要国家汽车召回管理制度比较.世界标准信息,2006.1
[14]潘朋,颜伏伍,方茂东.OBD系统的现状极其发展趋势.交通节能与环保,2007.5:36
[15]周龙保,刘巽俊,高宗英.内燃机学,机械工业出版社,1999.6:178-179
[16]王绍銧,夏群生,李建秋等.汽车电子学.北京:清华大学出版社,2005
[17]李建秋,赵六奇,韩晓东等.汽车电子学教程.北京:清华大学出版社,2006
[18]Martin Klenk,Winfried Moser,Werner Mueller,Wolfgang Wimmer.Misfire Detection by Evaluating Crankshaft Speed-A Means to Comply with OBD-Ⅱ.SAE Paper 930399
[19]梁锋,杨林,赫强,谭文春,肖文雍,卓斌.电控柴油机的在线失火诊断策略研究.内燃机学报,2004.4:332-336
[20]Donghyeon LeeGiorgio Rizzoni.Detection of partial misfire in IC engines using a measurement of crankshaft angular velocity.SAE Paper 951070
[21]P.Azzoni,G.Cantoni,G.Minelli,D.Moro.Measurement of engine misfire in the Lamborghini 533 V-12 engine using crankshaft speed fluctuations,SAE Paper 950837
[22]Jeremy Williams.An overview of misfiring cylinder engine diagnostic techniques based on crankshaft angular velocity.SAE Paper 960039
[23]汪映,周龙保,吴筱敏.离子电流法检测发动机失火和爆震的研究.西安交通大学学报,2002.9:895-898
[24]吴筱敏,汪映,关勇.汽油机燃烧和失火离子信号的特征分析.燃烧科学与技术,2004.8:341-344
[25]John Auzin,Hasse Johansson,Jan Nytomt.Ion-gap sense in misfire detection,knock and.engine control.SAE Paper,950004.
[26]Anson Lee,Jan S.Pyko.Engine misfire detection by ionization current monitoring.SAE Paper,950003
[27]D.Lundstre,S.Schagerberg.Misfire detection for prechamber SI engines using ionsensing and rotational speed measurements SAE Paper,200-01-0993
[28]Youngkyo Chung,Choongsik Bae,Sangmin Choi,Kumjung Yoon.Application of a Wide Range Oxygen Sensor for the Misfire Detection.SAE Paper,1999-01-1485
[29]王建昕,傅立新,黎维彬.汽车排气污染治理及催化转化器.化学工业出版社,2000.5
[30]OBD-Ⅱ performance of three-way catalysts,SAE Paper 980665.Model-based OBD for three-way catalyst systems,SAE Paper 2004-01-0639.
[31]A review of the dual EGO sensor method for OBD-Ⅱ catalyst efficiency monitoring,SAE Paper 942057.
[32]The effect of manganese oxides on OBD-Ⅱ catalytic converter monitoring,SAE Paper 942056
[33]Ing.Stefania Santini,On Board Diagnosis for Three-way Catalytic Converters,Universita del Sannio,Universita di Napoli Federico Ⅱ
[34]Low-emission,three-way catalyst and OSC material development for OBD diagnostics,SAE Paper 1999-01-3625.
[35]Dan Harrison.美国在用车污染达标管理.北京:机动车污染控制国际研讨会,2006.12
[36]Chuck Freed,In-use emission durability testing-recall,AVECC,2007
[37]Code of Federal Regulations,Title 40,Part 85,Subpart S
[38]Code of Federal Regulations,Title 40,Part 85,Subpart T
[39]Compliance and Innovative Strategies Division Office of Transportation and Air Quality U.S.Environmental Protection Agency,2006 Annual Summary of Emission-Related Recall and Voluntary Service Campaigns Performed on Light Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks,2007.5
[40]Buzz Peters Unifrax Corp,Enforcement of Catalytic Converter Durability Requirements and the Role of Support Mat in Achieving:Durability,AVECC,2007
[41]束海波,邵毅明.我国在用车I/M制度管理体系的探索.汽车研究与开发,2003.1:34-37
[42]张倩,吴志军.车载诊断系统若干问题探讨.上海汽车,2006.05:36-39
[43]张翔,颜伏伍,邹斌.现代车载诊断系统及其在我国的应用.柴油机,2007.5:10-12