汽车动力总成悬置系统关键技术研究
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摘要
发动机是汽车的主要振动激励源之一,悬置系统是隔离发动机振动向车架或车身传递的重要环节。设计合理的汽车动力总成悬置系统,可以明显地降低汽车动力总成和车体的振动,提高整车的NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness)性能,这已成为汽车高速化和轻量化的发展过程中需要解决的关键问题之一。动力总成悬置系统的研究涉及不同的领域,这其中悬置元件的动力学特性、动力总成悬置系统的运行模态分析与识别、悬置系统建模及优化设计是主要的研究领域。
发动机橡胶悬置不是理想的粘弹性元件,具有非线性的动力学特性。本文详细介绍了橡胶悬置的复刚度模型、Kelvin-Viogt模型、三参数模型和BERG模型的基本理论及特点。构建了某工程车辆悬置的BERG模型,在弹性体动态试验设备平台对悬置多种振幅下的动力学性能进行了实测。结合不同工况的试验数据,采用MATLAB平台的约束非线性多变量优化函数finincon,对悬置BERG模型的参数进行了优化识别。试验及仿真计算表明,橡胶悬置具有频率和振幅依从特性,仿真计算结果和试验数据吻合,动刚度相对误差小于1%,阻尼系数相对误差小于10%。BERG模型能较好的反映橡胶悬置动力学特性的非线性特点,可应用于动力总成悬置系统的优化设计。
对于180。均布曲轴夹角的直列四缸发动机,其主要激励成分是二阶往复惯性力和汽缸燃烧力矩。建立了发动机悬置系统的六自由度动力学模型。应用四端参数法推导出悬置支撑为弹性的传递率公式,仿真计算了发动机悬置的振动频谱,计算结果与实测数据相吻合,验证了模型及计算方法的有效性。发动机悬置支撑的弹性作用是使得振动传递率曲线在高频段上扬、隔振性能变差的主要原因之一。
对国产某车型悬置系统的隔振性能进行了试验,分别实测了发动机怠速、1500rpm、2500rPm和3000rPm四种工况下悬置发动机侧和车架侧的振动参数,分析了不同工况悬置的振动传递率。模拟计算了悬置主弹性方向的振动响应,计算曲线与实测振动结果吻合。针对橡胶悬置刚度的非线性特点,提出了基于Newmark数值积分法的动力总成悬置系统位移计算方法。计算并试验验证了轿车3档急加速工况下,悬置在各弹性主轴方向的振动位移。
对一款SUV汽车的动力总成悬置系统进行了启动、怠速和急加速三种工况的运行模态试验。针对悬置系统大阻尼和模态密集的特点,运用多参考点最小二乘复频域法识别技术(简称PRLSCF或PolyMAX)进行了模态参数识别。发动机激励不具备零均值白噪声的特点,运用模态置信度(MAC)、模态相位共线性(MPC)及平均相位偏移(MPD)等多种置信度指标进行模态验证,获得了可信的模态参数和系统工作振型。运行模态参数与发动机工况有关,运行模态频率高于计算模态频率。多工况的运行模态试验可以更准确的识别悬置系统的模态参数,对于悬置元件参数的设计具有一定的借鉴作用。
采用正交试验方法,分别计算了试验车型悬置系统6阶固有频率对悬置几何坐标的灵敏度,以及悬置系统振动耦合度对悬置刚度的灵敏度。提出了基于灵敏度分析的发动机悬置系统的稳健优化方法,优化结果具有良好的稳健性。进一步运用灰色理论中的关联分析方法,选取粒子群算法中的全局极值和个体极值,并结合稳健设计思想,提出了适合于多目标模型的灰色粒子群稳健优化算法,并将该算法应用到动力总成悬置系统的优化设计中。优化结果表明,该算法不仅能够很好地协调从不同角度提出的悬置参数的优化目标,获得满意的综合效果,而且可以使优化后的悬置参数有更好的鲁棒性。
Engine is one of the main source of automotive vibration, and mounting system is an important design to prevent the vibration transferring from engine to the frame and body. The reasonably designed automotive powertrain mounting system can significantly reduce the vibration of the automotive powertrain and body, and improve vehicle's NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) properties, which has become a key problem during the process of the development of the vehicle's high speed and light weight.The powertrain mounting system research involves the study of different fields, mainly including the mounting element modeling, powertrain mounting system operation mode analysis and recognition, as well as mounting system modeling and optimization design.
Rubber engine mount is not an ideal viscoelastic element, and has the nonlinear dynamic characteristics.This paper introduces in detail the basic theories and characteristics of the complex stiffness of rubber mounting model, Kelvin-Viogt model, three parameters model and the BERG model. BERG model is applied to construct the model of a engineering vehicle's mounting. The dynamic performance tests for mounting in different amplitude are studied by using elastomer dynamic testing equipment. Based on the experimental data of different conditions, The fmincon-the constrained nonlinear multivariable optimization function in MATLAB-is used to recognize the suspension parameters of BERG model. The experiment and simulation results show that there is close relationship between frequency and amplitude of the vibration, and the simulation calculation result is consistent with the experimental result. The dynamic stiffness relative error is less than1%, and the damping coefficient of relative error is less than10%. The BERG model can reflect the nonlinear property in the rubber mounting's dynamic characteristics, and can be applied to the optimization design of the powertrain mounting system.
As for the inline four cylinder engine of180°uniform layout crank angle, the main incentive component is two order reciprocating inertia force and moment of the cylinder combustion. An engine mount system dynamic model with six degrees of freedom has been established. By four pole parameters method, the transmission rate formula of the elastic mounting support is deduced. The mounting vibration spectrum is calculated and the calculated results coincide with the measured data, so it is verified that the model and the calculation method is effective.The elastic effect of engine mounting support is one of the main reasons for the high rise of the vibration transmissibility curves and the poor isolation performance in high frequency range.
The mounting vibration isolation performance is tested on a domestic car. The mount engine side and the frame side vibration parameters are measured under four engine's conditions (idling,1500rpm、2500rpm and3000rpm). The mounting system vibration decay rate are analysed under different conditions. The main direction of vibration suspension elastic response was simulated and the calculated results coincide with the measured data. According to the nonlinear characteristics of rubber suspension stiffness, Based on the Newmark numerical integral method, the displacement calculation in the powertrain mounting system is presented. The vibration displacement in the directions of the elastic spindle is calculated and tested in the condition of three-gear sharp acceleration.
The three kinds of operational modal tests (starting, idling and revving up) are done on a SUV vehicle's powertrain mounting system. For the mounting system with the heavy damping and close modal property, the PRLSCF or PolyMAX technology is employed in the modal parameter identification. As the engine power source does not have zero mean and white noise characteristics, the modal assurance criterion (MAC), modal phase linear (MPC), average phase offset (MPD) and other confidence index are employed in the modal verification, and a credible modal parameters and the system working mode have been obtained. Operational modal parameters are relative to the operating condition of the engine and the operational modal frequency is higher than the calculated modal frequency. Multiple operational modal tests can more accurately identify the modal parameters, which is consistent with the mounting component parameter design.
Based on orthogonal experiments, sensitivity analysis of an engine mounting system is made to show the influence of the mounting coordinates on the six-order natural frequency and the influence of the mounting stiffness on the vibration decoupling rate. The robust optimization methods based on the sensitivity analysis of the engine mounting system is put forward and the optimization result has good robustness. In the paper, the global best and personal best of particle swarm algorithm are selected by the grey relational analysis. Furthermore, the grey particle swarm robust algorithm is presented for multi-objective models solution in the robust optimization design, and the algorithm is employed in the optimization design of the engine mounting system. It has been verified that the conflicts between optimization objects can be coordinated, the satisfactory synthetic effects can be found, and the reliability of the optimized mounting parameters can be obtained by using the algorithm.
发动机橡胶悬置不是理想的粘弹性元件,具有非线性的动力学特性。本文详细介绍了橡胶悬置的复刚度模型、Kelvin-Viogt模型、三参数模型和BERG模型的基本理论及特点。构建了某工程车辆悬置的BERG模型,在弹性体动态试验设备平台对悬置多种振幅下的动力学性能进行了实测。结合不同工况的试验数据,采用MATLAB平台的约束非线性多变量优化函数finincon,对悬置BERG模型的参数进行了优化识别。试验及仿真计算表明,橡胶悬置具有频率和振幅依从特性,仿真计算结果和试验数据吻合,动刚度相对误差小于1%,阻尼系数相对误差小于10%。BERG模型能较好的反映橡胶悬置动力学特性的非线性特点,可应用于动力总成悬置系统的优化设计。
对于180。均布曲轴夹角的直列四缸发动机,其主要激励成分是二阶往复惯性力和汽缸燃烧力矩。建立了发动机悬置系统的六自由度动力学模型。应用四端参数法推导出悬置支撑为弹性的传递率公式,仿真计算了发动机悬置的振动频谱,计算结果与实测数据相吻合,验证了模型及计算方法的有效性。发动机悬置支撑的弹性作用是使得振动传递率曲线在高频段上扬、隔振性能变差的主要原因之一。
对国产某车型悬置系统的隔振性能进行了试验,分别实测了发动机怠速、1500rpm、2500rPm和3000rPm四种工况下悬置发动机侧和车架侧的振动参数,分析了不同工况悬置的振动传递率。模拟计算了悬置主弹性方向的振动响应,计算曲线与实测振动结果吻合。针对橡胶悬置刚度的非线性特点,提出了基于Newmark数值积分法的动力总成悬置系统位移计算方法。计算并试验验证了轿车3档急加速工况下,悬置在各弹性主轴方向的振动位移。
对一款SUV汽车的动力总成悬置系统进行了启动、怠速和急加速三种工况的运行模态试验。针对悬置系统大阻尼和模态密集的特点,运用多参考点最小二乘复频域法识别技术(简称PRLSCF或PolyMAX)进行了模态参数识别。发动机激励不具备零均值白噪声的特点,运用模态置信度(MAC)、模态相位共线性(MPC)及平均相位偏移(MPD)等多种置信度指标进行模态验证,获得了可信的模态参数和系统工作振型。运行模态参数与发动机工况有关,运行模态频率高于计算模态频率。多工况的运行模态试验可以更准确的识别悬置系统的模态参数,对于悬置元件参数的设计具有一定的借鉴作用。
采用正交试验方法,分别计算了试验车型悬置系统6阶固有频率对悬置几何坐标的灵敏度,以及悬置系统振动耦合度对悬置刚度的灵敏度。提出了基于灵敏度分析的发动机悬置系统的稳健优化方法,优化结果具有良好的稳健性。进一步运用灰色理论中的关联分析方法,选取粒子群算法中的全局极值和个体极值,并结合稳健设计思想,提出了适合于多目标模型的灰色粒子群稳健优化算法,并将该算法应用到动力总成悬置系统的优化设计中。优化结果表明,该算法不仅能够很好地协调从不同角度提出的悬置参数的优化目标,获得满意的综合效果,而且可以使优化后的悬置参数有更好的鲁棒性。
Engine is one of the main source of automotive vibration, and mounting system is an important design to prevent the vibration transferring from engine to the frame and body. The reasonably designed automotive powertrain mounting system can significantly reduce the vibration of the automotive powertrain and body, and improve vehicle's NVH (Noise, Vibration and Harshness) properties, which has become a key problem during the process of the development of the vehicle's high speed and light weight.The powertrain mounting system research involves the study of different fields, mainly including the mounting element modeling, powertrain mounting system operation mode analysis and recognition, as well as mounting system modeling and optimization design.
Rubber engine mount is not an ideal viscoelastic element, and has the nonlinear dynamic characteristics.This paper introduces in detail the basic theories and characteristics of the complex stiffness of rubber mounting model, Kelvin-Viogt model, three parameters model and the BERG model. BERG model is applied to construct the model of a engineering vehicle's mounting. The dynamic performance tests for mounting in different amplitude are studied by using elastomer dynamic testing equipment. Based on the experimental data of different conditions, The fmincon-the constrained nonlinear multivariable optimization function in MATLAB-is used to recognize the suspension parameters of BERG model. The experiment and simulation results show that there is close relationship between frequency and amplitude of the vibration, and the simulation calculation result is consistent with the experimental result. The dynamic stiffness relative error is less than1%, and the damping coefficient of relative error is less than10%. The BERG model can reflect the nonlinear property in the rubber mounting's dynamic characteristics, and can be applied to the optimization design of the powertrain mounting system.
As for the inline four cylinder engine of180°uniform layout crank angle, the main incentive component is two order reciprocating inertia force and moment of the cylinder combustion. An engine mount system dynamic model with six degrees of freedom has been established. By four pole parameters method, the transmission rate formula of the elastic mounting support is deduced. The mounting vibration spectrum is calculated and the calculated results coincide with the measured data, so it is verified that the model and the calculation method is effective.The elastic effect of engine mounting support is one of the main reasons for the high rise of the vibration transmissibility curves and the poor isolation performance in high frequency range.
The mounting vibration isolation performance is tested on a domestic car. The mount engine side and the frame side vibration parameters are measured under four engine's conditions (idling,1500rpm、2500rpm and3000rpm). The mounting system vibration decay rate are analysed under different conditions. The main direction of vibration suspension elastic response was simulated and the calculated results coincide with the measured data. According to the nonlinear characteristics of rubber suspension stiffness, Based on the Newmark numerical integral method, the displacement calculation in the powertrain mounting system is presented. The vibration displacement in the directions of the elastic spindle is calculated and tested in the condition of three-gear sharp acceleration.
The three kinds of operational modal tests (starting, idling and revving up) are done on a SUV vehicle's powertrain mounting system. For the mounting system with the heavy damping and close modal property, the PRLSCF or PolyMAX technology is employed in the modal parameter identification. As the engine power source does not have zero mean and white noise characteristics, the modal assurance criterion (MAC), modal phase linear (MPC), average phase offset (MPD) and other confidence index are employed in the modal verification, and a credible modal parameters and the system working mode have been obtained. Operational modal parameters are relative to the operating condition of the engine and the operational modal frequency is higher than the calculated modal frequency. Multiple operational modal tests can more accurately identify the modal parameters, which is consistent with the mounting component parameter design.
Based on orthogonal experiments, sensitivity analysis of an engine mounting system is made to show the influence of the mounting coordinates on the six-order natural frequency and the influence of the mounting stiffness on the vibration decoupling rate. The robust optimization methods based on the sensitivity analysis of the engine mounting system is put forward and the optimization result has good robustness. In the paper, the global best and personal best of particle swarm algorithm are selected by the grey relational analysis. Furthermore, the grey particle swarm robust algorithm is presented for multi-objective models solution in the robust optimization design, and the algorithm is employed in the optimization design of the engine mounting system. It has been verified that the conflicts between optimization objects can be coordinated, the satisfactory synthetic effects can be found, and the reliability of the optimized mounting parameters can be obtained by using the algorithm.
引文
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