基于语义Web的信息表达与语义化过程研究
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摘要
以Web技术为代表的Internet极大促进了人类知识的传播和文
化交流，改变着人类的生产和生活方式。然而，目前作为建立在标准
格式化语言上的Web，并不具有良好的语义表示能力，这给基于Web
的知识级信息集成和信息交换带来了困难。
作为Web技术的提升和发展，语义Web(Semantic Web)代表了
下一代Web的发展趋势。语义Web是对当前Web的扩展，其所具有的
定义良好的语义，能更好地使计算机和人之间进行协同工作。语义
Web的实质就是增强Web资源的语义表示，包括对Web资源的内容意
义和功能能力进行描述，使语义得以显式地表达，以满足分布式主流
计算环境语义互操作性的需要，使软件Agent对WWW上异构和分布信
息进行智能的、有效的访问和检索。
论文较全面介绍了语义Web及本体论等相关知识背景，以及最新
的语义Web语言OWL。探讨了在产品信息和生物信息两个领域中基于
语义Web语言的信息表达方法。最后，以基于本体(ontology)的信
息集成为背景，提出了一个语义化过程，用于解决XML数据源向新一
代语义Web语言OWL的语义转化和提升问题。
The Web was designed as an information space,with the goal that it should be useful not only for human-human communication,but also that machine would be able to participate and help. One of the major obstacles to this has been the fact that most information on the Web is designed for human consumption,and even if it was derived from a database with well defined meanings for its columns,that the semantics of the data is not understandable to every computer on the web.
The Semantic Web is a vision:the idea of having data on the Web defined and linked in a way that it can be used by machines not just for display purposes,but for automation,integration and reuse of data across various applications. The Semantic Web is the abstract representation of data on the World Wide Web,based on the RDF standards and other standards to be defined. "The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning,better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation." (Tim Berners-Lee)
Facilities and technologies to put machine-understandable data on the Web are rapidly becoming a high priority for many communities. This dissertation introduces the knowledge of
Semantic Web and ontology,and presents the new Semantic Web language------OWL. Then we
discuss the related research topics as follows:
It's not easy for traditional standard such as STEP to describe product information in a semantic way,and also STEP is not a Web-based standard. The development of Semantic Web is making itself be an important method to facilitate the knowledge-based information integration. So we propose to use OWL to describe product information,and give the instances as example.
Information integration in the entire life science has become a challenge to bioinformatics and computer science. We first give a survey of ontology-based systems for bioinformatics that are in different languages and different semantic representation ways,and then present the idea of using OWL to describe the information of molecular biology for bioinformatics and give the instances for example in the end.
XML is increasingly becoming the standard language for information exchanging on the Web,but it has no sufficient mechanism to represent information in a semantic way. Therefore,it is required to study the method of transforming XML data into Semantic Web-based representation to facilitate information integration at semantic level. We present a framework called 'Semanticalizing Procedure' to transform XML data source
into OWL-the new Semantic Web languages proposed by W3C,and give the
instances and the conclusion in the end.
化交流，改变着人类的生产和生活方式。然而，目前作为建立在标准
格式化语言上的Web，并不具有良好的语义表示能力，这给基于Web
的知识级信息集成和信息交换带来了困难。
作为Web技术的提升和发展，语义Web(Semantic Web)代表了
下一代Web的发展趋势。语义Web是对当前Web的扩展，其所具有的
定义良好的语义，能更好地使计算机和人之间进行协同工作。语义
Web的实质就是增强Web资源的语义表示，包括对Web资源的内容意
义和功能能力进行描述，使语义得以显式地表达，以满足分布式主流
计算环境语义互操作性的需要，使软件Agent对WWW上异构和分布信
息进行智能的、有效的访问和检索。
论文较全面介绍了语义Web及本体论等相关知识背景，以及最新
的语义Web语言OWL。探讨了在产品信息和生物信息两个领域中基于
语义Web语言的信息表达方法。最后，以基于本体(ontology)的信
息集成为背景，提出了一个语义化过程，用于解决XML数据源向新一
代语义Web语言OWL的语义转化和提升问题。
The Web was designed as an information space,with the goal that it should be useful not only for human-human communication,but also that machine would be able to participate and help. One of the major obstacles to this has been the fact that most information on the Web is designed for human consumption,and even if it was derived from a database with well defined meanings for its columns,that the semantics of the data is not understandable to every computer on the web.
The Semantic Web is a vision:the idea of having data on the Web defined and linked in a way that it can be used by machines not just for display purposes,but for automation,integration and reuse of data across various applications. The Semantic Web is the abstract representation of data on the World Wide Web,based on the RDF standards and other standards to be defined. "The Semantic Web is an extension of the current web in which information is given well-defined meaning,better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation." (Tim Berners-Lee)
Facilities and technologies to put machine-understandable data on the Web are rapidly becoming a high priority for many communities. This dissertation introduces the knowledge of
Semantic Web and ontology,and presents the new Semantic Web language------OWL. Then we
discuss the related research topics as follows:
It's not easy for traditional standard such as STEP to describe product information in a semantic way,and also STEP is not a Web-based standard. The development of Semantic Web is making itself be an important method to facilitate the knowledge-based information integration. So we propose to use OWL to describe product information,and give the instances as example.
Information integration in the entire life science has become a challenge to bioinformatics and computer science. We first give a survey of ontology-based systems for bioinformatics that are in different languages and different semantic representation ways,and then present the idea of using OWL to describe the information of molecular biology for bioinformatics and give the instances for example in the end.
XML is increasingly becoming the standard language for information exchanging on the Web,but it has no sufficient mechanism to represent information in a semantic way. Therefore,it is required to study the method of transforming XML data into Semantic Web-based representation to facilitate information integration at semantic level. We present a framework called 'Semanticalizing Procedure' to transform XML data source
into OWL-the new Semantic Web languages proposed by W3C,and give the
instances and the conclusion in the end.
引文
[1] 李晓明．对中国曾有过静态网页数的一种估计． http://lxm.cs.pku.edu.cn/yanqiong/growth.html. 2002．
[2] http://www.w3． org/2001/sw/
[3] http://www.w3． org/MarkUp/
[4] http://www.w3． org/XML/
[5] Gruber, T. R.. A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications. Knowledge Acquisition, 5, 1993, pp.199-220．
[6] 李善平，何志均．基于开放式标准化思想的CIMS信息集成方法．自动化学报，1995， 21(4) ：440-447
[7] ISO 10303-11: Industrial automation systems and integration-Product data representation and exchange-Description methods: The EXPRESS language reference manual [S], 1994．
[8] Mike Dean, Dan Connolly, Frank van Harmelen, James Hendler, Ian Horrocks, Deborah L. McGuinness, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Lynn Andrea Stein. "Web Ontology Language (OWL) Reference Version 1． 0". W3C Working Draft 21 February 2003, http://www.w3． org/TR/owl-ref/.
[9] Atul J. Butte. Challenges in bioinformatics: infrastructure, models and analytics. TRENDS in Biotechnology, 2001 Vol.19 No.5, pp. 159-160
[10] http://www.w3． org/MarkUp/SGML/
[11] S. Bergamaschi, S. Castano, S. De Capitani di Vimercati, S. Montanari, M. Vincini, "Exploiting Schema Knowledge for the Integration of Heterogeneous Sources", in Sesto Convegno Nazionale su Sistemi Evoluti per Basi di Dati, SEBD98, Ancona, Giugno 1998．
[12] Tim Berners-Lee.Semantic Web Roadmap,Oct.1998． http://www.w3． org/DesignIssues/Semantic.html
[13] http://www.w3． org/2001 /sw/Activity
[14] Ora Lassila, Ralph R. Swick. Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification.W3C Recommendation, 05 January, 1999, http ://www. w3． org/TR/PR-rdf-syntax
[15] Tim burners-Lee, James Hendler and Ora Lassila. The Semantic Web. Scientific American, May 2001．
[16] http://www.w3． org/2000/Taiks/1206-xm12k-tbl/slide10-0． html
[17] http://www.w3． org/XML/Schema
[18] Dan Brickley, R.V. Guha, "RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1． 0: RDF Schema", W3C Working Draft 23 January 2003． http://www.w3． org/TR/PR-rdf-schema
[19] McCarthy, J. Circumscription-A Form of Non-Monotonic Reasoning. Artificial Intelligence, 13:27-39． 1980．
[20] Nicola Guarino, Formal Ontology and Information Systems. Proceedings of FOIS'98, Trento, Italy, June 6-8, 1998． (Amsterdam, IOS Press, 1998) pp. 3-15
[21] W. N. Borst, Construction of Engineering Ontologies for Knowledge Sharing and Reuse,PhD Thesis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, 1997．
[22] R. Studer, R. Benjamins, D. Fensel. Knowledge Engineering: Principles and methods. Data and Knowledge Engineering, 25: 161-197, 1998．
[23] Fikes, R. and Farquhar, A. Distributed Repositories of Highly Expressive Reusable Ontologies. IEEE Intelligent Systems 14, 2 (March/April 1999) , 73-79．
[24] B. Chandrasekaran, John R. Josephson, V. Richard Benjamins. What Are Ontologies, and Why Do We Need Them?Intelligent Systems, January/February 1999 (Vol. 14, No. 1) pp. 20-26．
[25] http://logic.stanford.edu/kif/kif.html
[26] http ://www. ksl. Stanford, edu/software/ontolingua/
[27] http://www.ai.sri.com/~okbc/
[28] http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/ocml/
[29] http://flora.sourceforge.net/aboutFlogic.php
[30] http://www.isi.edu/isd/LOOM/LOQM-HOME.html
[31] Lenat, D and Guha, RV, 1990． Building Large Knowledge-based Systems: Representation and Inference in the CYC Project. Addison-Wesley.
[32] Steve G, Gangemi A. ONIONS Methodology and the Ontological Commitment of Medical Ontology ON8． 5． in B Gaines, M Musen (eds), Proceedings of KAW96 (1996) .
[33] http://www.w3． org/2001/sw/WebOnt/
[34] http://www.cs.umd.edu/proiects/plus/SHOE/
[35] http://www.ai.sri.com/~pkarp/xol/
[36] http://www.ontologos.Org/OML/OML%200． 3． htm
[37] http://www.ontologos.org/CKML/CKML-Examples.html
[38] http://www.ontoknowledge.org/oil/
[39] http://www.daml.org/
[40] http://www.w3． org/TR/daml+oil-reference
[41] http://www.w3． org/TR/2003/WD-owl-guide-20030210/
[42] http://www.w3． org/TR/2QQ3/WD-owl-ref-20030221/
[43] Felix J. Metzger, IWF-ETH Zurich. The Challenge of Capturing the Semantics of STEP Data Models Precisely. Proc. of PDTAG/PAKM Workshop on Product Knowledge Sharing for Integrated Enterprises, PAKM'96 Proceedings, Basel, October 1996．
[44] http://pharmgkb.org/
[45] http://www.opengalen.org/
[46] http://smi-web.stanford.edu/projects/helix/riboweb.html
[47] http://ecocyc.pangeasystems.com/ecocyc/ecocvc.html
[48] http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~stevensr/onto/node8． html
[49] http://www.geneontology. org/
[50] http://img.cs.man.ac.uk/stevens/
[51] Frederic Achard, Guy Vaysseix, and Emmanuel Barillot, "XML, Bioinformatics and Data Integration", Bioinformatics, 2001 17, pp. 115-125．
[52] http://www.xml.com/pub/rg/Bioinformatics
[53] A.P. Sheth. Changing Focus on Interoperability in Information Systems: From System,Syntax, Structure to Semantics. M. F. Goodchild, M. J. Egenhofer, R. Fegeas, and C. A.Kottman (eds.) Interoperating Geographic Information Systems, Kluwer, 1998．
[54] Omelayenko, B., Fensel, D.. Analysis of B2B Catalogue Integration Problems. Content and Document Integration, In: Filipe, J., Sharp, B., Miranda, P. (eds.): Enterprise Information Systems III, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2002) 270-277．
[55] I.Horrocks and J. Hendler (Eds.). Building the Semantic Web on XML. ISWC 2002, LNCS 2342, pp. 147-161, 2002．
[56] Lukasz Kurgan, Waldemar Swiercz, Krzysztof Cios. Semantic Mapping of XML Tags using Inductive Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA'02) , pp. 99-109, Las Vegas, Nevada.
[57] Ronaldo Dos Santos, Carlos Alberto Heuser. A Bottom-Up Approach for Integration of XML Sources. Workshop on Information Integration on the Web, pp.118-124, 2001．
[58] Richard Vdovjak, Geert-Jan Houben. RDF-Based Architecture for Semantic Integration of Heterogeneous Information Sources. Workshop on Information Integration on the Web, pp.51-57, 2001．
[59] Martin Frank, Natalya F. Noy, Steffen Staab. The Semantic Web Workshop at the 11th International WWW Conference (WWW-2002) . http://www.acm.org/sigmod/record/issues/0209/r0． www02-sw-workshop-no-refs.pdf.
[60] H.Wache, T.Vogele, U.Visser, H.Stuckenschmidt, G.Schuster, H.Neumann, S.Hubner.Ontology-Based Integration of Information-A Survey of Existing Approaches.Proceedings of IJCAI-01 Workshop: Ontologies and Information Sharing, Seattle, WA,2001, Vol. pp. 108-117．
[61] P.R.S. Visser, D.M. Jones, T.J.M. Bench-Capon, M.J.R. Shave. Assessing Heterogeneity by Classifying Ontology Mismatches. Proceedings International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems-FOIS'98, IOS Press.
[2] http://www.w3． org/2001/sw/
[3] http://www.w3． org/MarkUp/
[4] http://www.w3． org/XML/
[5] Gruber, T. R.. A Translation Approach to Portable Ontology Specifications. Knowledge Acquisition, 5, 1993, pp.199-220．
[6] 李善平，何志均．基于开放式标准化思想的CIMS信息集成方法．自动化学报，1995， 21(4) ：440-447
[7] ISO 10303-11: Industrial automation systems and integration-Product data representation and exchange-Description methods: The EXPRESS language reference manual [S], 1994．
[8] Mike Dean, Dan Connolly, Frank van Harmelen, James Hendler, Ian Horrocks, Deborah L. McGuinness, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Lynn Andrea Stein. "Web Ontology Language (OWL) Reference Version 1． 0". W3C Working Draft 21 February 2003, http://www.w3． org/TR/owl-ref/.
[9] Atul J. Butte. Challenges in bioinformatics: infrastructure, models and analytics. TRENDS in Biotechnology, 2001 Vol.19 No.5, pp. 159-160
[10] http://www.w3． org/MarkUp/SGML/
[11] S. Bergamaschi, S. Castano, S. De Capitani di Vimercati, S. Montanari, M. Vincini, "Exploiting Schema Knowledge for the Integration of Heterogeneous Sources", in Sesto Convegno Nazionale su Sistemi Evoluti per Basi di Dati, SEBD98, Ancona, Giugno 1998．
[12] Tim Berners-Lee.Semantic Web Roadmap,Oct.1998． http://www.w3． org/DesignIssues/Semantic.html
[13] http://www.w3． org/2001 /sw/Activity
[14] Ora Lassila, Ralph R. Swick. Resource Description Framework (RDF) Model and Syntax Specification.W3C Recommendation, 05 January, 1999, http ://www. w3． org/TR/PR-rdf-syntax
[15] Tim burners-Lee, James Hendler and Ora Lassila. The Semantic Web. Scientific American, May 2001．
[16] http://www.w3． org/2000/Taiks/1206-xm12k-tbl/slide10-0． html
[17] http://www.w3． org/XML/Schema
[18] Dan Brickley, R.V. Guha, "RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1． 0: RDF Schema", W3C Working Draft 23 January 2003． http://www.w3． org/TR/PR-rdf-schema
[19] McCarthy, J. Circumscription-A Form of Non-Monotonic Reasoning. Artificial Intelligence, 13:27-39． 1980．
[20] Nicola Guarino, Formal Ontology and Information Systems. Proceedings of FOIS'98, Trento, Italy, June 6-8, 1998． (Amsterdam, IOS Press, 1998) pp. 3-15
[21] W. N. Borst, Construction of Engineering Ontologies for Knowledge Sharing and Reuse,PhD Thesis, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, 1997．
[22] R. Studer, R. Benjamins, D. Fensel. Knowledge Engineering: Principles and methods. Data and Knowledge Engineering, 25: 161-197, 1998．
[23] Fikes, R. and Farquhar, A. Distributed Repositories of Highly Expressive Reusable Ontologies. IEEE Intelligent Systems 14, 2 (March/April 1999) , 73-79．
[24] B. Chandrasekaran, John R. Josephson, V. Richard Benjamins. What Are Ontologies, and Why Do We Need Them?Intelligent Systems, January/February 1999 (Vol. 14, No. 1) pp. 20-26．
[25] http://logic.stanford.edu/kif/kif.html
[26] http ://www. ksl. Stanford, edu/software/ontolingua/
[27] http://www.ai.sri.com/~okbc/
[28] http://kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/ocml/
[29] http://flora.sourceforge.net/aboutFlogic.php
[30] http://www.isi.edu/isd/LOOM/LOQM-HOME.html
[31] Lenat, D and Guha, RV, 1990． Building Large Knowledge-based Systems: Representation and Inference in the CYC Project. Addison-Wesley.
[32] Steve G, Gangemi A. ONIONS Methodology and the Ontological Commitment of Medical Ontology ON8． 5． in B Gaines, M Musen (eds), Proceedings of KAW96 (1996) .
[33] http://www.w3． org/2001/sw/WebOnt/
[34] http://www.cs.umd.edu/proiects/plus/SHOE/
[35] http://www.ai.sri.com/~pkarp/xol/
[36] http://www.ontologos.Org/OML/OML%200． 3． htm
[37] http://www.ontologos.org/CKML/CKML-Examples.html
[38] http://www.ontoknowledge.org/oil/
[39] http://www.daml.org/
[40] http://www.w3． org/TR/daml+oil-reference
[41] http://www.w3． org/TR/2003/WD-owl-guide-20030210/
[42] http://www.w3． org/TR/2QQ3/WD-owl-ref-20030221/
[43] Felix J. Metzger, IWF-ETH Zurich. The Challenge of Capturing the Semantics of STEP Data Models Precisely. Proc. of PDTAG/PAKM Workshop on Product Knowledge Sharing for Integrated Enterprises, PAKM'96 Proceedings, Basel, October 1996．
[44] http://pharmgkb.org/
[45] http://www.opengalen.org/
[46] http://smi-web.stanford.edu/projects/helix/riboweb.html
[47] http://ecocyc.pangeasystems.com/ecocyc/ecocvc.html
[48] http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/~stevensr/onto/node8． html
[49] http://www.geneontology. org/
[50] http://img.cs.man.ac.uk/stevens/
[51] Frederic Achard, Guy Vaysseix, and Emmanuel Barillot, "XML, Bioinformatics and Data Integration", Bioinformatics, 2001 17, pp. 115-125．
[52] http://www.xml.com/pub/rg/Bioinformatics
[53] A.P. Sheth. Changing Focus on Interoperability in Information Systems: From System,Syntax, Structure to Semantics. M. F. Goodchild, M. J. Egenhofer, R. Fegeas, and C. A.Kottman (eds.) Interoperating Geographic Information Systems, Kluwer, 1998．
[54] Omelayenko, B., Fensel, D.. Analysis of B2B Catalogue Integration Problems. Content and Document Integration, In: Filipe, J., Sharp, B., Miranda, P. (eds.): Enterprise Information Systems III, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2002) 270-277．
[55] I.Horrocks and J. Hendler (Eds.). Building the Semantic Web on XML. ISWC 2002, LNCS 2342, pp. 147-161, 2002．
[56] Lukasz Kurgan, Waldemar Swiercz, Krzysztof Cios. Semantic Mapping of XML Tags using Inductive Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 2002 International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA'02) , pp. 99-109, Las Vegas, Nevada.
[57] Ronaldo Dos Santos, Carlos Alberto Heuser. A Bottom-Up Approach for Integration of XML Sources. Workshop on Information Integration on the Web, pp.118-124, 2001．
[58] Richard Vdovjak, Geert-Jan Houben. RDF-Based Architecture for Semantic Integration of Heterogeneous Information Sources. Workshop on Information Integration on the Web, pp.51-57, 2001．
[59] Martin Frank, Natalya F. Noy, Steffen Staab. The Semantic Web Workshop at the 11th International WWW Conference (WWW-2002) . http://www.acm.org/sigmod/record/issues/0209/r0． www02-sw-workshop-no-refs.pdf.
[60] H.Wache, T.Vogele, U.Visser, H.Stuckenschmidt, G.Schuster, H.Neumann, S.Hubner.Ontology-Based Integration of Information-A Survey of Existing Approaches.Proceedings of IJCAI-01 Workshop: Ontologies and Information Sharing, Seattle, WA,2001, Vol. pp. 108-117．
[61] P.R.S. Visser, D.M. Jones, T.J.M. Bench-Capon, M.J.R. Shave. Assessing Heterogeneity by Classifying Ontology Mismatches. Proceedings International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems-FOIS'98, IOS Press.