基于内容建模的理性化协商机制
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摘要
在人工智能界，尽管Agents和多Agent系统的行为理论和体系结构已经积累了很多的研究成果，协作技术也已经研究了多年。但是现有的研究成果只适用于相对静态的小规模多Agent系统，未提供强有力的基础结构去支持多Agent系统中协商的实现。缺乏理性和灵活的协商机制，难以支持Agents间合作的动态形成和随机协调，不利于Agents承担因环境的不确定性而需动态协作的复杂任务。
到目前为止，对于协商的研究大多着眼于协商本身，而我们项目组研究和开发了管理控制Agents社交行为的基础结构IMCSBA(Infrastructre for Managingand Controling Social Behavior of Agents)，从建立健全的、无处不在的与社会体制相适应的基础结构出发，而非片面的提高Agents自身社交能力和协作、协商能力。
基于内容建模的理性化协商是IMCSBA的核心机制之一。其实现的关键在于建立社交本体论和领域本体论，做为Agent协商时共享的关于通信内容的描述模型，以灵活和透明地描述Agent关于协作的信念和知识，并使以本体论表示语言OKRL(Ontology oriented Knowledge Representation Language)或基于本体论的标记语言OML(Ontology-based Markup Language)表示的通信内容具有Agent可理解的清晰语义。并且在此基础之上，建立面向服务提供的形式化协商模型以及基于意向、承诺的动态协调机制。综合运用了下棋理论、启发式方法和辩证方法去设计协商协议、协商对象和协商推理模型。协商推理模型分三个层次：评价、战略和战术，提供支持协商模型的推理技术，提高Agent的协商智能。实现理性化的协商，以支持Agents合作的动态形成和随机协调。
重点研究将协商内容的表示和多层次(评价、战略和战术)推理及决策技术整合进协商协议的理论和方法，使Agents能基于社交信念、领域协调知识和协商状态理性和灵活地推进协商进程。
本文共分七章：第一章提出要研究的问题，简要介绍协商的原理方法，以及基于内容建模的理性化协商。第二章简单介绍相关技术背景。第三章介绍IMCSBA的理论基础和体系框架。第四章和第五章分别介绍基于内容建模的理性化协商的两个关键机制，第四章着重介绍信息内容语义的清晰化，第五章着重介绍面向服务提供的理性化协商模型。第六章结合一个实例介绍如何具体实现一个基于内容建模的理性化协商模型。第七章是全文的总结。
In the Artificial Intelligence academe, the research of behavior theory and system structure of Agent and multi-agent system have carry out a great deal of progeny, and the same as the research of cooperation technologies. But these progeny are only the same with relative static and small-scale multi-agent system, have not a strong infrastructure to support the realization of negotiation in multi-agent system. Because of the absence of rational and flexible negotiation, it is hard to support the dynamic forming and stochastically harmonizing of the cooperation among agents, and make it hard for agents to assume complex task.
Up to the present, despite most research about negotiation paid attention to the negotiation itself, we work over the infrastructure for managing and controling social behavior of agents(IMCSBA), set out from establishing full-scale infrastructure, not unilaterally improving the social ability and the cooperation, negotiation capability.
Content modeling based on rational negotiation is one of ore mechanisms. In the realization , the first key technology in is to set up social ontology and domain ontology. So as to get the communication content represented by Ontology oriented Knowledge Representation Language (OKRL) or Ontology-based Markup Language (OML) can be understand by agents. The second one is to establish service provision oriented formalization negotiation model, intent and promises based dynamic cooperation model. Making Synthetically use of many techniques, to design negotiation protocol, negotiation issues and negotiation reasoning model. The reasoning model consists of three levels: the evaluation reasoner, the strategic reasoner and the tactic reasoner.
The emphases of the research is to make the representation of negotiation content, multi-leveled reasoning model and decision-making technology become one. It make agents can carry out negotiation rationally and neatly, based on social beliefs, domain cooperation knowledge and negotiation states.
The paper contains seven chapters: the first chapter gives the problem and introduces the research areas of the negotiation technology. The second introduces the related technology. The third introduces the details of IMCSBA. The forth introduces how to make the content of information can be understand. In the fifth chapter, service provision oriented rational negotiation model is introduced. The next chapter is about how to realize the negotiation model. The last chapter of the paper gives the conclusion.
到目前为止，对于协商的研究大多着眼于协商本身，而我们项目组研究和开发了管理控制Agents社交行为的基础结构IMCSBA(Infrastructre for Managingand Controling Social Behavior of Agents)，从建立健全的、无处不在的与社会体制相适应的基础结构出发，而非片面的提高Agents自身社交能力和协作、协商能力。
基于内容建模的理性化协商是IMCSBA的核心机制之一。其实现的关键在于建立社交本体论和领域本体论，做为Agent协商时共享的关于通信内容的描述模型，以灵活和透明地描述Agent关于协作的信念和知识，并使以本体论表示语言OKRL(Ontology oriented Knowledge Representation Language)或基于本体论的标记语言OML(Ontology-based Markup Language)表示的通信内容具有Agent可理解的清晰语义。并且在此基础之上，建立面向服务提供的形式化协商模型以及基于意向、承诺的动态协调机制。综合运用了下棋理论、启发式方法和辩证方法去设计协商协议、协商对象和协商推理模型。协商推理模型分三个层次：评价、战略和战术，提供支持协商模型的推理技术，提高Agent的协商智能。实现理性化的协商，以支持Agents合作的动态形成和随机协调。
重点研究将协商内容的表示和多层次(评价、战略和战术)推理及决策技术整合进协商协议的理论和方法，使Agents能基于社交信念、领域协调知识和协商状态理性和灵活地推进协商进程。
本文共分七章：第一章提出要研究的问题，简要介绍协商的原理方法，以及基于内容建模的理性化协商。第二章简单介绍相关技术背景。第三章介绍IMCSBA的理论基础和体系框架。第四章和第五章分别介绍基于内容建模的理性化协商的两个关键机制，第四章着重介绍信息内容语义的清晰化，第五章着重介绍面向服务提供的理性化协商模型。第六章结合一个实例介绍如何具体实现一个基于内容建模的理性化协商模型。第七章是全文的总结。
In the Artificial Intelligence academe, the research of behavior theory and system structure of Agent and multi-agent system have carry out a great deal of progeny, and the same as the research of cooperation technologies. But these progeny are only the same with relative static and small-scale multi-agent system, have not a strong infrastructure to support the realization of negotiation in multi-agent system. Because of the absence of rational and flexible negotiation, it is hard to support the dynamic forming and stochastically harmonizing of the cooperation among agents, and make it hard for agents to assume complex task.
Up to the present, despite most research about negotiation paid attention to the negotiation itself, we work over the infrastructure for managing and controling social behavior of agents(IMCSBA), set out from establishing full-scale infrastructure, not unilaterally improving the social ability and the cooperation, negotiation capability.
Content modeling based on rational negotiation is one of ore mechanisms. In the realization , the first key technology in is to set up social ontology and domain ontology. So as to get the communication content represented by Ontology oriented Knowledge Representation Language (OKRL) or Ontology-based Markup Language (OML) can be understand by agents. The second one is to establish service provision oriented formalization negotiation model, intent and promises based dynamic cooperation model. Making Synthetically use of many techniques, to design negotiation protocol, negotiation issues and negotiation reasoning model. The reasoning model consists of three levels: the evaluation reasoner, the strategic reasoner and the tactic reasoner.
The emphases of the research is to make the representation of negotiation content, multi-leveled reasoning model and decision-making technology become one. It make agents can carry out negotiation rationally and neatly, based on social beliefs, domain cooperation knowledge and negotiation states.
The paper contains seven chapters: the first chapter gives the problem and introduces the research areas of the negotiation technology. The second introduces the related technology. The third introduces the details of IMCSBA. The forth introduces how to make the content of information can be understand. In the fifth chapter, service provision oriented rational negotiation model is introduced. The next chapter is about how to realize the negotiation model. The last chapter of the paper gives the conclusion.
引文
[1] R.Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation. Basic Books, 1984.
[2] 高济，王进．基于Agents的软件合成框架ABFSC．计算机学报，Vol．22 No．10 1999
[3] 史忠植，智能主体及其应用，北京：科学出版社 2000．12
[4] P.Faratin, C.Sierra, and N.R.Jennings, Negotiation Decision Functions for Autonomous Agents. Int. Journal of Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 24 (3-4) 159-182, 1998.
[5] N.R.Jennings, Cooperation in Industrial Multi-Agent Systems. World Scientific Publishing, London, 1994.
[6] H.J.M(?)11er, Negotiation Principles, in Foundations of Distributed Artificial Intelligence, eds. G.M.P.O'Hare and N.R.Jennings, Wiley Interscience, 211-229, 1996.
[7] .J.Norman and N.R.Jennings, Generating states of cooperation between autonomous agents. Proc. 3rd Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Perth, Australia, 109-119, 1997.
[8] T.J.Norman, N.R.Jennings, P.Faratin, and E.H.Mamdani, Designing and implementing a multi-agent architecture for business process management. In Intelligent Agents Ⅲ(eds. J.P.Mueller, M.J.Wooldridge and N.R.Jennings) LNAI 1193, Springer Verlag, 261-275, 1997.
[9] M.Wooldridge, Agent-based software engineering. IEE Proceedings on Software Engineering 144(1)26-37, 1997.
[10] S.Kalenka and N.R.Jennings, "Socially responsible decision making by autonomous agents," in Cognition, Agency and Rationality, K.Korta, E.Sosa, and X.Arrazola, Eds. Boston, MA: Kluwer, 1999, pp.135-149.
[11] 张维明主编，姚丽、张维明编著，智能协作信息技术，北京：电子工业出版社，2002．4
[12] R.Jeffrey, The Logic of Decision. University of Chicago Press, 1983.
[13] H.Takeda, K.lino, and T.Nishida, Agent organization with multiple ontologies. Int. Journal of Cooperative nformation Systems 4(4) 321-337, 1995.
[14] 基于Agent技术的虚拟组织集成框架IFVO：高济，林东豪，计算机研究与发展，1999．12，Vol36，No．12
[15] Shanguo Chen and Ji Gao:The Design and Implementation of an Agents-based Workflow Model. The Sixth International Conference on Computer Aided Design and Computer Graphics. December 1-3, 1999, Shanghai, China, Vol3, No.1328
[16] D.G.Pruitt, Negotiation Behaviour. Academic Press, 1981.
[17] H.Raiffa, The Art and Science of Negotiation. Harvard University Press, 1982.
[18] J.C.Harsanyi, Rational Behavior and Bargaining Equilibrium in Games and Social Situations. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1977.
[19] R.Axelrod. The Complexity of Cooperation. Princetown University Press, 1997.
[20] S.Kraus. Negotiation and cooperation in multi-agent environments. Artificial Intelligence, (94):79-97, 1997.
[21] J.R.Oliver. On Artificial Agents for Negotiation in Electronic Commerce. PhD thesis, The Wharton School, 1994.
[22] Y.Labrou and T.Finin. A Semantics Approach For KQML: A General Purpose Communication Language for Software Agents. Proceedings of CIKM'94, New York, 1994.
[23] P.Faratin, C.Sierra, and N.R.Jennings(1998) "Negotiation Decision Functions for Autonomous Agents" Int. Journal of Robotics and Autonomous Systems 24 (3-4) 159-182.
[24] S.Kraus, K.Sycara and A.Evenchik(1998) "Reaching agreements through argumentation: a logical model and implementation" Artificial Intelligence 104 1-69.
[25] 高济．基于表示本体论的智能系统开发．计算机研究与发展，1996，33(11)：801-807．
[2] 高济，王进．基于Agents的软件合成框架ABFSC．计算机学报，Vol．22 No．10 1999
[3] 史忠植，智能主体及其应用，北京：科学出版社 2000．12
[4] P.Faratin, C.Sierra, and N.R.Jennings, Negotiation Decision Functions for Autonomous Agents. Int. Journal of Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 24 (3-4) 159-182, 1998.
[5] N.R.Jennings, Cooperation in Industrial Multi-Agent Systems. World Scientific Publishing, London, 1994.
[6] H.J.M(?)11er, Negotiation Principles, in Foundations of Distributed Artificial Intelligence, eds. G.M.P.O'Hare and N.R.Jennings, Wiley Interscience, 211-229, 1996.
[7] .J.Norman and N.R.Jennings, Generating states of cooperation between autonomous agents. Proc. 3rd Australian Workshop on Distributed Artificial Intelligence, Perth, Australia, 109-119, 1997.
[8] T.J.Norman, N.R.Jennings, P.Faratin, and E.H.Mamdani, Designing and implementing a multi-agent architecture for business process management. In Intelligent Agents Ⅲ(eds. J.P.Mueller, M.J.Wooldridge and N.R.Jennings) LNAI 1193, Springer Verlag, 261-275, 1997.
[9] M.Wooldridge, Agent-based software engineering. IEE Proceedings on Software Engineering 144(1)26-37, 1997.
[10] S.Kalenka and N.R.Jennings, "Socially responsible decision making by autonomous agents," in Cognition, Agency and Rationality, K.Korta, E.Sosa, and X.Arrazola, Eds. Boston, MA: Kluwer, 1999, pp.135-149.
[11] 张维明主编，姚丽、张维明编著，智能协作信息技术，北京：电子工业出版社，2002．4
[12] R.Jeffrey, The Logic of Decision. University of Chicago Press, 1983.
[13] H.Takeda, K.lino, and T.Nishida, Agent organization with multiple ontologies. Int. Journal of Cooperative nformation Systems 4(4) 321-337, 1995.
[14] 基于Agent技术的虚拟组织集成框架IFVO：高济，林东豪，计算机研究与发展，1999．12，Vol36，No．12
[15] Shanguo Chen and Ji Gao:The Design and Implementation of an Agents-based Workflow Model. The Sixth International Conference on Computer Aided Design and Computer Graphics. December 1-3, 1999, Shanghai, China, Vol3, No.1328
[16] D.G.Pruitt, Negotiation Behaviour. Academic Press, 1981.
[17] H.Raiffa, The Art and Science of Negotiation. Harvard University Press, 1982.
[18] J.C.Harsanyi, Rational Behavior and Bargaining Equilibrium in Games and Social Situations. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1977.
[19] R.Axelrod. The Complexity of Cooperation. Princetown University Press, 1997.
[20] S.Kraus. Negotiation and cooperation in multi-agent environments. Artificial Intelligence, (94):79-97, 1997.
[21] J.R.Oliver. On Artificial Agents for Negotiation in Electronic Commerce. PhD thesis, The Wharton School, 1994.
[22] Y.Labrou and T.Finin. A Semantics Approach For KQML: A General Purpose Communication Language for Software Agents. Proceedings of CIKM'94, New York, 1994.
[23] P.Faratin, C.Sierra, and N.R.Jennings(1998) "Negotiation Decision Functions for Autonomous Agents" Int. Journal of Robotics and Autonomous Systems 24 (3-4) 159-182.
[24] S.Kraus, K.Sycara and A.Evenchik(1998) "Reaching agreements through argumentation: a logical model and implementation" Artificial Intelligence 104 1-69.
[25] 高济．基于表示本体论的智能系统开发．计算机研究与发展，1996，33(11)：801-807．