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青藏高原北部主要断裂的卫星热红外影像特征的研究
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摘要
卫星热红外遥感信息反映的是地—气系统的发射辐射能量。在应用卫星热红外遥感技术提取震前的红外辐射异常信息的研究中,除了要剔除强大的气象因素和地面层热状况比如地形地貌、植被长势、降雨和雪等自然因素的干扰以外,还要排除卫星传感器辐射角度、卫星扫描定标参数等非自然因素引起的地物红外辐射能量的差异,因此是一种“强干扰、弱信息”条件下的复杂过程。
     论文利用1999年和2003年的NOAA卫星热红外遥感夜间第五通道资料,以青藏高原北部各主要断裂为实验区,研究无强震发生的正常年周期内活动断裂的红外辐射亮温的动态演变情况。分别对东昆仑断裂、阿尔金断裂、祁连山—海原断裂和金沙江—鲜水河断裂及其周边地区的热红外影像特征和红外辐射年变特征进行详细研究,观察气象因素、地形因素和岩性因素等对不同断裂带及其不同构造部位的影响程度,同时对研究区范围及周边地区的若干震例提出了各种异常信息提取的方法,取得了一些有意义的成果。研究取得的主要认识如下:
     研究区范围内的阿尔金断裂、祁连山—海原断裂在热红外影像上表现出清晰的直线性形迹,表明断裂两盘的地形切割程度非常强烈,东昆仑断裂次之,地形的垂直升降差异最为微弱的是金沙江—鲜水河断裂。根据同一断裂带的不同构造地段在红外影像上的表现特征还可以推测断裂带的活动状况,如东昆仑断裂的库赛湖段在热红外影像上的线性形迹最为突出,表明该地段的活动性较为强烈。
     选取不同区域的断层包络线,对活动断裂与其环境温度、断裂两盘的红外辐射年变特征进行对比研究,结果表明,气候变化、地形高差、岩性差异以及植被长势等因素对不同断裂带的影响程度不同。季节性降雪对东昆仑断裂和金沙江—鲜水河断裂的红外辐射亮温干扰非常强烈:地形因素对阿尔金断裂和祁连山—海原断裂的断层两盘红外亮温年变差异起主导控制作用,其红外亮温值与地形起伏呈良好的负相关性;而岩性差异对东昆仑断裂和金沙江—鲜水河断裂的断层两盘的红外亮温影响较大;植被长势对金沙江—鲜水河断裂的作用较为明显。
     经过对不同震例的研究发现,不同地震因其所处的构造环境不同,震前红外增温异常的表现形式也有很大的差别。在表面特性较为单一的地区,在正常情况下其发射辐射率分布均匀,因而出现异常时其表现特征也最为明显,如发生在塔里木盆地边缘的伽师—巴楚6.8级和托克逊5.6级地震,经目视解译就可以发现显见的红外增温现象。而发生在地形相对复杂的青藏高原腹地的昆仑山8.1级地震和玛尼7.9级地震,利用目视解译方法很难明确异常的存在,因此要经过一系列的图像处理技术才能发现一些异常现象。最为复杂的地区是青藏高原东北缘,因其地貌结构复杂、人类活动频繁,则很难发现震前红外增温异常的现象。
     利用卫星遥感热红外信息,对断裂带及其构造环境进行红外影像特征和红外辐射亮温年变特征的研究和认识,是判别震前红外辐射增温异常的必要前提,在此基础上结合异常信息提取的方法性研究,其结果将对运用卫星热红外遥感技术进行地震短临预报提供一些有意义的经验和判据。
The information of satellite infrared remote sensing (RS) reflects the radiant energy released by the lithosphere-atmosphere system. It is an extraordinarily complicated process to detect the Impending precursors before an earthquake by using RS images. Because they contain many natural interferences of meteorological factors and ground thermal status, such as topography, landform, vegetable growth, rainfall and snowfall. In addition, some non-natural disturbance from radiant angles of satellite sensors and satellite scan calibration parameters can also cause differences of infrared radiant energy from ground objects. The interferences must be distinguished and excluded when using RS data to study active faults and earthquakes.
    By using the CH5 infrared (IR) nighttime thermal images of the NOAA satellite, this thesis studies the dynamic change of the IR brightness temperature on the active faults in the years without major earthquake. These faults are the eastern Kunlun fault, the Altyn Tagh fault, the Qiliansha -Haiyuan fault and the Jinshajiang -Xianshuihe fault in the northern of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. The major objective is to analyze the effects of factors of meteology, topography and rocks on the IR images features of faults and their various sections, and to suggest methods of obtaining anormaly information on earthquake precursors from some cases in the study region.
    The results show that the IR images have clear linear traces of the Altyn Tagh fault and the Qiliansha -Haiyuan fault, which imply intense topographic on the both sides of the fault. The eastern Kunlun fault has a similar feature, but with a moderate degree. And the smallest vertical difference of terrain occurs on the both walls of the Jinshajiang -Xianshuihe fault indicated by the IR images. According to expression characteristics of varied segments of the same fault on the IR images, activity states of faults can be estimated. For example, the Kusai Lake section of the eastern Kunlun fault exhibits the most obvious linearity, implying its active state.
    Choosing faults envelops of different areas, a comparison is made to surrounding temperatures of faults and annual changes of IR radiation on the both sides of faults. The results shows that climate variations, topography, rock properties, and vegetations have varied influences on the IR features of faults. In early winter, seasonal snowfall disturbs strongly the IR radiation brightness temperature along the eastern Kunlun faults and Jinshajiang -Xianshuihe fault. Topography has a dominate control on the yearly change of IR brightness temperature on the both sides of the Altyn Tagh fault and the Qiliansha -Haiyuan fault, of which the IR brightness temperature are well negatively correlated with elevation variations. Rock differences have major influence on the IR brightness temperatures on the both sides of the eastern Kunlun fault and the Jinshajiang -Xianshuihe fault. As for the Jinshajiang -Xianshuihe fault, the vegetation growth has an evident effect.
    
    
    Through studying several cases of earthquakes, it is found that the IR temperature increasing anomalies before earthquakes display different patterns which depend on tectonic settings. In the areas of simple surface structure, these anomalies are very remarkable because of uniform radiation distribution in normal conditions. For instance, IR temperature increase anomalies can be observed by visual interpretation which are associated with the Jisshi-Bachu Ms6.8 and Yuokexun Ms5.6 earthquake occurred on the margin of the Tarim basin. In contrary, it is difficult to determine the existence of IR anomalies by visual analysis, that are related with the Kunlun Ms 8.1 and Mani 7.9 earthquake which happened in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau with complicated topography and tectonics. In these cases, a series of images processing should be performed to detect precursory anomalies. The northeast edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau is one of the most complex regions which are characterized by varied terrains and structures
     as well as frequent huma
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