情绪和时间压力对购买决策中信息加工影响的实验研究
|
摘要
本研究依据信息加工理论的观点,运用决策研究中的过程追踪方法,通过决策过程研究方法中的信息板技术,用实验的范式,以模拟现实生活中的商品购买决策为实验任务,探讨了情绪和时间压力对购买决策中信息加工的影响。本研究共有5个子研究,分为两个预备实验和三个系列实验。
两个预备实验为正式实验提供了必要的实验材料和理论依据。预备实验一通过自编的调查问卷,用纸笔测验的方式对被试展开开放式调查,得到了影响消费者做出购买决策最重要的5个因素。预备实验二利用计算机模拟的实验程序测定了被试完成决策任务所需时间的平均数和标准差,依据相应的标准确定出了不同时间压力情形下的决策时间。
实验一主要探讨了情绪变量对购买决策过程中信息加工的影响,结果显示,在购买决策信息加工的搜索深度上,不同的情绪状态间差异显著,积极情绪组显著高于中性情绪组和消极情绪组,中性情绪组也显著高于消极情绪组。在购买决策信息加工的搜索模式上,不同的情绪状态间差异也显著,积极情绪组和中性情绪组被试更多地采用了以选项为主的信息搜索模式;消极情绪组被试更多地采用了以属性为主的信息搜索模式。
实验二主要探讨了时间压力变量对购买决策过程中信息加工的影响,结果显示,在购买决策信息加工的搜索深度上,不同的时间压力组间差异显著,无时间压力组显著高于有时间压力组,低时间压力组也显著高于高时间压力组。在购买决策信息加工的搜索模式上,不同的时间压力组间差异也显著,无时间压力组和低时间压力组更多地采用了以选项为主的信息搜索模式;高时间压力组更多地采用了以属性为主的信息搜索模式。
实验三同时考查情绪和时间压力以及两者的交互作用对购买决策过程中信息加工的影响,结果显示,在购买决策信息加工的搜索深度上,情绪和时间压力的主效应均显著,交互作用也显著。低时间压力下的被试更易受到情绪状态的影响,而高时间压力下的被试则不易受到情绪状态的影响。在购买决策信息加工的搜索模式上,情绪和时间压力的主效应均显著,但交互作用不显著。
The present study is based on the framework of information processing and undertaken by the process-tracking way in the decision study. It explores how emotion and time pressure influence information processing in purchasing decision in reality with the help of information display board in the decision process study. The present study has five branch studies. They are two preparatory experiments and three serial experiments.
The two preparatory experiments provide the necessary experimental material and theoretical basis for the formal experiment. Preparatory experiment 1 provides the five most important factors affecting consumers’purchasing decision by investigating openly subjects with a self-designed questionnaire. Preparatory experiment 2 provides us with the average score and standard variable of the time subjects spent on the decision task by an experiment imitated by computer. Thus, the decision time under different pressure circumstances is clarified with the corresponding standard.
Experiment 1 mainly explores how emotion influences information processing in the purchasing decision. The result shows that groups with different emotions are significantly different from each other in terms of the depth search in purchasing decision information processing: the group with active emotion is significantly higher than those with medium and passive emotion; the group with medium emotion is significantly higher than that with passive emotion. In the perspective of the pattern of search in purchasing decision information processing, groups with different emotions are significantly different from each other: groups with active and medium emotion are more likely to adopt choice-dominated information pattern of search, the group with passive emotion is more likely to adopt category-dominated information pattern of search.
Experiment 2 mainly explores how time pressure influences information processing in purchasing decision. The result shows that in the perspective of the depth of search in the purchasing decision information processing, groups with different time pressure are significantly different from each other: the group with no time pressure is significantly higher than the group with time pressure; the group with low time pressure is also significantly higher than the group with high time pressure. In the perspective of pattern of search in purchasing decision information processing, groups with different pressure are significantly different with each other: the group with no time pressure and low time pressure are more likely to adopt choice-dominated pattern of search; the group with high time pressure is more likely to adopt category-dominated information pattern of search.
Experiment 3 simultaneously explores the effect of emotion and time pressure as well as the interaction between the two on the information processing in purchasing decision. The result shows that in the perspective of the depth of search in purchasing decision, both of emotion and time pressure’s main effect are significant. The group with low time pressure is more subject to emotion, while the group with high time pressure is less likely to be influenced by emotion. In terms of pattern of search in purchasing decision information processing, both of emotion and time pressure’s main effect of their interaction is not significant.
两个预备实验为正式实验提供了必要的实验材料和理论依据。预备实验一通过自编的调查问卷,用纸笔测验的方式对被试展开开放式调查,得到了影响消费者做出购买决策最重要的5个因素。预备实验二利用计算机模拟的实验程序测定了被试完成决策任务所需时间的平均数和标准差,依据相应的标准确定出了不同时间压力情形下的决策时间。
实验一主要探讨了情绪变量对购买决策过程中信息加工的影响,结果显示,在购买决策信息加工的搜索深度上,不同的情绪状态间差异显著,积极情绪组显著高于中性情绪组和消极情绪组,中性情绪组也显著高于消极情绪组。在购买决策信息加工的搜索模式上,不同的情绪状态间差异也显著,积极情绪组和中性情绪组被试更多地采用了以选项为主的信息搜索模式;消极情绪组被试更多地采用了以属性为主的信息搜索模式。
实验二主要探讨了时间压力变量对购买决策过程中信息加工的影响,结果显示,在购买决策信息加工的搜索深度上,不同的时间压力组间差异显著,无时间压力组显著高于有时间压力组,低时间压力组也显著高于高时间压力组。在购买决策信息加工的搜索模式上,不同的时间压力组间差异也显著,无时间压力组和低时间压力组更多地采用了以选项为主的信息搜索模式;高时间压力组更多地采用了以属性为主的信息搜索模式。
实验三同时考查情绪和时间压力以及两者的交互作用对购买决策过程中信息加工的影响,结果显示,在购买决策信息加工的搜索深度上,情绪和时间压力的主效应均显著,交互作用也显著。低时间压力下的被试更易受到情绪状态的影响,而高时间压力下的被试则不易受到情绪状态的影响。在购买决策信息加工的搜索模式上,情绪和时间压力的主效应均显著,但交互作用不显著。
The present study is based on the framework of information processing and undertaken by the process-tracking way in the decision study. It explores how emotion and time pressure influence information processing in purchasing decision in reality with the help of information display board in the decision process study. The present study has five branch studies. They are two preparatory experiments and three serial experiments.
The two preparatory experiments provide the necessary experimental material and theoretical basis for the formal experiment. Preparatory experiment 1 provides the five most important factors affecting consumers’purchasing decision by investigating openly subjects with a self-designed questionnaire. Preparatory experiment 2 provides us with the average score and standard variable of the time subjects spent on the decision task by an experiment imitated by computer. Thus, the decision time under different pressure circumstances is clarified with the corresponding standard.
Experiment 1 mainly explores how emotion influences information processing in the purchasing decision. The result shows that groups with different emotions are significantly different from each other in terms of the depth search in purchasing decision information processing: the group with active emotion is significantly higher than those with medium and passive emotion; the group with medium emotion is significantly higher than that with passive emotion. In the perspective of the pattern of search in purchasing decision information processing, groups with different emotions are significantly different from each other: groups with active and medium emotion are more likely to adopt choice-dominated information pattern of search, the group with passive emotion is more likely to adopt category-dominated information pattern of search.
Experiment 2 mainly explores how time pressure influences information processing in purchasing decision. The result shows that in the perspective of the depth of search in the purchasing decision information processing, groups with different time pressure are significantly different from each other: the group with no time pressure is significantly higher than the group with time pressure; the group with low time pressure is also significantly higher than the group with high time pressure. In the perspective of pattern of search in purchasing decision information processing, groups with different pressure are significantly different with each other: the group with no time pressure and low time pressure are more likely to adopt choice-dominated pattern of search; the group with high time pressure is more likely to adopt category-dominated information pattern of search.
Experiment 3 simultaneously explores the effect of emotion and time pressure as well as the interaction between the two on the information processing in purchasing decision. The result shows that in the perspective of the depth of search in purchasing decision, both of emotion and time pressure’s main effect are significant. The group with low time pressure is more subject to emotion, while the group with high time pressure is less likely to be influenced by emotion. In terms of pattern of search in purchasing decision information processing, both of emotion and time pressure’s main effect of their interaction is not significant.
引文
①Donovan, Robert, John, Marcoolynn, Nesdale. Store atmosphere and purchasing behavior. Journal of Retailing ,1994 ,70 (3) :283-294
②Ranyard R, Croizer R W, Svenson O.( Eds.).Decision Making: Cognitive Models and Explanations. Routledge ,London ,New York ,1997
③张文慧等.决策者的认知特征对决策过程及企业战略选择的影响.心理学报,2005 ,37 (3) :373-381
①Hastie R. Problems for Judgment and Decision Making. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001, 52: 653-683
②Ariely, zakay D.A timely account of the role of duration in decision making. Acta Psychology,2001,108:187-207
③Svenson O J. Time pressure and stress in decision making. Plenum Press ,1993
①庄锦英.决策心理学.上海:上海教育出版社, 2006
②Huber O. The influence of some task variables on cognitive operations in an information-processing decision model, Acta Psychological,1980,45:187-196
③Klayman J. Children’s decision strategies and their adaptation to task characteristics, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1985,35:179-201
①丁夏齐等.信息显示板(IDB)实验在消费行为研究中的应用.心理科学进展,2004,12(2):440-446
②Russo J E, Rosen L D. An eye fixation analysis of multialternative choice, Memory and cognition,1975,3:267-276
③Payne J W, Bettman J R, Eric J. The Adaptive Decision Maker, Cambridge: Cambridge University,1993
①Cook G J. An analysis of information search strategies for decision making. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe,Arizona,1987
①Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. Adaptive strategy selection in decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition, 1988,14:534-552
①Bernoulli D.Specimen theoriae novae demeasura sortis[Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk].Econometrica,1954,22:23-26
②Bentham J.An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.Oxford,England:Blackwell,1984(Original work published 1789)
③Von Neumann J, Morgrnstern O. Thoery of games and economic behavior.Princeton University Press,1947
①Savage L J. The foundations of statistics.New York:Wiley,1954
②Kahneman D,Tversky A.Prospect theory.Econometrica,1979,47:263-292
③Loomes G,Sugden R.Regret theory:An alternative of rational choice under uncertainty. Economic Journal, 1982,92:805-824
④Bell D E.Regret in decision making under uncertainty. Operations Research,1982,30:961-981
⑤Loomes G,Sugden R.Disappointment and dynamic consistency in choice under uncertainty.Review of Economic Studies,1986,53:271-282
⑥Bell D E.Disappointment in decision making under uncertainty.Operations Research,1985,33:1-27
①Mellers, Barbara A, Ala Schwatz, Ilana Ritov. Emotion-based choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1999, 128, 332-345
②Schwarz N,Clore GL. Mood, misatttriibution and judgments of well-being information and Directive funetions of affeetivestates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1983,45:513-523
③Loewenstein G F, Weber E U,Hsee C K, Weleh N.Risk as feelings Psychology Bulletin,2001,127(2):267-286
④Bruce E Kaufman. Emotional arousal as a source of bounded rationality. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,2003,38:135-144
⑤Dhar R, Simonson 1.The effete of forced choice on choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 2003,40(2):146-160
⑥Jon Elster. Emotions and economic theory. Journal of Economic Literature,1998(3):47-74
⑦Slovic P, Finucane M, Peters E, MacGregor D. The affect heuristic.In: Gilovich T, Griffin D, Kahemaned D. Intuitive Judgment: Heuristics and biases.Cambridge,England:Cambridge University Press,in press
①Damasio A R. Toward a Neurobiology of Emotion and Feeling: Operational Concepts and hypotheses.The Nuroscientist, 1995(l):19-25
②Wilson T D, Schooler J W. Thinking too much: Introspection can reduce the quality of preferences and decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991,60:181-192
③Schwarz N, Clore G L. Mood, misatttribution, and judgments of well-being information and Direetive funetions of affeetivestates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1983,45:513-523
④Hertel G, Neuhof J, Theuer T, Kerr N. Mood effects on cooperation in small groups: Does positive mood simply lead to more cooperation? Cognition and Emotion,2000,14:441-472
⑤Johnson E J, Tversky A. Affect, generalization,and the perception of risk.JPSP,1983,45:20-31
⑥Eysenck M W. Anxiety:The cognitive perspective.Hove,England:Erlbarm,1992
⑦Raghunathan R, Pham M T.All negative moods are not equal: Motivational influences of anxiety and sadness on decision making.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1999,79:56-77
⑧Lerner J S, Keltner D. Beyond valence:Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgment and choice. Cognition and Emotion,2000,14:473-494
①庄锦英.情绪与决策的关系.心理科学进展,2003,11(4):423-431
②金杨华.情绪对个体判断和决策影响研究概述.心理科学,2004,27(3):705-707
③方平,李英武.情绪对决策的影响机制及实验范式的研究进展.心理科学,2005, 28(5):1159-116
④张辉华,凌文轮.理性、情绪与个体经济决策.外国经济与管理.2005,27(5):2-9
⑤庄锦英,陈明燕.论消极情绪对决策的影响.沈阳师范大学学报, 2005, 29(5):7-10
⑥庄锦英.情绪边框影响决策认知过程的实验研究.心理科学,2004,27(6):1340-1343
⑦邱扶东,吴明证.认知方式与消极情绪对旅游决策影响的实验研究.心理科学,2005,28(5):1112-1114
⑧Svenson O, Edland A. Change of preferences under time pressure:Choices and judgments.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,1987,29:322-330
①Maule J, Svenson O. Concluding remarks.In:Svenson O, Maule J. Time pressure and stress in human judgment and decision making, New York: Plenum Press,1993,323-330
②Zakay D. The impact of time perception processes on decision making under time stress. In: Svenson O, Maule J.Time pressure and stress in human judgment and decision making, New York: Plenum Press,1993:59-72
③Ordonez L D, Benson L III. Decision making under time pressure: How time constraint affects risky decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1997,71:121-140
④Dhar R, Nowlis S M. The effect of time pressure on consumer choice deferral. Journal of Consumer Research, 1999,25(4):369-384
①Benson L III, Svenson O. Post-decision consolidation following the debriefing of subjects about experimental manipulations affecting their prior decisions. Psychological Research Bulletin,1993,32:1-13
②Weenig M W H, Maarleveld M. The impact of time constraint on information search strategies in complex choice tasks.Journal of Economic Psychology,2002,23:689-702
③Payne J W, Bettman J R, Luce M F. When time is money: Decision behavior under opportunity-cost time pressure. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1996,66(2):131-152
④Rieskamp J, Hoffrage U. Inferences under time pressure: How opportunity costs affect strategy selection. Acta Psychologica,2008,127(2):258-276
⑤Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. The adaptive decision maker. Cambridge, England: Cambridge university press,1993:69-88
①王沛,康琳.任务无关积极情绪与时间限制对大学生风险决策的影响.心理学探新,2008,28(1):55-58
②Rieskamp J, Hoffrage U. Inferences under time pressure: How opportunity costs affect strategy selection. Acta Psychologica,2008,127(2):258-276
③Payne J W, Bettman J R, Luce M F. When time is money: Decision behavior under opportunity-cost time pressure. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1996,66(2):131-152
①Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. Adaptive strategy selection in decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory and Cognition,1988,14:534-552
②Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. The adaptive decision maker. Cambridge, England: Cambridge university press,1993:69-88
③Svenson O. Differentiation and consolidation theory of human decision making: A frame of reference for the study of pre and post decision processes. Acta Psychologica,1992,80:143-168
①Beach L R, Mitchell T R.A contingency model for the selection of decision strategies. Academy of Management Review,1978,3:439-449
②郑全全,温廼.决策科学描述性范式的发展—构像理论.应用心理学,2007,13(1):73-79
①Miner J B. Image theory. In: Miner J B, Organizational behavior: Foundations, theories, and analyses. Oxford University Press,2002:805-817
①Weenig M H, Maarleveld M. The impact of time constraint on information search strategies in complex choice tasks. Journal of economic psychology,2002,23:689-702
①张卫东.刁静, Schick C K.正、负性情绪的跨文化心理测量: PANAS维度结构检验.心理科学, 2004,27(1):77-79
①Fogras J P, Bower G H. Mood effects on person perception judgments. journal of personality and social psychology,1987,53:53-60
①庄锦英.情绪影响决策的内隐认知机制的实验研究,华东师范大学博士论文,2003
①GrossJ J, Levenson R W. Emotion Elicitation Using Films. Cognition and Emotion,1995,9(1):87-108
①Forgas J P. Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition. New York: Cambridge University press. 2000
②庄锦英.情绪影响决策的内隐认知机制的实验研究.华东师范大学博士论文, 2003
①Forgas J P, Bower G. H. Mood effect on person perception judgments. Journal of personality and Social psychology,1987, 40:125-145
①王大伟.决策制定过程中时间压力效应的实验研究.华东师范大学博士论文,2007
①Svenson O, Maule J. Time pressure and stress in human and decision making. plenum press,1993
②Svenson O. Decision making and the search for fundamental psychological regularities: What can be learned from a process perspective Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1996,65(3):252-267
③Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. Adaptive strategy selection in decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,1988,14:534-552
④Ariely D, Zakay D. A timely account of the role of duration in decision making. Acta Psychologica, 2001,108:187-207
⑤Bettman J R, Luce M F, Payne J W. Constructive consumer choice processes. Journal of Consumer Research, 1998,25:187-217
①BenZur H, Breznitz S J. The effects of time pressure on risky choice behavior. Acta Psychologica,1981,49:89-104
①Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. Adaptive strategy selection in decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,1988,14:534-552
②Payne J W, Bettman J R, Luce M F. When time is money: Decision behavior under opportunity-cost time pressure. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1996, 66(2):131-152
③Weenig M H, Maarleveld M. The impact of time constraint on information search strategies in complex choice tasks. Journal of economic psychology,2002,23:689-702
1艾森克,基恩.认知心理学.上海:华东师范大学出版社, 2004
2丁夏齐,马谋超,王詠等.信息显示板(IDB)实验在消费行为研究中的应用.心理科学进展, 2004, 12(2):440-446
3方平,李英武.情绪对决策的影响机制及实验范式的研究进展.心理科学, 2005, 28(5):1159-1163
4何贵兵.多特征决策策略的信息搜索模式分析.应用心理学, 2000, 6(1):44-48
5黄凌.归因风格及情绪对购买决策影响的实验研究.华东师范大学硕士论文, 2007
6金杨华.情绪对个体判断和决策影响研究概述.心理科学, 2004, 27(3):705-707
7李红锋.时间压力和选项属性对决策中信息加工的影响.河南大学硕士论文, 2008
8李锐.关于消费者购买行为及消费者购买决策过程的分析.活力, 2006, 6:90
9刘金平,李红锋.时间压力下的决策策略和决策理论.河南大学学报(社会科学版), 2008, 48(6):73-78
10梅敏君,王大伟.情绪对职业决策的影响.心理科学, 2009, 32(4):986-988
11米雅婷.预期后悔和卷入程度对购买决策中信息加工的影响研究.华中师范大学硕士论文, 2009
12邱扶东,吴明证.认知方式与消极情绪对旅游决策影响的实验研究.心理科学, 2005, 28(5): 1112-1114
13荣晓华.消费者购买决策及信息整合过程分析.沿海企业与科技, 2005, 6:76-77
14孙明遐.大学生消费决策及其影响因素的研究.南京师范大学硕士论文, 2005
15王大伟,刘永芳.归因风格、时间压力对购买决策影响的实验研究,心理科学, 2008, 31(4): 905-908
16王大伟.决策制定过程中时间压力效应的实验研究.华东师范大学博士论文, 2007
17王大伟.时间压力、属性数量影响决策信息加工的研究.山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2009, 54(6):126-130
18王沛,康琳.任务无关积极情绪与时间限制对大学生风险决策的影响.心理学探新, 2008, 28(1):55-58
19吴明隆. SPSS统计应用实务.北京:科学出版社, 2003
20夏小红,梁宁建.情绪及任务种类对购买决策信息加工的影响.心理研究, 2010, 3(2):67-71
21谢鸿.购物决策风格与消费者购买决策过程差异的实证研究.福州大学硕士论文, 2006
22于泳红,汪航.选项数量和属性重要性对决策中信息加工的影响.应用心理学, 2005, 11(3):222-226
23于泳红.多属性决策任务中焦虑型个体的信息加工特点研究.心理科学, 2006, 29(5): 1157-1158
24张辉华,凌文轮.理性、情绪与个体经济决策.外国经济与管理, 2005, 27(5):2-9
25张卫东,刁静, Schick, C. K.正、负性情绪的跨文化心理测量: PANAS维度结构检验.心理科学, 2004, 27(1):77-79
26张文慧等.决策者的认知特征对决策过程及企业战略选择的影响.心理学报, 2005, 37(3): 373-38
27郑建君.情绪、边框效应对危机决策质量影响的实验研究.山西大学硕士论文, 2007
28郑全全,温廼.决策科学描述性范式的发展—构像理论.应用心理学, 2007, 13(1):73-79
29周广亚.情境启动和认知需要对决策过程和结果的影响.河南大学硕士论文, 2007
30庄锦英,陈明燕.论消极情绪对决策的影响.沈阳师范大学学报(社会科学版), 2005, 5(29):7-10
31庄锦英.决策心理学.上海:上海教育出版社, 2006
32庄锦英.情绪边框影响决策认知过程的实验研究.心理科学,2004, 27(6):1340-1343
33庄锦英.情绪影响决策内隐认知机制的实验研究.华东师范大学博士论文, 2003
34庄锦英.情绪与决策的关系.心理科学进展, 2003, 11(4):423-431
1 Ariely D, Zakay D. A timely account of the role of duration indecision making. Acta Psychologica, 2001,108:187-207
2 Bell D E. Disappointment in decision making under uncertainty. Operations Research, 1985,33:1-27
3 Bell D E. Regret in decision making under uncertainty. Operations Research, 1982, 30:961-981
4 Benson L III. Svenson O. Post-decision consolidation following the debriefing of subjects about experimental manipulations affecting their prior decisions. Psychological Research Bulletin, 1993,32:1-13
5 Bentham J. An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Oxford, England:Blackwell, 1984(Original work published1789)
6 BenZur H, Breznitz S J. The effects of time pressure on risky choice behavior. Acta Psychologica, 1981,49:89-104
7 Bernoulli D. Specimen theoriae novae demeasura sortis[Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk].Econometrica,1954,22:23-26
8 Bettman J R, Luce M, Payne J. Constructive Consumer Choice Processes. Journal of Consumer Research, 1998,25:187-217
9 Bruce E. Kaufman. Emotional arousal as a source of bounded rationality. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,2003,38:135-144
10 Cook G J. An analysis of information search strategies for decision making. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona,1987
11 Damasio A R. Toward a Neurobiology of Emotion and Feeling: Operational Concepts and hypotheses. The Nuroscientist, 1995,l:19-25
12 Dhar R, Nowlis S M. The effect of time pressure on consumer choice deferral. Journal of Consumer Research, 1999,25(4):369-384
13 Dhar R, Simonson 1. The effete of forced choice on choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 2003,40(2):146-160
14 Donovan, Robert, John, Marcoolynn, Nesdale. Store atmosphere and purchasing behavior. Journal of Retailing, 1994,70(3):283-294
15 Eysenck M W. Anxiety: The cognitive perspective.Hove,England:Erlbarm,1992
16 Fogras JP, Bower G H. Mood effects on person perception judgments. journal of personalityand social psychology, 1987,53:53-60
17 Forgas J P. Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition. New York: Cambridge University press.2000
18 ForgasJ P, Bower G H. Mood effect on person perception judgments. Journal of personality and Social psychology, 1987,40:125-145
19 Gross J J, Levenson R W. Emotion Elicitation Using Films. Cognition and Emotion, 1995,9(1):87-108
20 Hastie R. Problem for Judgment and Decision Making. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001, 52:653-683
21 Hertel G, Neuhof J, Theuer T, Kerr N. Mood effects on cooperation in small groups: Does positive mood simply lead to more cooperation? Cognition and Emotion, 2000,14:441-472
22 Huber O. The influence of some task variables on cognitive operations in an information-processing decision model. Acta Psychological, 1980,45:187-196
23 Johnson E J, Tversky A. Affect, generalization and the perception of risk. JPSP, 1983,45:20-31
24 Jon Elster. Emotions and economic theory. Journal of Economic Literature,1998,3:47-74
25 Kahneman D, Tversky A. Prospect theory.Econometrica,1979,47:263-292
26 Kang-Ning Xia. Effect of Mood on Information Processing Style and Consequent Purchasing Decisions. Advances in Consumer Research,2007,34:402-403
27 Klayman J. Children’s decision strategies and their adaptation to task characteristics. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1985,35:179-201
28 Lerner J S, Keltner D. Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgment and choice. Cognition and Emotion, 2000,14:473-494
29 Loewenstein G F, Weber E U, Hsee C K, Weleh N. Risk as feelings Psychology Bulletin,2001,127(2):267-286
30 Loomes G, Sugden R. Disappointment and dynamic consistency in choice under uncertainty. Review of Economic Studies,1986,53:271-282
31 Loomes G, Sugden R. Regret theory: An alternative of rational choice under uncertainty. Economic Journal, 1982,92:805-824
32 Martin G, Kocher, Matthias Sutter. Time is money-Time pressure, incentives and the quality of decision-making. Journal of Economic Behavior & organization, 2006,61:375-392
33 Maule J,Svenson O. Concluding remarks. In: Svenson O, Maule J. Time pressure and stress inhuman judgment and decision making, New York: Plenum Press,1993:323-330
34 Mellers, Barbara A, Ala Schwatz, Ilana Ritov. Emotion-based choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1999,128:332-345
35 Miner J B. Image theory. In: Miner J B, Organizational behavior: Foundations, theories, and analyses. Oxford University Press, 2002:805-817
36 Ordonez L D, Benson L III. Decision making under time pressure: How time constraint affects risky decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1997, 71:121-140
37 Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. Adaptive strategy selection in decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1988,14:534-552
38 Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. The adaptive decision maker. Cambridge, England: Cambridge university press, 1993:69-88
39 Payne J W, Bettman J R, Luce M F. When time is money: Decision behavior under opportunity-cost time pressure. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1996, 66(2):131-152
40 Raghunathan R, Pham M T. All negative moods are not equal: Motivational influences of anxiety and sadness on decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1999,79:56-77
41 Ranyard R, Croizer R W, Svenson O(Eds.). Decision Making: Cognitive Models and Explanations. Routledge, London, New York,1997
42 Rieskamp J, Hoffrage U. Inferences under time pressure: How opportunity costs affect strategy selection. Acta Psychologica, 2008,127(2):258-276
43 Russo J E, Rosen L D. An eye fixation analysis of multi alternative choice. Memory and cognition, 1975,3:267-276
44 Savage L J. The foundations of statistics. New York: Wiley,1954
45 Schwarz N, Clore G L. Mood, misatttribution and judgments of well-being information and Direetive funetions of affeetivestates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1983, 45:513-523
46 Slovic P, Finucane M, Peters E, MacGregor D. The affect heuristic. In: Gilovich T, Griffin D, Kahemaned D. Intuitive Judgment: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, in press
47 Svenson O, Edland A. Change of preferences under time pressure: Choices and judgments. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 1987,29:322-330
48 Svenson O. Decision making and the search for fundamental psychological regularities: What can be learned from a process perspective Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1996,65(3):252-267
49 Svenson O, Maule J. Time pressure and stress in human and decision making. Plenum Press, 1993:21-33
50 Tversky A. Choice by elimination. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1972,9:341-367
51 Von Neumann J, Morgrnstern O. Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton University Press, 1947
52 Weenig M H, Maarleveld M. The impact of time constraint on information search strategies in complex choice tasks. Journal of economic psychology, 2002, 23:689-702
53 Wilson T D, Schooler J W. Thinking too much: Introspection can reduce the quality of preferences and decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991,60:181-192
54 Zakay D. The impact of time perception processes on decision making under time stress. In: Svenson O, Maule J. Time pressure and stress in human judgment and decision making, New York: Plenum Press, 1993:59-72
②Ranyard R, Croizer R W, Svenson O.( Eds.).Decision Making: Cognitive Models and Explanations. Routledge ,London ,New York ,1997
③张文慧等.决策者的认知特征对决策过程及企业战略选择的影响.心理学报,2005 ,37 (3) :373-381
①Hastie R. Problems for Judgment and Decision Making. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001, 52: 653-683
②Ariely, zakay D.A timely account of the role of duration in decision making. Acta Psychology,2001,108:187-207
③Svenson O J. Time pressure and stress in decision making. Plenum Press ,1993
①庄锦英.决策心理学.上海:上海教育出版社, 2006
②Huber O. The influence of some task variables on cognitive operations in an information-processing decision model, Acta Psychological,1980,45:187-196
③Klayman J. Children’s decision strategies and their adaptation to task characteristics, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1985,35:179-201
①丁夏齐等.信息显示板(IDB)实验在消费行为研究中的应用.心理科学进展,2004,12(2):440-446
②Russo J E, Rosen L D. An eye fixation analysis of multialternative choice, Memory and cognition,1975,3:267-276
③Payne J W, Bettman J R, Eric J. The Adaptive Decision Maker, Cambridge: Cambridge University,1993
①Cook G J. An analysis of information search strategies for decision making. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe,Arizona,1987
①Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. Adaptive strategy selection in decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition, 1988,14:534-552
①Bernoulli D.Specimen theoriae novae demeasura sortis[Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk].Econometrica,1954,22:23-26
②Bentham J.An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation.Oxford,England:Blackwell,1984(Original work published 1789)
③Von Neumann J, Morgrnstern O. Thoery of games and economic behavior.Princeton University Press,1947
①Savage L J. The foundations of statistics.New York:Wiley,1954
②Kahneman D,Tversky A.Prospect theory.Econometrica,1979,47:263-292
③Loomes G,Sugden R.Regret theory:An alternative of rational choice under uncertainty. Economic Journal, 1982,92:805-824
④Bell D E.Regret in decision making under uncertainty. Operations Research,1982,30:961-981
⑤Loomes G,Sugden R.Disappointment and dynamic consistency in choice under uncertainty.Review of Economic Studies,1986,53:271-282
⑥Bell D E.Disappointment in decision making under uncertainty.Operations Research,1985,33:1-27
①Mellers, Barbara A, Ala Schwatz, Ilana Ritov. Emotion-based choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1999, 128, 332-345
②Schwarz N,Clore GL. Mood, misatttriibution and judgments of well-being information and Directive funetions of affeetivestates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1983,45:513-523
③Loewenstein G F, Weber E U,Hsee C K, Weleh N.Risk as feelings Psychology Bulletin,2001,127(2):267-286
④Bruce E Kaufman. Emotional arousal as a source of bounded rationality. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,2003,38:135-144
⑤Dhar R, Simonson 1.The effete of forced choice on choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 2003,40(2):146-160
⑥Jon Elster. Emotions and economic theory. Journal of Economic Literature,1998(3):47-74
⑦Slovic P, Finucane M, Peters E, MacGregor D. The affect heuristic.In: Gilovich T, Griffin D, Kahemaned D. Intuitive Judgment: Heuristics and biases.Cambridge,England:Cambridge University Press,in press
①Damasio A R. Toward a Neurobiology of Emotion and Feeling: Operational Concepts and hypotheses.The Nuroscientist, 1995(l):19-25
②Wilson T D, Schooler J W. Thinking too much: Introspection can reduce the quality of preferences and decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1991,60:181-192
③Schwarz N, Clore G L. Mood, misatttribution, and judgments of well-being information and Direetive funetions of affeetivestates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1983,45:513-523
④Hertel G, Neuhof J, Theuer T, Kerr N. Mood effects on cooperation in small groups: Does positive mood simply lead to more cooperation? Cognition and Emotion,2000,14:441-472
⑤Johnson E J, Tversky A. Affect, generalization,and the perception of risk.JPSP,1983,45:20-31
⑥Eysenck M W. Anxiety:The cognitive perspective.Hove,England:Erlbarm,1992
⑦Raghunathan R, Pham M T.All negative moods are not equal: Motivational influences of anxiety and sadness on decision making.Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1999,79:56-77
⑧Lerner J S, Keltner D. Beyond valence:Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgment and choice. Cognition and Emotion,2000,14:473-494
①庄锦英.情绪与决策的关系.心理科学进展,2003,11(4):423-431
②金杨华.情绪对个体判断和决策影响研究概述.心理科学,2004,27(3):705-707
③方平,李英武.情绪对决策的影响机制及实验范式的研究进展.心理科学,2005, 28(5):1159-116
④张辉华,凌文轮.理性、情绪与个体经济决策.外国经济与管理.2005,27(5):2-9
⑤庄锦英,陈明燕.论消极情绪对决策的影响.沈阳师范大学学报, 2005, 29(5):7-10
⑥庄锦英.情绪边框影响决策认知过程的实验研究.心理科学,2004,27(6):1340-1343
⑦邱扶东,吴明证.认知方式与消极情绪对旅游决策影响的实验研究.心理科学,2005,28(5):1112-1114
⑧Svenson O, Edland A. Change of preferences under time pressure:Choices and judgments.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,1987,29:322-330
①Maule J, Svenson O. Concluding remarks.In:Svenson O, Maule J. Time pressure and stress in human judgment and decision making, New York: Plenum Press,1993,323-330
②Zakay D. The impact of time perception processes on decision making under time stress. In: Svenson O, Maule J.Time pressure and stress in human judgment and decision making, New York: Plenum Press,1993:59-72
③Ordonez L D, Benson L III. Decision making under time pressure: How time constraint affects risky decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1997,71:121-140
④Dhar R, Nowlis S M. The effect of time pressure on consumer choice deferral. Journal of Consumer Research, 1999,25(4):369-384
①Benson L III, Svenson O. Post-decision consolidation following the debriefing of subjects about experimental manipulations affecting their prior decisions. Psychological Research Bulletin,1993,32:1-13
②Weenig M W H, Maarleveld M. The impact of time constraint on information search strategies in complex choice tasks.Journal of Economic Psychology,2002,23:689-702
③Payne J W, Bettman J R, Luce M F. When time is money: Decision behavior under opportunity-cost time pressure. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1996,66(2):131-152
④Rieskamp J, Hoffrage U. Inferences under time pressure: How opportunity costs affect strategy selection. Acta Psychologica,2008,127(2):258-276
⑤Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. The adaptive decision maker. Cambridge, England: Cambridge university press,1993:69-88
①王沛,康琳.任务无关积极情绪与时间限制对大学生风险决策的影响.心理学探新,2008,28(1):55-58
②Rieskamp J, Hoffrage U. Inferences under time pressure: How opportunity costs affect strategy selection. Acta Psychologica,2008,127(2):258-276
③Payne J W, Bettman J R, Luce M F. When time is money: Decision behavior under opportunity-cost time pressure. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1996,66(2):131-152
①Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. Adaptive strategy selection in decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory and Cognition,1988,14:534-552
②Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. The adaptive decision maker. Cambridge, England: Cambridge university press,1993:69-88
③Svenson O. Differentiation and consolidation theory of human decision making: A frame of reference for the study of pre and post decision processes. Acta Psychologica,1992,80:143-168
①Beach L R, Mitchell T R.A contingency model for the selection of decision strategies. Academy of Management Review,1978,3:439-449
②郑全全,温廼.决策科学描述性范式的发展—构像理论.应用心理学,2007,13(1):73-79
①Miner J B. Image theory. In: Miner J B, Organizational behavior: Foundations, theories, and analyses. Oxford University Press,2002:805-817
①Weenig M H, Maarleveld M. The impact of time constraint on information search strategies in complex choice tasks. Journal of economic psychology,2002,23:689-702
①张卫东.刁静, Schick C K.正、负性情绪的跨文化心理测量: PANAS维度结构检验.心理科学, 2004,27(1):77-79
①Fogras J P, Bower G H. Mood effects on person perception judgments. journal of personality and social psychology,1987,53:53-60
①庄锦英.情绪影响决策的内隐认知机制的实验研究,华东师范大学博士论文,2003
①GrossJ J, Levenson R W. Emotion Elicitation Using Films. Cognition and Emotion,1995,9(1):87-108
①Forgas J P. Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition. New York: Cambridge University press. 2000
②庄锦英.情绪影响决策的内隐认知机制的实验研究.华东师范大学博士论文, 2003
①Forgas J P, Bower G. H. Mood effect on person perception judgments. Journal of personality and Social psychology,1987, 40:125-145
①王大伟.决策制定过程中时间压力效应的实验研究.华东师范大学博士论文,2007
①Svenson O, Maule J. Time pressure and stress in human and decision making. plenum press,1993
②Svenson O. Decision making and the search for fundamental psychological regularities: What can be learned from a process perspective Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1996,65(3):252-267
③Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. Adaptive strategy selection in decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,1988,14:534-552
④Ariely D, Zakay D. A timely account of the role of duration in decision making. Acta Psychologica, 2001,108:187-207
⑤Bettman J R, Luce M F, Payne J W. Constructive consumer choice processes. Journal of Consumer Research, 1998,25:187-217
①BenZur H, Breznitz S J. The effects of time pressure on risky choice behavior. Acta Psychologica,1981,49:89-104
①Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. Adaptive strategy selection in decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,1988,14:534-552
②Payne J W, Bettman J R, Luce M F. When time is money: Decision behavior under opportunity-cost time pressure. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1996, 66(2):131-152
③Weenig M H, Maarleveld M. The impact of time constraint on information search strategies in complex choice tasks. Journal of economic psychology,2002,23:689-702
1艾森克,基恩.认知心理学.上海:华东师范大学出版社, 2004
2丁夏齐,马谋超,王詠等.信息显示板(IDB)实验在消费行为研究中的应用.心理科学进展, 2004, 12(2):440-446
3方平,李英武.情绪对决策的影响机制及实验范式的研究进展.心理科学, 2005, 28(5):1159-1163
4何贵兵.多特征决策策略的信息搜索模式分析.应用心理学, 2000, 6(1):44-48
5黄凌.归因风格及情绪对购买决策影响的实验研究.华东师范大学硕士论文, 2007
6金杨华.情绪对个体判断和决策影响研究概述.心理科学, 2004, 27(3):705-707
7李红锋.时间压力和选项属性对决策中信息加工的影响.河南大学硕士论文, 2008
8李锐.关于消费者购买行为及消费者购买决策过程的分析.活力, 2006, 6:90
9刘金平,李红锋.时间压力下的决策策略和决策理论.河南大学学报(社会科学版), 2008, 48(6):73-78
10梅敏君,王大伟.情绪对职业决策的影响.心理科学, 2009, 32(4):986-988
11米雅婷.预期后悔和卷入程度对购买决策中信息加工的影响研究.华中师范大学硕士论文, 2009
12邱扶东,吴明证.认知方式与消极情绪对旅游决策影响的实验研究.心理科学, 2005, 28(5): 1112-1114
13荣晓华.消费者购买决策及信息整合过程分析.沿海企业与科技, 2005, 6:76-77
14孙明遐.大学生消费决策及其影响因素的研究.南京师范大学硕士论文, 2005
15王大伟,刘永芳.归因风格、时间压力对购买决策影响的实验研究,心理科学, 2008, 31(4): 905-908
16王大伟.决策制定过程中时间压力效应的实验研究.华东师范大学博士论文, 2007
17王大伟.时间压力、属性数量影响决策信息加工的研究.山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2009, 54(6):126-130
18王沛,康琳.任务无关积极情绪与时间限制对大学生风险决策的影响.心理学探新, 2008, 28(1):55-58
19吴明隆. SPSS统计应用实务.北京:科学出版社, 2003
20夏小红,梁宁建.情绪及任务种类对购买决策信息加工的影响.心理研究, 2010, 3(2):67-71
21谢鸿.购物决策风格与消费者购买决策过程差异的实证研究.福州大学硕士论文, 2006
22于泳红,汪航.选项数量和属性重要性对决策中信息加工的影响.应用心理学, 2005, 11(3):222-226
23于泳红.多属性决策任务中焦虑型个体的信息加工特点研究.心理科学, 2006, 29(5): 1157-1158
24张辉华,凌文轮.理性、情绪与个体经济决策.外国经济与管理, 2005, 27(5):2-9
25张卫东,刁静, Schick, C. K.正、负性情绪的跨文化心理测量: PANAS维度结构检验.心理科学, 2004, 27(1):77-79
26张文慧等.决策者的认知特征对决策过程及企业战略选择的影响.心理学报, 2005, 37(3): 373-38
27郑建君.情绪、边框效应对危机决策质量影响的实验研究.山西大学硕士论文, 2007
28郑全全,温廼.决策科学描述性范式的发展—构像理论.应用心理学, 2007, 13(1):73-79
29周广亚.情境启动和认知需要对决策过程和结果的影响.河南大学硕士论文, 2007
30庄锦英,陈明燕.论消极情绪对决策的影响.沈阳师范大学学报(社会科学版), 2005, 5(29):7-10
31庄锦英.决策心理学.上海:上海教育出版社, 2006
32庄锦英.情绪边框影响决策认知过程的实验研究.心理科学,2004, 27(6):1340-1343
33庄锦英.情绪影响决策内隐认知机制的实验研究.华东师范大学博士论文, 2003
34庄锦英.情绪与决策的关系.心理科学进展, 2003, 11(4):423-431
1 Ariely D, Zakay D. A timely account of the role of duration indecision making. Acta Psychologica, 2001,108:187-207
2 Bell D E. Disappointment in decision making under uncertainty. Operations Research, 1985,33:1-27
3 Bell D E. Regret in decision making under uncertainty. Operations Research, 1982, 30:961-981
4 Benson L III. Svenson O. Post-decision consolidation following the debriefing of subjects about experimental manipulations affecting their prior decisions. Psychological Research Bulletin, 1993,32:1-13
5 Bentham J. An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Oxford, England:Blackwell, 1984(Original work published1789)
6 BenZur H, Breznitz S J. The effects of time pressure on risky choice behavior. Acta Psychologica, 1981,49:89-104
7 Bernoulli D. Specimen theoriae novae demeasura sortis[Exposition of a new theory on the measurement of risk].Econometrica,1954,22:23-26
8 Bettman J R, Luce M, Payne J. Constructive Consumer Choice Processes. Journal of Consumer Research, 1998,25:187-217
9 Bruce E. Kaufman. Emotional arousal as a source of bounded rationality. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization,2003,38:135-144
10 Cook G J. An analysis of information search strategies for decision making. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona,1987
11 Damasio A R. Toward a Neurobiology of Emotion and Feeling: Operational Concepts and hypotheses. The Nuroscientist, 1995,l:19-25
12 Dhar R, Nowlis S M. The effect of time pressure on consumer choice deferral. Journal of Consumer Research, 1999,25(4):369-384
13 Dhar R, Simonson 1. The effete of forced choice on choice. Journal of Marketing Research, 2003,40(2):146-160
14 Donovan, Robert, John, Marcoolynn, Nesdale. Store atmosphere and purchasing behavior. Journal of Retailing, 1994,70(3):283-294
15 Eysenck M W. Anxiety: The cognitive perspective.Hove,England:Erlbarm,1992
16 Fogras JP, Bower G H. Mood effects on person perception judgments. journal of personalityand social psychology, 1987,53:53-60
17 Forgas J P. Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition. New York: Cambridge University press.2000
18 ForgasJ P, Bower G H. Mood effect on person perception judgments. Journal of personality and Social psychology, 1987,40:125-145
19 Gross J J, Levenson R W. Emotion Elicitation Using Films. Cognition and Emotion, 1995,9(1):87-108
20 Hastie R. Problem for Judgment and Decision Making. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001, 52:653-683
21 Hertel G, Neuhof J, Theuer T, Kerr N. Mood effects on cooperation in small groups: Does positive mood simply lead to more cooperation? Cognition and Emotion, 2000,14:441-472
22 Huber O. The influence of some task variables on cognitive operations in an information-processing decision model. Acta Psychological, 1980,45:187-196
23 Johnson E J, Tversky A. Affect, generalization and the perception of risk. JPSP, 1983,45:20-31
24 Jon Elster. Emotions and economic theory. Journal of Economic Literature,1998,3:47-74
25 Kahneman D, Tversky A. Prospect theory.Econometrica,1979,47:263-292
26 Kang-Ning Xia. Effect of Mood on Information Processing Style and Consequent Purchasing Decisions. Advances in Consumer Research,2007,34:402-403
27 Klayman J. Children’s decision strategies and their adaptation to task characteristics. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1985,35:179-201
28 Lerner J S, Keltner D. Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgment and choice. Cognition and Emotion, 2000,14:473-494
29 Loewenstein G F, Weber E U, Hsee C K, Weleh N. Risk as feelings Psychology Bulletin,2001,127(2):267-286
30 Loomes G, Sugden R. Disappointment and dynamic consistency in choice under uncertainty. Review of Economic Studies,1986,53:271-282
31 Loomes G, Sugden R. Regret theory: An alternative of rational choice under uncertainty. Economic Journal, 1982,92:805-824
32 Martin G, Kocher, Matthias Sutter. Time is money-Time pressure, incentives and the quality of decision-making. Journal of Economic Behavior & organization, 2006,61:375-392
33 Maule J,Svenson O. Concluding remarks. In: Svenson O, Maule J. Time pressure and stress inhuman judgment and decision making, New York: Plenum Press,1993:323-330
34 Mellers, Barbara A, Ala Schwatz, Ilana Ritov. Emotion-based choice. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 1999,128:332-345
35 Miner J B. Image theory. In: Miner J B, Organizational behavior: Foundations, theories, and analyses. Oxford University Press, 2002:805-817
36 Ordonez L D, Benson L III. Decision making under time pressure: How time constraint affects risky decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1997, 71:121-140
37 Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. Adaptive strategy selection in decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1988,14:534-552
38 Payne J W, Bettman J R, Johnson E J. The adaptive decision maker. Cambridge, England: Cambridge university press, 1993:69-88
39 Payne J W, Bettman J R, Luce M F. When time is money: Decision behavior under opportunity-cost time pressure. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes,1996, 66(2):131-152
40 Raghunathan R, Pham M T. All negative moods are not equal: Motivational influences of anxiety and sadness on decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1999,79:56-77
41 Ranyard R, Croizer R W, Svenson O(Eds.). Decision Making: Cognitive Models and Explanations. Routledge, London, New York,1997
42 Rieskamp J, Hoffrage U. Inferences under time pressure: How opportunity costs affect strategy selection. Acta Psychologica, 2008,127(2):258-276
43 Russo J E, Rosen L D. An eye fixation analysis of multi alternative choice. Memory and cognition, 1975,3:267-276
44 Savage L J. The foundations of statistics. New York: Wiley,1954
45 Schwarz N, Clore G L. Mood, misatttribution and judgments of well-being information and Direetive funetions of affeetivestates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1983, 45:513-523
46 Slovic P, Finucane M, Peters E, MacGregor D. The affect heuristic. In: Gilovich T, Griffin D, Kahemaned D. Intuitive Judgment: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, in press
47 Svenson O, Edland A. Change of preferences under time pressure: Choices and judgments. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 1987,29:322-330
48 Svenson O. Decision making and the search for fundamental psychological regularities: What can be learned from a process perspective Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 1996,65(3):252-267
49 Svenson O, Maule J. Time pressure and stress in human and decision making. Plenum Press, 1993:21-33
50 Tversky A. Choice by elimination. Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1972,9:341-367
51 Von Neumann J, Morgrnstern O. Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton University Press, 1947
52 Weenig M H, Maarleveld M. The impact of time constraint on information search strategies in complex choice tasks. Journal of economic psychology, 2002, 23:689-702
53 Wilson T D, Schooler J W. Thinking too much: Introspection can reduce the quality of preferences and decisions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991,60:181-192
54 Zakay D. The impact of time perception processes on decision making under time stress. In: Svenson O, Maule J. Time pressure and stress in human judgment and decision making, New York: Plenum Press, 1993:59-72
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |