长沙黄花国际机场鸟情调查与鸟击防范措施研究
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摘要
长沙黄花国际机场自建立以来长期受到鸟击的困扰,为减少机场鸟击事件的发生和探讨有效的鸟击防范措施,在机场保障部的协助下,从2005年3月到2007年3月,中南林业科技大学野生动植物保护研究所对长沙黄花国际机场鸟击防范进行了系统研究,本论文出自该项目。
2005年9月～2007年3月,在以机场为参考点半径8km的净空区鸟类群落为主要研究对象,在全面调查的基础上系统地分析机场鸟类群落特征,揭示鸟类与生境的关系,利用鸟击风险评估模型对机场地区所有鸟类进行鸟击风险等级排序,根据机场特殊情况从理论和实践两个方面对机场鸟击防范措施进行了探讨。本研究主要结果如下：
1.鸟类群落物种多样性分析：通过采用样带调查法和样方监测法对机场净空区5种生境类型鸟类群落的调查,记录到鸟类112种,属16目32科。其中46种属东洋界种类、45种属古北界种类、21种属广布种；留鸟46种、夏候鸟25种、冬候鸟29种、旅鸟12种。经RB频率指数测算,鸟类群落的优势种为白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、乌鸫(Turdus merula)和[树]麻雀(Passer montanus)。按鸟类生境分布系数划分,广性分布型的鸟类有44种,是该区鸟类群落组成的主体。鸟类群落的Shannon-Weiner物种多样性指数为1.607,均匀性指数为0.784,种群密度为16.20只/hm2。各生境鸟类群落物种多样性和均匀性指数,由高到低依次为农田(1.456,0.853)>灌草丛(1.428,0.797)>林灌(1.418,0.776)>村落(1.290,0.763)>水域(1.109,0.737)。
2.鸟类分布及其活动规律：机场地区鸟类数量随季节而变化,5月份和7月份是2个高峰期。机场内共记录62种鸟类,种群密度为3.09只/hm2。记录数量最多的是家燕(0.44只/hm2)和金腰燕(0.28只/hm2),占机场飞行区鸟类总数量的23.41%。在飞行区内,鸟类最集中的区域是北部灌丛区(8.41只/hm2)；空管塔台、候机楼、停机坪及相关建筑区鸟类种群密度最低(0.83只/hm2)。根据鸟情调查和监测的结果,绘制了长沙黄花国际机场净空区主要威胁鸟类的活动分布图、机场飞行区鸟类密度图、机场飞行区鸟类季节分布图。
3.鸟击风险评估：通过鸟击风险评估,确定了112种鸟类的鸟类危险等级,属鸟类险等级极高、高、中等、低、极低的鸟类分别有6、21、18、26、41种,最终将鸟类危险等级极高和高的27种鸟类列为机场鸟击防范重点对象。
4.鸟击事件发生特点分析：机场鸟击事件的发生具一定的时空规律,多发生在9、7、5月份,发生最多的时间段是19：00～23：00,多发生在低空和高空空域。鸟击频率与每月鸟类数量变化的相关性不显著(r=0.479,p>0.05)；鸟击频率的昼夜变化与每小时航班运行量相关性不显著(r=0.087,p>0.05)。
5.公众意识调查：通过对机场邻近社区公众意识调查,发现31%的调查对象表示自己喜爱鸟类,23%的人表示讨厌鸟类,46%的人表示既不喜欢也不讨厌鸟类；56%的调查对象宣称会让燕子在自己家中筑巢；如果机场驱鸟人员前来捣毁燕子窝,有57%的调查对象表示会阻拦；对于是否听说过鸟撞飞机的事情,69%的调查对象回答听说过,主要是通过听别人讲的途径,只有少部分人是通过电视广播或报刊等途径获得的信息。如果有法规规定机场净空区禁止养鸽子等飞鸟,57%的人表示支持。
6.鸟击防范措施效果评估：从长沙黄花国际机场驱鸟队捕鸟量和耗弹量的年际变化来看,2004～2005年捕鸟量下降趋势极显著(t=5,p=0.000<0.01),2005～2006年,耗弹量下降趋势极显著(t=4.087,p=0.002<0.01)。表明长沙黄花国际机场在实施鸟击防范措施改革后,在不同时期取得了明显效果。
本研究的主要特色是：首次对长沙黄花国际机场鸟击防范进行长时间地系统研究；首次对长沙黄花国际机场地区鸟类群落进行了研究报道；首次在该机场使用综合考虑各种相关影响因素的鸟击风险评估模型,对机场鸟类进行鸟击风险等级排序,筛选机场重点防范对象。
Changsha Huanghua International Airport has been perplexed by the bird strikes over a long period of time since it was built up. In order to reduce the occurrence of bird strikes in the airport and inquiry into valid measures of preventing bird strikes, a research program of preventing bird stike was conducted by Institute of Wildlife Conservation of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, with the help of the Airport Safeguard Department from March,2005 to March,2007. this thesis is a part of the program.
Based on the comprehensive investigation from September,2005 to March,2007, this research systematically analyzed the Characteristic of avian community in the area of Changsha Huanghua International Airport, and the relationship between avian community and its habitat, According to the results, the bird strike hazard assessment model considering the actual situation of the airport was made use of to assesse the birds' hazard grades. As a result, the birds' hazard to the aviation safety could be assessed, meanwhile an array of control recommendations which were designed by the actual situation in the airport have been practicing and testing. The main result as follows:
1. The analysis of avian community diversity:112 species in 5 habitats were investigated belonging to 32 families and 16 orders. Among them,46,45, and 21 species are the Oriental, the Palaearctic, and the Cosmopolitan species respectively. There were 46 species of Resident,29 species of Winter migrant,25 species of Summer migrant, and 12 species of Passage migrant. According to the analysis of frequency index (RB): Pycnonotus sinensis, Passer montanus and Turdus merula are the dominant species in the airport. Up to the distributive coefficient of bird habitats,44 species belong to the wide distribution type, constituting the main part of the avian communities. The avian Shannon-Weiner species diversity index is 1.607, evenness index is 0.784. Moreover the sequences of diversity and evenness were:farmland (1.456,0.853)> grassland and bush (1.428,0.797)> forest (1.418,0.776)> vilige (1.290,0.763)> water (1.109,0.737).
2. The avian distribution and movable regulation in airport:The avian population changes greatly in the seasonal transition periods, which of May and July come to the peaks.62 species were'found in the airport with the density of 3.09 one/hm2. Among them, the population of Hirundo rustica (0.44 one/hm2) and Hirundo daurica (0.28 one/hm2) were the most common species, representing 23.41% of the whole population. The largest avian density was the north shrub zone (8.41one/hm2), and the building zone (0.83 one/hm2) was the least in the airport. Some avian distribution charts of airport area were made on the basis of surveying and observing.
3. The assessment of bird strike hazard:Among 112 species birds, the hazard risk grade of 6 species was extremely high,21 species was high,18 species was moderate,26 species was low, and 41 species was extremely low. As a result,27 species were determined as the most important birds which should be controlled every year.
4. The characteristics of bird strike:There were some regularity of time and height during these bird strikes in Changsha Huanghua International Airport between 2003 and 2006. The most bird strikes happened in September, July and May, while from 19:00 to 23:00 had the most hazard happenings in the long run. By Pearson correlation analysis, there were some correlation between the quantities of bird strikes and birds'population every month (r=0.479, p>0.05), but the correlation was not significant. So was between bird strike rates and flight quantities every day (r=0.087, p>0.05). Besides hazard happened in the low air and high air. However most of bird strikes hadn't damage the airplane.
5. The inquisition of public consciousness:According to the inquisition result,31% persons like birds,23% persons dislike birds,46% persons neither like nor dislik birds; 56% persons will let the swallows build nests at their house; If the airport come to ruin the swallow's nests,57% persons will obstruct the action.69% persons had heard of bird stike affairs, however they obtained the information from other people mainly, only little of persons acquires through a paths, such as television broadcast, newspapers and magazines, etc.. Meanwhile,57% persons will have to support the laws which forbid from keeping birds near airport.
6. The valuation of preventing bird stike:According to the statistics of preventing bird strikes at Changsha Huanghua International Airport. Compared 2004 to 2005, the amount of capturring birds descended significantly (t=5, p=0.000<0.01), and the amount of consuming bullets descend significantly (t=4.087, p=0.002<0.01) from 2005 to 2006. It is obvious that the measures reform of preventing bird stike have obtained obvious result at Changsha Huanghua International Airport.
The advantages of this research as following:
1. A synthetic research was carried out at Changsha Huanghua International Airport over long time for the first time.
2. The avian community was researched and reported for the first time.
3. The bird strike hazard assessment model which considered a comprehensive factor was used for rowwing the bird strike hazard grades to the airport birds, sieve the most important birds which should be controlled every year.
2005年9月～2007年3月,在以机场为参考点半径8km的净空区鸟类群落为主要研究对象,在全面调查的基础上系统地分析机场鸟类群落特征,揭示鸟类与生境的关系,利用鸟击风险评估模型对机场地区所有鸟类进行鸟击风险等级排序,根据机场特殊情况从理论和实践两个方面对机场鸟击防范措施进行了探讨。本研究主要结果如下：
1.鸟类群落物种多样性分析：通过采用样带调查法和样方监测法对机场净空区5种生境类型鸟类群落的调查,记录到鸟类112种,属16目32科。其中46种属东洋界种类、45种属古北界种类、21种属广布种；留鸟46种、夏候鸟25种、冬候鸟29种、旅鸟12种。经RB频率指数测算,鸟类群落的优势种为白头鹎(Pycnonotus sinensis)、乌鸫(Turdus merula)和[树]麻雀(Passer montanus)。按鸟类生境分布系数划分,广性分布型的鸟类有44种,是该区鸟类群落组成的主体。鸟类群落的Shannon-Weiner物种多样性指数为1.607,均匀性指数为0.784,种群密度为16.20只/hm2。各生境鸟类群落物种多样性和均匀性指数,由高到低依次为农田(1.456,0.853)>灌草丛(1.428,0.797)>林灌(1.418,0.776)>村落(1.290,0.763)>水域(1.109,0.737)。
2.鸟类分布及其活动规律：机场地区鸟类数量随季节而变化,5月份和7月份是2个高峰期。机场内共记录62种鸟类,种群密度为3.09只/hm2。记录数量最多的是家燕(0.44只/hm2)和金腰燕(0.28只/hm2),占机场飞行区鸟类总数量的23.41%。在飞行区内,鸟类最集中的区域是北部灌丛区(8.41只/hm2)；空管塔台、候机楼、停机坪及相关建筑区鸟类种群密度最低(0.83只/hm2)。根据鸟情调查和监测的结果,绘制了长沙黄花国际机场净空区主要威胁鸟类的活动分布图、机场飞行区鸟类密度图、机场飞行区鸟类季节分布图。
3.鸟击风险评估：通过鸟击风险评估,确定了112种鸟类的鸟类危险等级,属鸟类险等级极高、高、中等、低、极低的鸟类分别有6、21、18、26、41种,最终将鸟类危险等级极高和高的27种鸟类列为机场鸟击防范重点对象。
4.鸟击事件发生特点分析：机场鸟击事件的发生具一定的时空规律,多发生在9、7、5月份,发生最多的时间段是19：00～23：00,多发生在低空和高空空域。鸟击频率与每月鸟类数量变化的相关性不显著(r=0.479,p>0.05)；鸟击频率的昼夜变化与每小时航班运行量相关性不显著(r=0.087,p>0.05)。
5.公众意识调查：通过对机场邻近社区公众意识调查,发现31%的调查对象表示自己喜爱鸟类,23%的人表示讨厌鸟类,46%的人表示既不喜欢也不讨厌鸟类；56%的调查对象宣称会让燕子在自己家中筑巢；如果机场驱鸟人员前来捣毁燕子窝,有57%的调查对象表示会阻拦；对于是否听说过鸟撞飞机的事情,69%的调查对象回答听说过,主要是通过听别人讲的途径,只有少部分人是通过电视广播或报刊等途径获得的信息。如果有法规规定机场净空区禁止养鸽子等飞鸟,57%的人表示支持。
6.鸟击防范措施效果评估：从长沙黄花国际机场驱鸟队捕鸟量和耗弹量的年际变化来看,2004～2005年捕鸟量下降趋势极显著(t=5,p=0.000<0.01),2005～2006年,耗弹量下降趋势极显著(t=4.087,p=0.002<0.01)。表明长沙黄花国际机场在实施鸟击防范措施改革后,在不同时期取得了明显效果。
本研究的主要特色是：首次对长沙黄花国际机场鸟击防范进行长时间地系统研究；首次对长沙黄花国际机场地区鸟类群落进行了研究报道；首次在该机场使用综合考虑各种相关影响因素的鸟击风险评估模型,对机场鸟类进行鸟击风险等级排序,筛选机场重点防范对象。
Changsha Huanghua International Airport has been perplexed by the bird strikes over a long period of time since it was built up. In order to reduce the occurrence of bird strikes in the airport and inquiry into valid measures of preventing bird strikes, a research program of preventing bird stike was conducted by Institute of Wildlife Conservation of Central South University of Forestry and Technology, with the help of the Airport Safeguard Department from March,2005 to March,2007. this thesis is a part of the program.
Based on the comprehensive investigation from September,2005 to March,2007, this research systematically analyzed the Characteristic of avian community in the area of Changsha Huanghua International Airport, and the relationship between avian community and its habitat, According to the results, the bird strike hazard assessment model considering the actual situation of the airport was made use of to assesse the birds' hazard grades. As a result, the birds' hazard to the aviation safety could be assessed, meanwhile an array of control recommendations which were designed by the actual situation in the airport have been practicing and testing. The main result as follows:
1. The analysis of avian community diversity:112 species in 5 habitats were investigated belonging to 32 families and 16 orders. Among them,46,45, and 21 species are the Oriental, the Palaearctic, and the Cosmopolitan species respectively. There were 46 species of Resident,29 species of Winter migrant,25 species of Summer migrant, and 12 species of Passage migrant. According to the analysis of frequency index (RB): Pycnonotus sinensis, Passer montanus and Turdus merula are the dominant species in the airport. Up to the distributive coefficient of bird habitats,44 species belong to the wide distribution type, constituting the main part of the avian communities. The avian Shannon-Weiner species diversity index is 1.607, evenness index is 0.784. Moreover the sequences of diversity and evenness were:farmland (1.456,0.853)> grassland and bush (1.428,0.797)> forest (1.418,0.776)> vilige (1.290,0.763)> water (1.109,0.737).
2. The avian distribution and movable regulation in airport:The avian population changes greatly in the seasonal transition periods, which of May and July come to the peaks.62 species were'found in the airport with the density of 3.09 one/hm2. Among them, the population of Hirundo rustica (0.44 one/hm2) and Hirundo daurica (0.28 one/hm2) were the most common species, representing 23.41% of the whole population. The largest avian density was the north shrub zone (8.41one/hm2), and the building zone (0.83 one/hm2) was the least in the airport. Some avian distribution charts of airport area were made on the basis of surveying and observing.
3. The assessment of bird strike hazard:Among 112 species birds, the hazard risk grade of 6 species was extremely high,21 species was high,18 species was moderate,26 species was low, and 41 species was extremely low. As a result,27 species were determined as the most important birds which should be controlled every year.
4. The characteristics of bird strike:There were some regularity of time and height during these bird strikes in Changsha Huanghua International Airport between 2003 and 2006. The most bird strikes happened in September, July and May, while from 19:00 to 23:00 had the most hazard happenings in the long run. By Pearson correlation analysis, there were some correlation between the quantities of bird strikes and birds'population every month (r=0.479, p>0.05), but the correlation was not significant. So was between bird strike rates and flight quantities every day (r=0.087, p>0.05). Besides hazard happened in the low air and high air. However most of bird strikes hadn't damage the airplane.
5. The inquisition of public consciousness:According to the inquisition result,31% persons like birds,23% persons dislike birds,46% persons neither like nor dislik birds; 56% persons will let the swallows build nests at their house; If the airport come to ruin the swallow's nests,57% persons will obstruct the action.69% persons had heard of bird stike affairs, however they obtained the information from other people mainly, only little of persons acquires through a paths, such as television broadcast, newspapers and magazines, etc.. Meanwhile,57% persons will have to support the laws which forbid from keeping birds near airport.
6. The valuation of preventing bird stike:According to the statistics of preventing bird strikes at Changsha Huanghua International Airport. Compared 2004 to 2005, the amount of capturring birds descended significantly (t=5, p=0.000<0.01), and the amount of consuming bullets descend significantly (t=4.087, p=0.002<0.01) from 2005 to 2006. It is obvious that the measures reform of preventing bird stike have obtained obvious result at Changsha Huanghua International Airport.
The advantages of this research as following:
1. A synthetic research was carried out at Changsha Huanghua International Airport over long time for the first time.
2. The avian community was researched and reported for the first time.
3. The bird strike hazard assessment model which considered a comprehensive factor was used for rowwing the bird strike hazard grades to the airport birds, sieve the most important birds which should be controlled every year.
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