上海地区合成麝香和有机氯农药的母婴暴露及人体传递特征研究
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摘要
合成麝香是一类广泛添加于化妆品和个人护理产品中的香味化合物，也是一类新型的环境污染物。它与同样具有亲脂憎水性的有机氯农药不同，主要通过护理产品的使用由皮肤渗透进入人体并累积在母乳、脂肪组织或血液中。为了更好了解合成麝香和有机氯农药的人体污染及由此引起的婴幼儿暴露，本论文选择上海地区育龄产妇，以母乳、母血、脐血为样本介质，开展了较为系统的合成麝香和典型有机氯农药的污染特性研究，并初步探讨了它们的人体转移特性。
本研究的采样时间为2006-2010年，目标化合物包括8种合成麝香、滴滴涕（DDT）及其代谢物DDD、DDE、六六六（HCH）的4种构型以及六氯苯（HCB）共11种有机氯农药。累积分析母乳67个，脐血49个，母血22个，其中21组为母乳-母血-脐血的全配对样本。通过研究发现，母乳、脐血和母血中普遍存在合成麝香和典型有机氯农药污染。有机氯农药以4,4’-DDE、β-HCH、HCB为主，合成麝香以佳乐麝香（HHCB）和佳乐麝香内酯（HHCB-lactone）为主。合成麝香在母乳、母血和脐血中的总浓度为4.7-276.2；13.5-228.0和28.3-545.3ng/g脂重。有机氯农药的总浓度依次为88.3-2532.9；497.5-5737.0和248.5-4384.2ng/g脂重。总体来说，有机氯农药的污染浓度显著高于合成麝香。组成分布特征显示，多环麝香HHCB+HHCB-lactone（HHCBs）占总合成麝香浓度的66.0%-89.3%，4,4’-DDE则占总有机氯农药浓度的56.8%-74.7%，为主要污染物。上海女性合成麝香的总体污染水平较低，但典型有机氯农药的暴露水平仍高于欧美及日韩等国。除了一个母血样本外，其他所有母体体液样本的DDE/DDT比值都大于1。母乳和脐血的浓度相关性及母血污染物浓度的主成分分析结果均显示合成麝香和有机氯农药具有不同的人体暴露途径，前者以皮肤渗透途径为主，后者主要受饮食摄入及其他呼吸等途径的影响。
采用统计学方法分析了采样时间、产妇年龄以及胎次等因素对女性污染水平的影响。母乳中不同合成麝香物质浓度的时间变化存在差别。2010年的HHCBs浓度与2006和2008年相比有增加；AHTN的浓度在2006-2010间没有明显改变；硝基麝香中的二甲苯麝香（MX）中值浓度则从2006年的13.0ng/g脂重降至2010年的9.3ng/g脂重。这说明合成麝香的市场使用情况为硝基麝香正逐渐被多环麝香所取代。DDTs、HCHs和HCB的污染水平随时间推移存在明显的下降趋势（p <0.01），说明上海女性体内的有机氯农药负荷趋于减少。产妇年龄与合成麝香的浓度相关性不大（p>0.05），但与母乳和母血中有机氯农药浓度有显著的相关性（p <0.05），说明合成麝香没有明显的年龄累积作用，但有机氯农药污染存在年龄的累积，产妇年龄越大，母乳和母血的DDTs、HCHs和HCB越高。有机氯农药的年龄累积性主要表现在母体体液样本，脐血中的浓度与年龄并没有相关性（p=0.695-0.789）。随生育次数的增加，母乳合成麝香浓度没有明显下降，但有机氯农药的污染水平存在明显减少（p=0.001），说明生育/哺乳过程能显著降低母体的有机氯农药负荷。
HHCBs和DDTs、HCHs、HCB在母血、脐血和母乳中的检出反映这些污染物存在由母血向脐血、由母血向母乳的转移。21组配对样本中，HHCBs的脐血/母血浓度比都高于母乳/母血比，且有76%的脐血/母血浓度比值显著大于1，说明HHCBs转移进入母乳的量较少，可能更易于通过胎盘转运进入胎儿系统并富集在脐血中。有机氯农药的脐血和母乳转移率基本相当，DDTs、HCHs、HCB的脐血/母血浓度比值与母乳/母血的比较接近。HHCBs的脐血/母血浓度比中值（1.86）远高于HCB、β-HCH、DDE和DDT的浓度比中值（0.54-1.26），HHCBs的母血-脐血转移程度显著高于有机氯农药。比较原型与代谢物的母乳/母血及脐血/母血浓度比后发现，HHCB的脐血和母乳转移率都显著高于HHCB-lactone（p=0.001），4,4'-DDE的人体转移能力略高于4,4'-DDT，但没有统计学意义。这说明代谢对HHCB和DDT迁移转运能力的影响存在差别。HHCB转化为HHCB-lactone的体内代谢过程减少了其向母乳和脐血的迁移；DDT的代谢并没有引起迁移能力的明显改变。由于合成麝香和有机氯农药的人体半衰期以及一些物化性质如辛醇水分配系数（logKow）等存在差异，因此两者的人体转移特性（母血-母乳和母血-脐血）存在一定差异。该差异性也表现在浓度的相互关系上：母血HHCBs与脐血HHCBs的浓度相关性较强（p <0.05），母血有机氯农药浓度与母乳有机氯农药浓度显著正相关（p <0.05）。
胎儿的摄入评估显示胎儿的母乳和宫内暴露均以有机氯农药污染为主，合成麝香的日摄入量相对较低。新生儿通过母乳摄入的HHCB, AHTN, MX, MK和HHCB-lactone平均日暴露量为0.1,0.01,0.04,0.01和0.05μg/kg体重，远低于文献报道的允许每日摄入量（HHCB：500μg/kg体重，AHTN：50μg/kg体重，MX：7μg/kg体重，MK：7μg/kg体重）；合成麝香的母乳摄入量较小。哺乳期的有机氯农药暴露需要引起关注，85%的婴儿每日摄入DDTs量超过USEPA的日摄入限值（4,4’-DDT,0.50μg/kg·day），另有56%的婴儿每日摄入HCHs超出了加拿大的允许值（0.3μg/kg体重）。依据成人数据推测，有机氯农药的宫内暴露量并不大；但考虑到胎儿的敏感性及其代谢功能的不完善，仍然需要引起重视。
本论文建立了相关样本的前处理和合成麝香/有机氯农药检测方法，系统分析了上海女性人群的污染物分布特征和影响因素，评估了婴幼儿通过母乳喂养以及胎盘转运引起的产后和宫内暴露情况，通过母婴配对样本比较了合成麝香和典型有机氯农药的人体传递特点。相关研究结果增加和拓宽了国内合成麝香人体暴露的研究内容和研究深度，有助于更全面认识合成麝香与传统持久性污染物在人体污染特征和转移特性方面的差异，为更准确地开展敏感人群尤其是婴幼儿对新型污染物的暴露评估和健康风险评价提供了大量基础数据。
Synthetic musks, a kind of emerging pollutants, are frequently used as additivesin cosmetics and personal care products. Because of their lipophilicity, they areexpected to accumulate in human lipid-rich tissues, including breast milk and blood.The main exposure routes of synthetic musks are through percutaneous absorption,which are different from those of organochlorine pesticides. In order to betterunderstand the contaminations of synthetic musks and organochlorine pesticides inhumans, their pollution levels in breast milk, maternal blood and cord blood fromShanghai were analyzed comprehensively in this study. The transfer characteristicswere also studied using paired mother-infant samples.
A total of67breast milk,49cord blood,22maternal blood samples werecollected during2006-2010, which including21paired mother-infant samples.8synthetic musk compounds and11organochlorine pesticide compounds, includingdichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites DDD and DDE,4isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) wereanalyzed. The results showed that these synthetic musks and organochlorinepesticides were ubiquitous in breast milk, maternal blood and cord blood samples.Galaxolide (HHCB) and its metabolite HHCB-lactone, kinds of polycyclic musks,were the main musk contaminants, accounting for66.0%-89.3%of the total muskconcentrations. And4,4’-DDE, the predominant organochlorine pesticide pollutants,accounted for about56.8%-74.7%of the total concentrations. The totalconcentrations ranged from4.7to276.2, from13.5to228.0and from28.3to545.3ng/g lipid weight for synthetic musks in breast milk, maternal blood and cord blood,respectively. The corresponding levels for organochlorine pesticides ranged from88.3to2532.9, from497.5to5737.0, and from248.5to4384.2ng/g lipid weight,respectively. The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides were much higher thanthose of musks in the present study. From a global view, the contamination levels of musks were low in samples from Shanghai, and levels of organochlorine pesticideswere moderate to high, which was higher than those in developed countries, such asEurope, America and Japan or South Korea. The ratio values of DDE/DDTconcentrations in all maternal samples (breast milk and maternal blood) were alllarger than1, excepting in one maternal blood sample, indicated that DDTs weremainly originated from historical application. The correlation analyzed results onconcentrations in breast milk and cord blood suggested different exposure sourcesfor synthetic musks and organochlorine pesticides. This was also supported byprincipal component analysis results on concentration levels in maternal blood.Dietary intake, percutaneous absorption, and respiratory pathway were proposed.
The influences of sampling time, mothers' age and parity on pollution levels ofsynthetic musks and organochlorine pesticides were discussed using statisticalanalysis. The concentrations on different musk compounds in breast milk showeddifferent time changing trends. The relatively high median concentrations of HHCBand HHCB-lactone in2010were detected compared with2006and2008. Thetonalide (AHTN) levels remained fairly constant, whereas musk xylene (MX)concentrations dropping from13.0to9.3ng/g lipid weight was observed during2006-2010. These observations were consistent with musk use patterns, suggestingthe replacement of nitro musks by polycyclic musks. A clear downward temporaltrend in DDTs, HCHs and HCB concentrations (p <0.01) indicated a reduction inhuman body burden in Shanghai, China. There were compound-specificaccumulation patterns of synthetic musks and organochlorine pesticides. A positivecorrelation was observed between the levels of organochlorine pesticides andmother's age (p <0.05). But for musks, there was no correlationship between residuelevels and age (p>0.05). The age-related influence of organochlorine pesticideaccumulation was only observed in maternal samples. No age-related influence wasfound in organochlorine pesticide concentrations in cord blood samples. Theparity-related influence on organochlorine pesticide levels was also observed in this study (p=0.001), indicating the elimination of organochlorine pesticides viaprevious lactation. The different residue levels of musks may be due to individualuse, instead of maternal age and parity.
The popular existing of HHCBs (HHCB+HHCB-lactone), DDTs, HCHs andHCB in breast milk, maternal blood and cord blood, suggested their transfer inhuman body, which was from maternal blood to breast milk, and from maternalblood to cord blood. The ratio values of HHCBs in cord blood/maternal blood werehigher than the ratio values in breast milk/maternal blood in all21paired samples,and the values were significantly higher than1in nearly76%samples. Thisphenomenon may be explained by easily transfer into fetus on HHCBs. Thetransferred amount to breast milk was relatively small, compared to that to cordblood. The ratios of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk/maternal blood andcord blood/maternal blood indicated that their similar transfer amount. The medianconcentration ratio values of HHCBs in cord blood/maternal blood is1.86, whichwas higher than the value of HCB, β-HCH, DDE and DDT (0.54-1.26). Thesignificantly higher transfer ratio of HHCB than that of HHCB-lactone was observedin breast milk and cord blood (p=0.001) The transfer ratio of4,4'-DDE was a littlehigher than that of4,4'-DDT, which was not statistically significant. The resultssuggested that metabolism may affect the transfer characteristics of HHCB and DDT,but the effects were different from each other. The metabolism of HHCB may reduceits transfer level from maternal blood to breast milk or cord blood, while themetabolism of DDT did not significant changed its migrating level. The differenttransfer characteristics may be due to their half-life in humans and physico-chemicalproperties such as logKOW. The concentration correlationship analyses also providedscientific evidences on this difference. The contamination levels on HHCBs inmaternal blood were correlated significantly with that in cord blood (p <0.05), andorganochlorine pesticide concentrations in maternal blood was statistically correlatedwith those in breast milk (p <0.05).
Exposure level assessment showed that typical organochlorine pesticides werethe main contaminants for neonates via breast milk, and for fetus in utero, and muskexposure level was considerably low. The mean daily intakes estimated for neonateswere0.1,0.01,0.04,0.01and0.05μg/kg body weight for HHCB, AHTN, MX, MKand HHCB-lactone, respectively. These values were much lower than the estimatedprovisional tolerable daily intakes of500,50,7, and7μg/kg body weight for thesecompounds, respectively. The musks intake via breast milk in neonates was low. Butfor organochlorine pesticides, further attention was needed.85%of neonate intakesexceeded the reference dose (RfD) of the U.S. EPA (4,4’-DDT,0.50μg/kg·day) andthe daily intake of HCHs also exceeded the Canadian provisional tolerable dailyintake (0.3μg/kg body weight) in56%individuals. According to reference data onadults, the exposure level of organochlorine pesticides for fetus in utero was low. Butconsidering the immature metabolic capability and sensitivity of fetus, the pollutionstatus of organochlorine pesticides is still worthy of attention.
A method of detection of synthetic musks and organochlorine pesticides inhuman samples was established in this study. The pollution characteristics andinfluence factors of synthetic musks and typical organochlorine pesticides in womenwere discussed, and the exposure amount of fetus in utero and of infants throughbreast milk intakes were also estimated. The transfer characteristics on syntheticmusks and organochlorine pesticides were proposed. Through this study, a largenumber of basic data on exposure assessment of synthetic musks and organochlorinepesticides for infants was provided. And those data, as well as present results, cangive a comprehensive understanding of the differences on pollution and transfercharacteristics, and deepen the studies on human exposure of synthetic musks andorganochlorine pesticides in China.
本研究的采样时间为2006-2010年，目标化合物包括8种合成麝香、滴滴涕（DDT）及其代谢物DDD、DDE、六六六（HCH）的4种构型以及六氯苯（HCB）共11种有机氯农药。累积分析母乳67个，脐血49个，母血22个，其中21组为母乳-母血-脐血的全配对样本。通过研究发现，母乳、脐血和母血中普遍存在合成麝香和典型有机氯农药污染。有机氯农药以4,4’-DDE、β-HCH、HCB为主，合成麝香以佳乐麝香（HHCB）和佳乐麝香内酯（HHCB-lactone）为主。合成麝香在母乳、母血和脐血中的总浓度为4.7-276.2；13.5-228.0和28.3-545.3ng/g脂重。有机氯农药的总浓度依次为88.3-2532.9；497.5-5737.0和248.5-4384.2ng/g脂重。总体来说，有机氯农药的污染浓度显著高于合成麝香。组成分布特征显示，多环麝香HHCB+HHCB-lactone（HHCBs）占总合成麝香浓度的66.0%-89.3%，4,4’-DDE则占总有机氯农药浓度的56.8%-74.7%，为主要污染物。上海女性合成麝香的总体污染水平较低，但典型有机氯农药的暴露水平仍高于欧美及日韩等国。除了一个母血样本外，其他所有母体体液样本的DDE/DDT比值都大于1。母乳和脐血的浓度相关性及母血污染物浓度的主成分分析结果均显示合成麝香和有机氯农药具有不同的人体暴露途径，前者以皮肤渗透途径为主，后者主要受饮食摄入及其他呼吸等途径的影响。
采用统计学方法分析了采样时间、产妇年龄以及胎次等因素对女性污染水平的影响。母乳中不同合成麝香物质浓度的时间变化存在差别。2010年的HHCBs浓度与2006和2008年相比有增加；AHTN的浓度在2006-2010间没有明显改变；硝基麝香中的二甲苯麝香（MX）中值浓度则从2006年的13.0ng/g脂重降至2010年的9.3ng/g脂重。这说明合成麝香的市场使用情况为硝基麝香正逐渐被多环麝香所取代。DDTs、HCHs和HCB的污染水平随时间推移存在明显的下降趋势（p <0.01），说明上海女性体内的有机氯农药负荷趋于减少。产妇年龄与合成麝香的浓度相关性不大（p>0.05），但与母乳和母血中有机氯农药浓度有显著的相关性（p <0.05），说明合成麝香没有明显的年龄累积作用，但有机氯农药污染存在年龄的累积，产妇年龄越大，母乳和母血的DDTs、HCHs和HCB越高。有机氯农药的年龄累积性主要表现在母体体液样本，脐血中的浓度与年龄并没有相关性（p=0.695-0.789）。随生育次数的增加，母乳合成麝香浓度没有明显下降，但有机氯农药的污染水平存在明显减少（p=0.001），说明生育/哺乳过程能显著降低母体的有机氯农药负荷。
HHCBs和DDTs、HCHs、HCB在母血、脐血和母乳中的检出反映这些污染物存在由母血向脐血、由母血向母乳的转移。21组配对样本中，HHCBs的脐血/母血浓度比都高于母乳/母血比，且有76%的脐血/母血浓度比值显著大于1，说明HHCBs转移进入母乳的量较少，可能更易于通过胎盘转运进入胎儿系统并富集在脐血中。有机氯农药的脐血和母乳转移率基本相当，DDTs、HCHs、HCB的脐血/母血浓度比值与母乳/母血的比较接近。HHCBs的脐血/母血浓度比中值（1.86）远高于HCB、β-HCH、DDE和DDT的浓度比中值（0.54-1.26），HHCBs的母血-脐血转移程度显著高于有机氯农药。比较原型与代谢物的母乳/母血及脐血/母血浓度比后发现，HHCB的脐血和母乳转移率都显著高于HHCB-lactone（p=0.001），4,4'-DDE的人体转移能力略高于4,4'-DDT，但没有统计学意义。这说明代谢对HHCB和DDT迁移转运能力的影响存在差别。HHCB转化为HHCB-lactone的体内代谢过程减少了其向母乳和脐血的迁移；DDT的代谢并没有引起迁移能力的明显改变。由于合成麝香和有机氯农药的人体半衰期以及一些物化性质如辛醇水分配系数（logKow）等存在差异，因此两者的人体转移特性（母血-母乳和母血-脐血）存在一定差异。该差异性也表现在浓度的相互关系上：母血HHCBs与脐血HHCBs的浓度相关性较强（p <0.05），母血有机氯农药浓度与母乳有机氯农药浓度显著正相关（p <0.05）。
胎儿的摄入评估显示胎儿的母乳和宫内暴露均以有机氯农药污染为主，合成麝香的日摄入量相对较低。新生儿通过母乳摄入的HHCB, AHTN, MX, MK和HHCB-lactone平均日暴露量为0.1,0.01,0.04,0.01和0.05μg/kg体重，远低于文献报道的允许每日摄入量（HHCB：500μg/kg体重，AHTN：50μg/kg体重，MX：7μg/kg体重，MK：7μg/kg体重）；合成麝香的母乳摄入量较小。哺乳期的有机氯农药暴露需要引起关注，85%的婴儿每日摄入DDTs量超过USEPA的日摄入限值（4,4’-DDT,0.50μg/kg·day），另有56%的婴儿每日摄入HCHs超出了加拿大的允许值（0.3μg/kg体重）。依据成人数据推测，有机氯农药的宫内暴露量并不大；但考虑到胎儿的敏感性及其代谢功能的不完善，仍然需要引起重视。
本论文建立了相关样本的前处理和合成麝香/有机氯农药检测方法，系统分析了上海女性人群的污染物分布特征和影响因素，评估了婴幼儿通过母乳喂养以及胎盘转运引起的产后和宫内暴露情况，通过母婴配对样本比较了合成麝香和典型有机氯农药的人体传递特点。相关研究结果增加和拓宽了国内合成麝香人体暴露的研究内容和研究深度，有助于更全面认识合成麝香与传统持久性污染物在人体污染特征和转移特性方面的差异，为更准确地开展敏感人群尤其是婴幼儿对新型污染物的暴露评估和健康风险评价提供了大量基础数据。
Synthetic musks, a kind of emerging pollutants, are frequently used as additivesin cosmetics and personal care products. Because of their lipophilicity, they areexpected to accumulate in human lipid-rich tissues, including breast milk and blood.The main exposure routes of synthetic musks are through percutaneous absorption,which are different from those of organochlorine pesticides. In order to betterunderstand the contaminations of synthetic musks and organochlorine pesticides inhumans, their pollution levels in breast milk, maternal blood and cord blood fromShanghai were analyzed comprehensively in this study. The transfer characteristicswere also studied using paired mother-infant samples.
A total of67breast milk,49cord blood,22maternal blood samples werecollected during2006-2010, which including21paired mother-infant samples.8synthetic musk compounds and11organochlorine pesticide compounds, includingdichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites DDD and DDE,4isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) wereanalyzed. The results showed that these synthetic musks and organochlorinepesticides were ubiquitous in breast milk, maternal blood and cord blood samples.Galaxolide (HHCB) and its metabolite HHCB-lactone, kinds of polycyclic musks,were the main musk contaminants, accounting for66.0%-89.3%of the total muskconcentrations. And4,4’-DDE, the predominant organochlorine pesticide pollutants,accounted for about56.8%-74.7%of the total concentrations. The totalconcentrations ranged from4.7to276.2, from13.5to228.0and from28.3to545.3ng/g lipid weight for synthetic musks in breast milk, maternal blood and cord blood,respectively. The corresponding levels for organochlorine pesticides ranged from88.3to2532.9, from497.5to5737.0, and from248.5to4384.2ng/g lipid weight,respectively. The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides were much higher thanthose of musks in the present study. From a global view, the contamination levels of musks were low in samples from Shanghai, and levels of organochlorine pesticideswere moderate to high, which was higher than those in developed countries, such asEurope, America and Japan or South Korea. The ratio values of DDE/DDTconcentrations in all maternal samples (breast milk and maternal blood) were alllarger than1, excepting in one maternal blood sample, indicated that DDTs weremainly originated from historical application. The correlation analyzed results onconcentrations in breast milk and cord blood suggested different exposure sourcesfor synthetic musks and organochlorine pesticides. This was also supported byprincipal component analysis results on concentration levels in maternal blood.Dietary intake, percutaneous absorption, and respiratory pathway were proposed.
The influences of sampling time, mothers' age and parity on pollution levels ofsynthetic musks and organochlorine pesticides were discussed using statisticalanalysis. The concentrations on different musk compounds in breast milk showeddifferent time changing trends. The relatively high median concentrations of HHCBand HHCB-lactone in2010were detected compared with2006and2008. Thetonalide (AHTN) levels remained fairly constant, whereas musk xylene (MX)concentrations dropping from13.0to9.3ng/g lipid weight was observed during2006-2010. These observations were consistent with musk use patterns, suggestingthe replacement of nitro musks by polycyclic musks. A clear downward temporaltrend in DDTs, HCHs and HCB concentrations (p <0.01) indicated a reduction inhuman body burden in Shanghai, China. There were compound-specificaccumulation patterns of synthetic musks and organochlorine pesticides. A positivecorrelation was observed between the levels of organochlorine pesticides andmother's age (p <0.05). But for musks, there was no correlationship between residuelevels and age (p>0.05). The age-related influence of organochlorine pesticideaccumulation was only observed in maternal samples. No age-related influence wasfound in organochlorine pesticide concentrations in cord blood samples. Theparity-related influence on organochlorine pesticide levels was also observed in this study (p=0.001), indicating the elimination of organochlorine pesticides viaprevious lactation. The different residue levels of musks may be due to individualuse, instead of maternal age and parity.
The popular existing of HHCBs (HHCB+HHCB-lactone), DDTs, HCHs andHCB in breast milk, maternal blood and cord blood, suggested their transfer inhuman body, which was from maternal blood to breast milk, and from maternalblood to cord blood. The ratio values of HHCBs in cord blood/maternal blood werehigher than the ratio values in breast milk/maternal blood in all21paired samples,and the values were significantly higher than1in nearly76%samples. Thisphenomenon may be explained by easily transfer into fetus on HHCBs. Thetransferred amount to breast milk was relatively small, compared to that to cordblood. The ratios of organochlorine pesticides in breast milk/maternal blood andcord blood/maternal blood indicated that their similar transfer amount. The medianconcentration ratio values of HHCBs in cord blood/maternal blood is1.86, whichwas higher than the value of HCB, β-HCH, DDE and DDT (0.54-1.26). Thesignificantly higher transfer ratio of HHCB than that of HHCB-lactone was observedin breast milk and cord blood (p=0.001) The transfer ratio of4,4'-DDE was a littlehigher than that of4,4'-DDT, which was not statistically significant. The resultssuggested that metabolism may affect the transfer characteristics of HHCB and DDT,but the effects were different from each other. The metabolism of HHCB may reduceits transfer level from maternal blood to breast milk or cord blood, while themetabolism of DDT did not significant changed its migrating level. The differenttransfer characteristics may be due to their half-life in humans and physico-chemicalproperties such as logKOW. The concentration correlationship analyses also providedscientific evidences on this difference. The contamination levels on HHCBs inmaternal blood were correlated significantly with that in cord blood (p <0.05), andorganochlorine pesticide concentrations in maternal blood was statistically correlatedwith those in breast milk (p <0.05).
Exposure level assessment showed that typical organochlorine pesticides werethe main contaminants for neonates via breast milk, and for fetus in utero, and muskexposure level was considerably low. The mean daily intakes estimated for neonateswere0.1,0.01,0.04,0.01and0.05μg/kg body weight for HHCB, AHTN, MX, MKand HHCB-lactone, respectively. These values were much lower than the estimatedprovisional tolerable daily intakes of500,50,7, and7μg/kg body weight for thesecompounds, respectively. The musks intake via breast milk in neonates was low. Butfor organochlorine pesticides, further attention was needed.85%of neonate intakesexceeded the reference dose (RfD) of the U.S. EPA (4,4’-DDT,0.50μg/kg·day) andthe daily intake of HCHs also exceeded the Canadian provisional tolerable dailyintake (0.3μg/kg body weight) in56%individuals. According to reference data onadults, the exposure level of organochlorine pesticides for fetus in utero was low. Butconsidering the immature metabolic capability and sensitivity of fetus, the pollutionstatus of organochlorine pesticides is still worthy of attention.
A method of detection of synthetic musks and organochlorine pesticides inhuman samples was established in this study. The pollution characteristics andinfluence factors of synthetic musks and typical organochlorine pesticides in womenwere discussed, and the exposure amount of fetus in utero and of infants throughbreast milk intakes were also estimated. The transfer characteristics on syntheticmusks and organochlorine pesticides were proposed. Through this study, a largenumber of basic data on exposure assessment of synthetic musks and organochlorinepesticides for infants was provided. And those data, as well as present results, cangive a comprehensive understanding of the differences on pollution and transfercharacteristics, and deepen the studies on human exposure of synthetic musks andorganochlorine pesticides in China.
引文
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