粮食水分在线检测控制系统的研究
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摘要
粮食问题是涉及到每一个国家国计民生的重大课题，解决这一问题的方法除去扩大耕地面积、提高单位面积产量外，粮食的安全储藏显得尤为重要。
粮食干燥是粮食安全储藏的重要环节，它是一个连续的生产过程。其流程是首先将原粮经处理后送入干燥塔，再经过预热、干燥、缓苏，待冷却至常温，达到安全水分14％左右后排出干燥塔。在此过程中，粮食水分在线检测和控制是制约粮食干燥系统的核心技术。由于影响因素复杂，常规方法难以实现在线快速测量。
目前粮食水分测试的方法除去相对比较落后的人工检测外，多依赖于进口设备。综合分析粮食水分的测试仪器的研制与开发过程可以发现，相关产品实验室测试仪器及便携式测试仪器占较大比例，包括袖珍式粮食水分快速测定仪、微波式粮食水分测定仪。但是在线测试仪器相对很少，而且至今还没有一种可以实现粮食干燥过程自动控制的检测系统。
现有国内相关专利均为传感器、测试仪等分立产品，其水分检测方法分为间接法和直接法，测量原理包括电阻式、电容式、微波式、中子源法、称重法等。现有这些方法中，离线式测量精度较高，适用于实验室测量；在线式测量均未提供数据采集及控制功能。
针对目前的粮食水分测试方法及干燥设备的具体情况，本文对颗粒状粮食水分在线检测方法制定、粮食水分检测传感器、数据采集控制器、计算机软件和数据库系统等进行了研究。
通过对实际测量系统的性能测试比较，确定了一种用于颗粒状粮食水分在线检测控制系统。该系统将圆柱型结构的粮食水分检测传感器置于干燥设备的出口、入口处，粮食水分变化导致传感器电容量变化，经过精密的信号采集、转换与处理，完成粮食水分的在线实时检测。该传感器还借助微处理器对测量信号的非线性与温度漂移进行了数字化的修正和补偿。反馈信号输出控制变频器，从而实现控制排粮机构运行转速。根据需
沈阳_「业大学硕士学位论文
要，该系统还可以增加打印千燥机的多个工作参量，实现对料位及热风温度的控制等辅
助功能以及自动报警功能。
本文己经与铁岭市粮食科学研究所合作，组建起适合我国国情的谷物类粮食水分在
线检测控制系统，使之与干燥塔等粮食干燥设备联合使用，实现了粮食干燥过程的实时
自动控制，极大提高了粮食干燥的效率，提高储藏粮食的品质，确保粮食储备安全，最
终实现替代进口产品、占领国内市场的目标。
本课题阶段主要进行了粮食水分在线检测方法制定和传感器研究，数据采集控制和
软件是下一步深入研究内容。
Grain counts for much for the national economy and people's livelihood. To solve the problem of lack of grain, safe storage of grain is an effective measure besides enlarging area of plantation and increasing its output by unit acreage.
During the process of grain storage, grain dryness is a critical procedure, which in fact is a continuous process. The flow of grain dryness is as follows: put the grain being treated into drying tower; after process of warm-up, drying and cooling to normal temperature, when the moisture of grain is 14%, which is safe moisture, it is time to be expelled from the drying tower. During the above drying course, the core technique is the online test and control technology, which can restrict performance of the drying system. However, some conventional methods for grain storage do not work well in online test due to the complicated condition factors.
At present, some lagging manual test is still being used in some grain moisture inspection, while other test mainly relies on imported equipment. Most of comprehensive testing equipment for grain moisture focus on laboratory or portable testing ones, such as fast moisture tester, microwave moisture tester, and so on. While the online testing equipment occupies a minimal scale, and there is not an automatic testing system available during the grain drying process.
Such separate products as sensor and tester have been awarded with patents in China, and the testing methods can be classified into direct and indirect ones with testing principles based on resistance, capacitance, microwave, neutron source, weight-test, etc. While the offline method is suitable for laboratory usage with high accuracy, the online test method is not complete for function unavailability of data collection and control.
This paper has made research on testing methods, moisture sensor, data collector and controller, software and database system according to the present condition for moisture test and drying equipment.
After the comparison of practical performance of different testing systems, we focus on an online moisture test system for grain, in which cylindrical moisture sensors are put at the entry and outlet of the drying device. When the capacitance of moisture sensor changes aroused by
grain moisture change, and the changing signals are collected, transformed and conditioned, the system accomplishes its online real-time task of measurement. The moisture sensor makes digital modulation and compensation on signal non-linearity and temperature offset by adoption of microprocessor. The feedback signals are used to control frequency transformer and subsequently control the rotate speed of grain discharging device. As per requirements, the system can print many variables to realize the control function for level and temperature and alarming function.
We have made a deal with Tieling City Grain Research Institute to establish an online test system for grain moisture inspection. The system can be jointly used with drying tower or other drying equipment to realize online automatic control. Therefore, grain drying efficiency and grain storage quality is greatly improved, and ultimately, we will capture the domestic or even overseas market.
This paper only makes research on establishment of testing methods and sensor, and detailed research on data collection and control is to be continued on next stage.
粮食干燥是粮食安全储藏的重要环节，它是一个连续的生产过程。其流程是首先将原粮经处理后送入干燥塔，再经过预热、干燥、缓苏，待冷却至常温，达到安全水分14％左右后排出干燥塔。在此过程中，粮食水分在线检测和控制是制约粮食干燥系统的核心技术。由于影响因素复杂，常规方法难以实现在线快速测量。
目前粮食水分测试的方法除去相对比较落后的人工检测外，多依赖于进口设备。综合分析粮食水分的测试仪器的研制与开发过程可以发现，相关产品实验室测试仪器及便携式测试仪器占较大比例，包括袖珍式粮食水分快速测定仪、微波式粮食水分测定仪。但是在线测试仪器相对很少，而且至今还没有一种可以实现粮食干燥过程自动控制的检测系统。
现有国内相关专利均为传感器、测试仪等分立产品，其水分检测方法分为间接法和直接法，测量原理包括电阻式、电容式、微波式、中子源法、称重法等。现有这些方法中，离线式测量精度较高，适用于实验室测量；在线式测量均未提供数据采集及控制功能。
针对目前的粮食水分测试方法及干燥设备的具体情况，本文对颗粒状粮食水分在线检测方法制定、粮食水分检测传感器、数据采集控制器、计算机软件和数据库系统等进行了研究。
通过对实际测量系统的性能测试比较，确定了一种用于颗粒状粮食水分在线检测控制系统。该系统将圆柱型结构的粮食水分检测传感器置于干燥设备的出口、入口处，粮食水分变化导致传感器电容量变化，经过精密的信号采集、转换与处理，完成粮食水分的在线实时检测。该传感器还借助微处理器对测量信号的非线性与温度漂移进行了数字化的修正和补偿。反馈信号输出控制变频器，从而实现控制排粮机构运行转速。根据需
沈阳_「业大学硕士学位论文
要，该系统还可以增加打印千燥机的多个工作参量，实现对料位及热风温度的控制等辅
助功能以及自动报警功能。
本文己经与铁岭市粮食科学研究所合作，组建起适合我国国情的谷物类粮食水分在
线检测控制系统，使之与干燥塔等粮食干燥设备联合使用，实现了粮食干燥过程的实时
自动控制，极大提高了粮食干燥的效率，提高储藏粮食的品质，确保粮食储备安全，最
终实现替代进口产品、占领国内市场的目标。
本课题阶段主要进行了粮食水分在线检测方法制定和传感器研究，数据采集控制和
软件是下一步深入研究内容。
Grain counts for much for the national economy and people's livelihood. To solve the problem of lack of grain, safe storage of grain is an effective measure besides enlarging area of plantation and increasing its output by unit acreage.
During the process of grain storage, grain dryness is a critical procedure, which in fact is a continuous process. The flow of grain dryness is as follows: put the grain being treated into drying tower; after process of warm-up, drying and cooling to normal temperature, when the moisture of grain is 14%, which is safe moisture, it is time to be expelled from the drying tower. During the above drying course, the core technique is the online test and control technology, which can restrict performance of the drying system. However, some conventional methods for grain storage do not work well in online test due to the complicated condition factors.
At present, some lagging manual test is still being used in some grain moisture inspection, while other test mainly relies on imported equipment. Most of comprehensive testing equipment for grain moisture focus on laboratory or portable testing ones, such as fast moisture tester, microwave moisture tester, and so on. While the online testing equipment occupies a minimal scale, and there is not an automatic testing system available during the grain drying process.
Such separate products as sensor and tester have been awarded with patents in China, and the testing methods can be classified into direct and indirect ones with testing principles based on resistance, capacitance, microwave, neutron source, weight-test, etc. While the offline method is suitable for laboratory usage with high accuracy, the online test method is not complete for function unavailability of data collection and control.
This paper has made research on testing methods, moisture sensor, data collector and controller, software and database system according to the present condition for moisture test and drying equipment.
After the comparison of practical performance of different testing systems, we focus on an online moisture test system for grain, in which cylindrical moisture sensors are put at the entry and outlet of the drying device. When the capacitance of moisture sensor changes aroused by
grain moisture change, and the changing signals are collected, transformed and conditioned, the system accomplishes its online real-time task of measurement. The moisture sensor makes digital modulation and compensation on signal non-linearity and temperature offset by adoption of microprocessor. The feedback signals are used to control frequency transformer and subsequently control the rotate speed of grain discharging device. As per requirements, the system can print many variables to realize the control function for level and temperature and alarming function.
We have made a deal with Tieling City Grain Research Institute to establish an online test system for grain moisture inspection. The system can be jointly used with drying tower or other drying equipment to realize online automatic control. Therefore, grain drying efficiency and grain storage quality is greatly improved, and ultimately, we will capture the domestic or even overseas market.
This paper only makes research on establishment of testing methods and sensor, and detailed research on data collection and control is to be continued on next stage.
引文
[1] 张艳来．高水分粮食烘干最新设备研究．1994年全国干燥技术研讨会论文集1994，152
[2] 徐广文．介电特性在粮食物性测量中的应用分析．武汉食品工业学院学报，1995．4：5-8
[3] 杜民．水分测定仪的综合研究及评述．中国仪器仪表，1996，2：8-10
[4] 卫福第．粮食水分在线检测．信息技术2000(5)32-33
[5] 粮食水分多点在线检测仪．专利申请号96246614．黑龙江省农业机械工程科学研究院，1996、11、13
[6] 上海青浦绿洲检测仪器有限公司智能监测仪器LDS-3A型在线水分监测仪选型样本。
[7] 于洋．测量粉粒体物料水分的电导水分仪．分析仪器，1998．5：15-17
[8] 翟宝峰，许会．粮食水分检测技术的综合分析及发展概况．沈阳工业大学学报，2001．5：413-416
[9] 杜民．新型水分快速测定仪器的研究．仪器仪表学报，1997．5：86-91
[10] NDC红外技术公司在线水分仪TM710产品样本。
[11] 格兰特．DM-150型干燥过程控制仪调试报告，加拿大丹泰克电子有限公司，1995
[12] 日本SDN米麦用循环干燥机样本，日本静岗制机株式会社。
[13] H.A.Slight, the Measurement of Moisture Content, Measurement and Control, Vol.22.no.2, March 1989
[14] H.A.Slight, Future Thoughts on Moisture Measurement , Measurement and Control, Vol.22, no.3, March 1989
[15] 李昌喜．新型红外水分仪．自动化仪表，1996．7：13-15
[16] 滕召胜(国防科技大学)．粮食温度水分自动测试系统设计．工业仪表与自动化装置2000(1)．-39-42
[17] 腾召胜．水分检测技术及其智能信息处理方法的研究．湖南大学博士论文．1997
[18] 李福彬译．水分检测的原理与装置．北京：中国计量出版社，1986
[19] 刘青．红外吸收水分仪的技术特点及其对比研究．国外分析仪器技术与应用，1994．3：42-46
[20] 袁向星．电容式粮食水分快速测定仪温度补偿的研究．分析仪器，1989．2：68-71
[21] 黄继昌，徐巧鱼等编著．传感器工作原理及应用实例．人民邮电出版社1998年12月发行。
[22] 侯国章．测试与传感器技术．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1998
[23] 单成祥．传感器的理论与设计基础及应用．北京：国防工业出版社，1999．8：474
[24] Zorb.G.C and Moor G.A, Continuous Measurement of Grain Moisture Content During Harvest, 1994
[25] AMG公司。CAV414应用资料。http://www.analogmicro.de/english/index.html
[26] 何立民编著．CS51系列单片机应用系统设计．系统配置与接口技术．北京航空航天大学出版社1993年7月出版。
[27] 余永权主编．89系列(MCS-51兼容)FLASH单片机原理及应用．电子工业出版社1997年10月发行。
[28] 杨振江编著．A／D，D／A转换器接口技术与实用线路．西安电子科技大学出版社 1996年11月出版。
[29] AD公司。Analog Devices，Inc，Loop-powered 4-20ma DAC Data sheet，1996
[30] 何立民．单片机中级教程-原理与应用．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1999
[31] 吴家群．水分仪中微电脑系统的设计．分析仪器，1998．76(2)：24-26
[32] 蔡铁．粮食烘干塔水分在线检测系统中的实时信息采集与处理．自动化与仪表．2001．16(5)：47-50
[33] 卢英林．许桂兰大型粮食干燥塔的自动控制．(东北大学，沈阳航空工业学院)．粮食储藏．1998(2)34-37
[34] 解军．以单片机-变频调速器组成粮食干燥排粮自控系统的研究．1994年全国干燥技术研讨会论文集1994，102
[35] 滕召胜．智能检测系统与数据融合．北京：机械工业出版社，2000
[36] 杨惠连．误差理论与数据处理．天津：天津大学出版社，1992
[37] 庄楚强．应用数理统计基础．广州：华南理工大学出版社，1992
[38] Winch Technology-Past Present and Future A Summary of Winch Design Principles and Developments by Stephen M. Pearlman Science Report of Intro Ocean System, Inc. 2002
[39] 王若刚等．高燥过程的自动控制．南京大学学报(增刊)．1997
[40] 翟宝峰．基于数据融合的粮食水分检测技术研究．沈阳工业大学硕士学位论文，2002
[41] 张晓波．便携式谷物测定仪的精密度和准确度分析．粮食与饲料工业，1999．
[42] R.ELoera,W.E,Thompson and S.A.Akbar,Multivel Distributed Fusion of Multisensor data, SPIE, Vol.1699,1992
[43] 吴家群．粮食水分测量的最佳数学模型的研究．中国粮油学报，1998．4：57-60
[44] Kett electric lab,instruction manual for "kett" digital multiple grain moisture tester,riceter model 1,Tokyo,Japan,1988
[2] 徐广文．介电特性在粮食物性测量中的应用分析．武汉食品工业学院学报，1995．4：5-8
[3] 杜民．水分测定仪的综合研究及评述．中国仪器仪表，1996，2：8-10
[4] 卫福第．粮食水分在线检测．信息技术2000(5)32-33
[5] 粮食水分多点在线检测仪．专利申请号96246614．黑龙江省农业机械工程科学研究院，1996、11、13
[6] 上海青浦绿洲检测仪器有限公司智能监测仪器LDS-3A型在线水分监测仪选型样本。
[7] 于洋．测量粉粒体物料水分的电导水分仪．分析仪器，1998．5：15-17
[8] 翟宝峰，许会．粮食水分检测技术的综合分析及发展概况．沈阳工业大学学报，2001．5：413-416
[9] 杜民．新型水分快速测定仪器的研究．仪器仪表学报，1997．5：86-91
[10] NDC红外技术公司在线水分仪TM710产品样本。
[11] 格兰特．DM-150型干燥过程控制仪调试报告，加拿大丹泰克电子有限公司，1995
[12] 日本SDN米麦用循环干燥机样本，日本静岗制机株式会社。
[13] H.A.Slight, the Measurement of Moisture Content, Measurement and Control, Vol.22.no.2, March 1989
[14] H.A.Slight, Future Thoughts on Moisture Measurement , Measurement and Control, Vol.22, no.3, March 1989
[15] 李昌喜．新型红外水分仪．自动化仪表，1996．7：13-15
[16] 滕召胜(国防科技大学)．粮食温度水分自动测试系统设计．工业仪表与自动化装置2000(1)．-39-42
[17] 腾召胜．水分检测技术及其智能信息处理方法的研究．湖南大学博士论文．1997
[18] 李福彬译．水分检测的原理与装置．北京：中国计量出版社，1986
[19] 刘青．红外吸收水分仪的技术特点及其对比研究．国外分析仪器技术与应用，1994．3：42-46
[20] 袁向星．电容式粮食水分快速测定仪温度补偿的研究．分析仪器，1989．2：68-71
[21] 黄继昌，徐巧鱼等编著．传感器工作原理及应用实例．人民邮电出版社1998年12月发行。
[22] 侯国章．测试与传感器技术．哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1998
[23] 单成祥．传感器的理论与设计基础及应用．北京：国防工业出版社，1999．8：474
[24] Zorb.G.C and Moor G.A, Continuous Measurement of Grain Moisture Content During Harvest, 1994
[25] AMG公司。CAV414应用资料。http://www.analogmicro.de/english/index.html
[26] 何立民编著．CS51系列单片机应用系统设计．系统配置与接口技术．北京航空航天大学出版社1993年7月出版。
[27] 余永权主编．89系列(MCS-51兼容)FLASH单片机原理及应用．电子工业出版社1997年10月发行。
[28] 杨振江编著．A／D，D／A转换器接口技术与实用线路．西安电子科技大学出版社 1996年11月出版。
[29] AD公司。Analog Devices，Inc，Loop-powered 4-20ma DAC Data sheet，1996
[30] 何立民．单片机中级教程-原理与应用．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1999
[31] 吴家群．水分仪中微电脑系统的设计．分析仪器，1998．76(2)：24-26
[32] 蔡铁．粮食烘干塔水分在线检测系统中的实时信息采集与处理．自动化与仪表．2001．16(5)：47-50
[33] 卢英林．许桂兰大型粮食干燥塔的自动控制．(东北大学，沈阳航空工业学院)．粮食储藏．1998(2)34-37
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