中华蜜蜂与意大利蜜蜂比较生物学的研究
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摘要
中华蜜蜂(简称中蜂)是我国的蜜蜂品种，由于意大利蜜蜂(简称意蜂)的引进，中蜂的数量和分布范围极度缩小，退缩至山林地区。为了给中蜂的保护工作提供理论依据，本论文就中蜂与意蜂在采集、盗蜂和婚飞交尾方面的竞争进行了研究。研究表明结果如下：
1．中蜂有两个飞行高峰，临界飞行强度为3604只／小时；意蜂有三个飞行高峰，临界飞行强度为7669只／小时，强度大于中蜂而且意蜂的采集范围完全覆盖并明显大于中蜂。同地域(蜜蜂飞行半径内)存在时，由于对食物的竞争，意蜂在采集过程中，对中蜂采取驱赶行为，对中蜂采集产生不利影响。中蜂、意蜂蜂蜜日产量(y)和飞行强度(x)正相关，它们之间的关系式分别为y=10~(-8)-0.1299；y=6×10~(-9)x~2-0.3529。
2．中、意蜂竞争食物资源的争斗高峰主要发生在开花末期，即外界蜜粉源缺少时。在中、意蜂同地域饲养的蜂场，中、意蜂蜂群间发生盗蜂现象，因中蜂个体小，群势弱，在斗争中处于劣势，被盗后往往发生群势衰弱、逃亡，严重时全群毁灭。
3．在交尾季节，中蜂雄蜂和意蜂雄蜂交尾出游时间相同。雄蜂的空间分布是不均匀的，存在雄蜂聚集区，中蜂与意蜂的雄蜂聚集区是重叠的。
4．中、意蜂雄蜂早春时若成熟期相近，且中蜂、意蜂同区饲养，往往导致中蜂交尾成功率较低。
5．在晴朗、温暖、微风的午后，中、意蜂处女王或蜂王浸提液制成的诱饵对意蜂雄蜂均有引诱作用；且意蜂雄蜂追逐中蜂处女王并试图与其交尾，这种行为对中蜂雄蜂与中蜂处女王的交尾造成了干扰。
Chinese bee is native honeybee variety, because of introduction of Italian bee into our country; its quantity and distribution range extreme to dwindle, contract to the mountain and forest region. For offering theoretical foundation in giving protection work of Chinese bee, this thesis has been studied on the competition in gathering, robbing and nuptial flight mating between Chinese bee and Italian bee. Studies have shown as follows:
I.Chinese bee have two fly peak, critical flight intensity 3604 per hour; Italian bee have three fly peak, critical flight intensity 7669 per hour, intensity greater than Chinese bee and Italian bee collection range cover and greater than Chinese bee obviously totally. When existing in same region (in the honeybee flying radius), because of the competition to the food, in the course of gathering Italian bee adopt behavior of driving Chinese bee. There are a negative corresponding relationship between the output of honey(y) and flight intensity(x),the
equation being found as y = 10-8x2 - 0.1299,y= 6×10-9x2 - 0.3529 separately.
2. The competition fight peak of food resource between Chinese bee and Italian bee mainly takes place in latter stage of blooming, namely under the nectar and pollen source lacks external world. In apiary, Chinese bee and Italian bees to be raised in same region, robbing phenomenon take place. For individual Chinese bee is small, colony is weak, Chinese bee is in inferior position in struggle with Italian bee. After being robbed, Chinese bee groups tendency weak, escape, even the whole group is destroyed when being serious.
3. In mating season, Chinese bee drone and Italian bee drone have the same mating tour time. Space distribution of drone is unequal; drone congregation area exists and drone congregation area of Chinese bee and Italy bee overlap.
4. In early spring if mature period of drone is close to, and Chinese bee's raise district is same as Italian bee, often causing mating success rate of Chinese bee relatively lower.
5. In sunny warm with gentle breeze afternoon, Chinese virgin queen, Italian virgin queen and the bait maked of her draw liquid have function of luring to the Italian bee drone; And Italian bee drone chase and attempt to mate with Chinese virgin queen, the behavior caused mating interferes to Chinese drone and Chinese virgin queen.
1．中蜂有两个飞行高峰，临界飞行强度为3604只／小时；意蜂有三个飞行高峰，临界飞行强度为7669只／小时，强度大于中蜂而且意蜂的采集范围完全覆盖并明显大于中蜂。同地域(蜜蜂飞行半径内)存在时，由于对食物的竞争，意蜂在采集过程中，对中蜂采取驱赶行为，对中蜂采集产生不利影响。中蜂、意蜂蜂蜜日产量(y)和飞行强度(x)正相关，它们之间的关系式分别为y=10~(-8)-0.1299；y=6×10~(-9)x~2-0.3529。
2．中、意蜂竞争食物资源的争斗高峰主要发生在开花末期，即外界蜜粉源缺少时。在中、意蜂同地域饲养的蜂场，中、意蜂蜂群间发生盗蜂现象，因中蜂个体小，群势弱，在斗争中处于劣势，被盗后往往发生群势衰弱、逃亡，严重时全群毁灭。
3．在交尾季节，中蜂雄蜂和意蜂雄蜂交尾出游时间相同。雄蜂的空间分布是不均匀的，存在雄蜂聚集区，中蜂与意蜂的雄蜂聚集区是重叠的。
4．中、意蜂雄蜂早春时若成熟期相近，且中蜂、意蜂同区饲养，往往导致中蜂交尾成功率较低。
5．在晴朗、温暖、微风的午后，中、意蜂处女王或蜂王浸提液制成的诱饵对意蜂雄蜂均有引诱作用；且意蜂雄蜂追逐中蜂处女王并试图与其交尾，这种行为对中蜂雄蜂与中蜂处女王的交尾造成了干扰。
Chinese bee is native honeybee variety, because of introduction of Italian bee into our country; its quantity and distribution range extreme to dwindle, contract to the mountain and forest region. For offering theoretical foundation in giving protection work of Chinese bee, this thesis has been studied on the competition in gathering, robbing and nuptial flight mating between Chinese bee and Italian bee. Studies have shown as follows:
I.Chinese bee have two fly peak, critical flight intensity 3604 per hour; Italian bee have three fly peak, critical flight intensity 7669 per hour, intensity greater than Chinese bee and Italian bee collection range cover and greater than Chinese bee obviously totally. When existing in same region (in the honeybee flying radius), because of the competition to the food, in the course of gathering Italian bee adopt behavior of driving Chinese bee. There are a negative corresponding relationship between the output of honey(y) and flight intensity(x),the
equation being found as y = 10-8x2 - 0.1299,y= 6×10-9x2 - 0.3529 separately.
2. The competition fight peak of food resource between Chinese bee and Italian bee mainly takes place in latter stage of blooming, namely under the nectar and pollen source lacks external world. In apiary, Chinese bee and Italian bees to be raised in same region, robbing phenomenon take place. For individual Chinese bee is small, colony is weak, Chinese bee is in inferior position in struggle with Italian bee. After being robbed, Chinese bee groups tendency weak, escape, even the whole group is destroyed when being serious.
3. In mating season, Chinese bee drone and Italian bee drone have the same mating tour time. Space distribution of drone is unequal; drone congregation area exists and drone congregation area of Chinese bee and Italy bee overlap.
4. In early spring if mature period of drone is close to, and Chinese bee's raise district is same as Italian bee, often causing mating success rate of Chinese bee relatively lower.
5. In sunny warm with gentle breeze afternoon, Chinese virgin queen, Italian virgin queen and the bait maked of her draw liquid have function of luring to the Italian bee drone; And Italian bee drone chase and attempt to mate with Chinese virgin queen, the behavior caused mating interferes to Chinese drone and Chinese virgin queen.
引文
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