地震台阵的设计与数据处理研究
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摘要
1958年，日内瓦裁军谈判特设科学专家组提出了建设地震台阵以监测和识别远处地下核试验的构想。经过40多年的发展，地震台阵的主要目的和任务已发生了重大变化，并在全球范围内形成多种台阵广泛分布的局面。目前，作为一种监测手段及地球物理研究技术，地震台阵的建设及研究在国际上十分活跃。台阵的优势就在于可以通过台阵各子台所接收到的信号进行各种组合分析以压低背景干扰、突出和加强地震信号，从而可获取比现有地震观测台网更多的有关震源和地球内部结构的信息。
本文进一步进行了地震台阵的设计与建设、台阵数据处理方法及其在地球物理中的应用等方面的研究工作，提高了台阵聚束和台阵频率波数分析的理论水平，提出了自动识别台阵记录地震震相的方法，对F-K功率谱差检测局部散射源、宽频带密集台阵的接收函数法进行广泛的探索，并利用上海地震台阵的宽频带数字资料对小地震进行研究，由此得出了以下一些新的研究结果。
第一，台阵设计研究。引入子台布局建模概念，并应用于上海地震台阵的建设，根据现有地形特征和台阵建设目的，为上海地震台阵设计出比较合理的台阵布局，选择理想的子台台基，得到良好的台阵性能。指出台阵标定的重要意义，并具体实现上海地震台阵的标定。
第二，台阵聚束效应研究。由于目前的聚束处理方法对信噪比低的记录无法得到较好的结果，本文提出三种台阵聚束方法：频率扫描聚束法、视速率扫描聚束法及自适应滤波与最佳加权算法。前两者，采用优化相关法与简单加权法，并引入介质响应向量；后者，利用噪声的功率谱来设计自适应滤波的各参数，由最佳加权算法来估算各子台的时间延迟。利用以上三种方法对实际震例的测试结果表明，频率扫描法处理速度快，适用于实时处理，可利用所得到的频率参数来检测各震相；视速度扫描法所得到的聚束波形基本上保存了各频率成分，可利用处理结果中的方位角参数初步得到地震震源位置，所得到的视速度值将有助于震相识别；自适应滤波与最佳加权法所得到的时间延迟误差最小，可用于地震定位。
第三，台阵F-K算法研究。该研究讨论了F-K分析算法的理论基础及具体实现。F-K技术可识别和分离不同慢度、不同频率的波，但是，目前此技术有一定的不足，如何提高结果的精确性还是一个难题。本文对F-K的处理误差进行分析，研究其来源，结果表明：此误差与子台布局有关，随子台数目与孔径的减少而增加；远震的视慢度值误差低于近震，而远震的方位角误差高于近震；在低频，方位角较稳定，高频时，视速度较稳定。由此说明，地表地形和台阵地下结构的不均匀性是慢度异常的主要来源，相对小规模的横向结构是方位角偏离的主要原因，视速度值主要是受大比例垂向结构的影响。此外，利用在此基础上研制的程序对上海地震台阵实际地震的测试结果得出：F-K技术的分辨率有所提高，可区分不同方向地震波场的能量分布；对于频率相同、波速相同、但方向不同的场地噪声与地震信号，也可达到良好的效果。
第四，散射源研究。提出一种尝试性方法，以F-K技术为研究手段，利用远震P波波形来识别和确定局部散射源位置。由于散射波一般淹没在直达P波的波形里，简单地进行F-K谱分析无法确定散射波的存在，因此需借助于F-K功率谱差，减弱P波的影响，改进对局部散射源的识别效果，研究散射波波至的特征。将相对于续至波时窗与初动P波时窗的F-K功率谱相减，提高识别散射的效果，研究局部散射源的距离与方位。对上海台阵附近散射源研究表明，该台阵附近存在两个明显的散射波，分别来自于台阵以南约100～105km处及台阵以北约114～119km处，有可能是由台阵的南面102km处的浙北平原与浙南山区交界地区及台阵的北面116km处的苏北盆地边缘的入射P波的散射而产生的。由于研究所用的远震原始数据来自于不同的方位，
中国地震局地球物理研究所博士论文
对于不同的地震，散射波源的方位角变化不大，可见这次研究中观测到的散射并不强烈地依赖
于入射能量的方向。由于FesK技术分辨率的局限性，研究仅能得出较为突出和一致的散射波，
为此，还需作进一步的研究。
第五，台阵记录震相的自动识别研究。针对地震台阵的特点，利用F一K技术完成对弱地震
的检测，并进行震相的自动识别，提出了一种适用于地震台阵的有效方法。对上海地震台阵记
录的实际地震研究表明:地脉动F一K分析的方位角与时间的关系曲线呈不规则分布;而地震F一K
分析的方位角与时间的关系曲线是有规则的，近线性分布。据此，可用F一分析对记录波形进
行实时扫描，进行地震识别，检测地震，甚至弱小地震。测试误差分析表明，此方法能满足地
震定位要求和定位精度。
第六，台阵的应用研究。利用宽频带数字化地震台阵所获得的小地震记录的资料，对小地
震的频谱与震源波谱进行研究，讨论地震矩、拐角频率、破裂尺度和应力降与震级的关系，以
及它们之间的相互关系，并就两组张家港地震序列的震源参数随时间的变化进行分析，探索其
震源破裂过程，为上海及其邻近区域的中期或中短期地震预报提供参考。研究结果表明:拐角
频率与震级存在半对数线性关系，S波
The scientist and expert group brought up the suggestion to construct seismic array for monitoring and identifying the faraway underground nuclear test at the Genevese Nuclear Disarmament Negotiation in 1958. Through the development of more than 40 years, the major aims and functions of seismic array observation have many important changes, and many kinds of seismic array are widely distributed in the world. Today, as a kind of monitoring means and geophysical research technique, the construction and study of seismic array is very active in the world. The advantage of seismic array is to weaken the disturbed noises and enhance the earthquake signals by the use of the combination analysis of the signals recorded at all sub-stations of the seimic array, obtaining more information on seismic focus and structure of the Earth interior than the existing seismic observation network.
hi this dissertation, the design and construction of seismic array, the data processing techiques for array, and its application to geophysical field and etc are studied further. The theory level of the beamform and the F-K analysis for seismic array is raised. The new method of automatically recognizing the seismic phases from seismogram recorded in the sismic array is put forward. The detection of local scatter sources with the F-K power difference and the method of receiver function for the broadband and the dense seismic array is investigated extensively. Additionally, the characteristics of small earthquakes are studied using the broadband digital data from Shanghai Seismic Array. So, some new research results are obtained as follows.
The first, the design of the seismic array. On the basis of the mathematical model about performance of seismic array, the relation between the layout and the performance of seismic array is studied, and hereby the modeling concept of sub-station layout is introduced, which is applied to the construction of Shanghai Seismic Array. According to the natural topographic feature and the purpose of array construction, we designed the most reasonable layout of sub-stations for Shanghai Seismic Array, which results in selecting the reasonable sub-station positions and gaining the good array performance. This paper also points out the importance of array caliberation and it is applied to the caliberation of Shanghai Seismic Array practically.
The second, the beamform effect of the seismic array. Because the more satisfied results can't be obtained from the records of lower Signal-to-Noise by the use of the applied beamform analysis, in this paper the three new methods of beamform are given, which are the frequency scanning beamform, the apparent velocity scanning beamform, and the optimized weighted beamform arithmetic with self-adaptive filter. For the first two, the improved correlation method and simple weighted method are adopted, and the new medium-respond vector is introduced. And for the latter, the parameters of self-adaptive filter are designed using the noise's spectrum, and the delay times of all sub-stations are estimated using the optimized weighted arithmetic. The three methods are used for the testing of the earthquake instances, and it shows that, (1) the frenquency scanning beamform only needs short time for analysis and can be used in the real-time processing. The frenquency parameters obtained are helpful to identify phases. (2
) The beamform waveforms obtained by use of the apparent velocity
scanning beamform preserve all frequency components basically. The azimuth and apparent velocity obtained from processing results can be used to preliminarily determine the location of seismic focus. And the apparent velocities obtained are also helpful to identify phases. (3) The optimized weighted beamform arithmetic with self-adaptive filter has the least error in the delay times of sub-stations, which can be applied to the locating of earthquake.
The third, F-K algorithm for seismic array. Here we discuss the theoretic foundation of F-K algorithm and introduce its application. The various wave
本文进一步进行了地震台阵的设计与建设、台阵数据处理方法及其在地球物理中的应用等方面的研究工作，提高了台阵聚束和台阵频率波数分析的理论水平，提出了自动识别台阵记录地震震相的方法，对F-K功率谱差检测局部散射源、宽频带密集台阵的接收函数法进行广泛的探索，并利用上海地震台阵的宽频带数字资料对小地震进行研究，由此得出了以下一些新的研究结果。
第一，台阵设计研究。引入子台布局建模概念，并应用于上海地震台阵的建设，根据现有地形特征和台阵建设目的，为上海地震台阵设计出比较合理的台阵布局，选择理想的子台台基，得到良好的台阵性能。指出台阵标定的重要意义，并具体实现上海地震台阵的标定。
第二，台阵聚束效应研究。由于目前的聚束处理方法对信噪比低的记录无法得到较好的结果，本文提出三种台阵聚束方法：频率扫描聚束法、视速率扫描聚束法及自适应滤波与最佳加权算法。前两者，采用优化相关法与简单加权法，并引入介质响应向量；后者，利用噪声的功率谱来设计自适应滤波的各参数，由最佳加权算法来估算各子台的时间延迟。利用以上三种方法对实际震例的测试结果表明，频率扫描法处理速度快，适用于实时处理，可利用所得到的频率参数来检测各震相；视速度扫描法所得到的聚束波形基本上保存了各频率成分，可利用处理结果中的方位角参数初步得到地震震源位置，所得到的视速度值将有助于震相识别；自适应滤波与最佳加权法所得到的时间延迟误差最小，可用于地震定位。
第三，台阵F-K算法研究。该研究讨论了F-K分析算法的理论基础及具体实现。F-K技术可识别和分离不同慢度、不同频率的波，但是，目前此技术有一定的不足，如何提高结果的精确性还是一个难题。本文对F-K的处理误差进行分析，研究其来源，结果表明：此误差与子台布局有关，随子台数目与孔径的减少而增加；远震的视慢度值误差低于近震，而远震的方位角误差高于近震；在低频，方位角较稳定，高频时，视速度较稳定。由此说明，地表地形和台阵地下结构的不均匀性是慢度异常的主要来源，相对小规模的横向结构是方位角偏离的主要原因，视速度值主要是受大比例垂向结构的影响。此外，利用在此基础上研制的程序对上海地震台阵实际地震的测试结果得出：F-K技术的分辨率有所提高，可区分不同方向地震波场的能量分布；对于频率相同、波速相同、但方向不同的场地噪声与地震信号，也可达到良好的效果。
第四，散射源研究。提出一种尝试性方法，以F-K技术为研究手段，利用远震P波波形来识别和确定局部散射源位置。由于散射波一般淹没在直达P波的波形里，简单地进行F-K谱分析无法确定散射波的存在，因此需借助于F-K功率谱差，减弱P波的影响，改进对局部散射源的识别效果，研究散射波波至的特征。将相对于续至波时窗与初动P波时窗的F-K功率谱相减，提高识别散射的效果，研究局部散射源的距离与方位。对上海台阵附近散射源研究表明，该台阵附近存在两个明显的散射波，分别来自于台阵以南约100～105km处及台阵以北约114～119km处，有可能是由台阵的南面102km处的浙北平原与浙南山区交界地区及台阵的北面116km处的苏北盆地边缘的入射P波的散射而产生的。由于研究所用的远震原始数据来自于不同的方位，
中国地震局地球物理研究所博士论文
对于不同的地震，散射波源的方位角变化不大，可见这次研究中观测到的散射并不强烈地依赖
于入射能量的方向。由于FesK技术分辨率的局限性，研究仅能得出较为突出和一致的散射波，
为此，还需作进一步的研究。
第五，台阵记录震相的自动识别研究。针对地震台阵的特点，利用F一K技术完成对弱地震
的检测，并进行震相的自动识别，提出了一种适用于地震台阵的有效方法。对上海地震台阵记
录的实际地震研究表明:地脉动F一K分析的方位角与时间的关系曲线呈不规则分布;而地震F一K
分析的方位角与时间的关系曲线是有规则的，近线性分布。据此，可用F一分析对记录波形进
行实时扫描，进行地震识别，检测地震，甚至弱小地震。测试误差分析表明，此方法能满足地
震定位要求和定位精度。
第六，台阵的应用研究。利用宽频带数字化地震台阵所获得的小地震记录的资料，对小地
震的频谱与震源波谱进行研究，讨论地震矩、拐角频率、破裂尺度和应力降与震级的关系，以
及它们之间的相互关系，并就两组张家港地震序列的震源参数随时间的变化进行分析，探索其
震源破裂过程，为上海及其邻近区域的中期或中短期地震预报提供参考。研究结果表明:拐角
频率与震级存在半对数线性关系，S波
The scientist and expert group brought up the suggestion to construct seismic array for monitoring and identifying the faraway underground nuclear test at the Genevese Nuclear Disarmament Negotiation in 1958. Through the development of more than 40 years, the major aims and functions of seismic array observation have many important changes, and many kinds of seismic array are widely distributed in the world. Today, as a kind of monitoring means and geophysical research technique, the construction and study of seismic array is very active in the world. The advantage of seismic array is to weaken the disturbed noises and enhance the earthquake signals by the use of the combination analysis of the signals recorded at all sub-stations of the seimic array, obtaining more information on seismic focus and structure of the Earth interior than the existing seismic observation network.
hi this dissertation, the design and construction of seismic array, the data processing techiques for array, and its application to geophysical field and etc are studied further. The theory level of the beamform and the F-K analysis for seismic array is raised. The new method of automatically recognizing the seismic phases from seismogram recorded in the sismic array is put forward. The detection of local scatter sources with the F-K power difference and the method of receiver function for the broadband and the dense seismic array is investigated extensively. Additionally, the characteristics of small earthquakes are studied using the broadband digital data from Shanghai Seismic Array. So, some new research results are obtained as follows.
The first, the design of the seismic array. On the basis of the mathematical model about performance of seismic array, the relation between the layout and the performance of seismic array is studied, and hereby the modeling concept of sub-station layout is introduced, which is applied to the construction of Shanghai Seismic Array. According to the natural topographic feature and the purpose of array construction, we designed the most reasonable layout of sub-stations for Shanghai Seismic Array, which results in selecting the reasonable sub-station positions and gaining the good array performance. This paper also points out the importance of array caliberation and it is applied to the caliberation of Shanghai Seismic Array practically.
The second, the beamform effect of the seismic array. Because the more satisfied results can't be obtained from the records of lower Signal-to-Noise by the use of the applied beamform analysis, in this paper the three new methods of beamform are given, which are the frequency scanning beamform, the apparent velocity scanning beamform, and the optimized weighted beamform arithmetic with self-adaptive filter. For the first two, the improved correlation method and simple weighted method are adopted, and the new medium-respond vector is introduced. And for the latter, the parameters of self-adaptive filter are designed using the noise's spectrum, and the delay times of all sub-stations are estimated using the optimized weighted arithmetic. The three methods are used for the testing of the earthquake instances, and it shows that, (1) the frenquency scanning beamform only needs short time for analysis and can be used in the real-time processing. The frenquency parameters obtained are helpful to identify phases. (2
) The beamform waveforms obtained by use of the apparent velocity
scanning beamform preserve all frequency components basically. The azimuth and apparent velocity obtained from processing results can be used to preliminarily determine the location of seismic focus. And the apparent velocities obtained are also helpful to identify phases. (3) The optimized weighted beamform arithmetic with self-adaptive filter has the least error in the delay times of sub-stations, which can be applied to the locating of earthquake.
The third, F-K algorithm for seismic array. Here we discuss the theoretic foundation of F-K algorithm and introduce its application. The various wave
引文
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佟玉霞，朱元清，F—K分析在上海地震台阵建设中的应用，西北地震学报，24(1)，2002
佟玉霞，朱元清，上海地震台阵响应图及其计算方法，地震地磁观测与研究，23(2)，2002
佟玉霞，秦浩文等，上海地震台阵的标定方法，地震地磁观测与研究，23(2)，2002
朱元清，佟玉霞等，数字化台网的近震震相自动识别，西北地震学报，24(1)，2002
朱元清，佟玉霞等，上海地震台阵的设计方法，地震地磁观测与研究，23(2)，2002
佟玉霞，朱元清，台阵地震信号的检测与处理方法，内蒙古地震，24(1)，2002
佟玉霞，朱元清，F—K分析方法研究，内蒙古地震，24(1)，2002