企业组织系统柔性及其重构研究
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摘要
柔性是企业在不确定环境中求得生存和发展的一个重要和不可缺少的因素。然而目前绝大多数关于柔性的研究都是针对柔性制造系统(Flexible Manufactring System，FMS)，并且大多是关于战术技术上的运作分析，局限在柔性的技术实现方法上，注重硬件柔性而忽略软件柔性，没有考虑到重要的人的因素和组织因素对柔性的影响，因此对于评价企业的柔性来说它们是不完善的。
本文侧重从企业组织系统上来研究其柔性与重构问题。首先以组织系统柔性理论的发展脉络为轴线，分析组织系统柔性的内涵及主要影响因素，并对组织系统柔性的定位模式进行概述；其次，在对组织系统柔性定性分析的基础上，应用多级模糊有效性评价方法和BP神经网络方法来对其进行定量的测度研究。然后从系统的观点出发，应用熵的思想，并结合柔性度量的三维指标来对组织系统最佳柔性水平的选择问题进行分析，建立了组织系统柔性水平选择的熵模型；针对组织柔性的实现方式，本文通过分析组织重构的涵义及目标，以及组织柔性与组织重构的关系，总结出了面向柔性的组织系统重构思想及内容。并在分析组织系统重构策略的基础上，总结出面向柔性的组织系统重构策略和分阶段实现组织系统柔性的实施模式：最后从知识经济和信息网络的背景出发，论述组织系统柔性及其重构的扩展，进而探讨适应知识经济时代需要的未来的柔性组织形式，本文最后对组织系统柔性测度进行例证分析。
本文首次将企业组织系统柔性与组织系统重构结合起来进行研究，是把系统分析应用于组织系统研究的一种新的尝试。该研究成果为企业组织系统的设计及重构提供了相关的理论依据和有价值的评价方法及模型系统，可用来指导我国企业优化组织系统，提高企业柔性，增强企业对不确定环境的适应能力。
Flexibility is an important and indispensable factor for enterprise to survive and develop in uncertain environment. However, most of the research on flexibility aimed at the Flexible Manufacturing System, related to operating analysis on tactics and technology, localized on technical implement ways about flexibility, placed stress on hardware flexibility and ignore software flexibility, and didn't take the individual and organizational influence into account. So, it is not perfect to evaluate the enterprise flexibility.
This paper will emphasize particularly on studying enterprise flexibility and reengineering from organizational system. Firstly, according to the development of organizational sysytem flexibility theory, we analysed the connotation and main influencing factors of organizational system flexibility, summarized its orientation model. Then based on the qualitative analysis on organizational system flexibility, we also did some quantitative measuring studying by using multi-step fuzzy efficiency evaluation method and Back Progagation Neural Networks. Whereafter, this paper analysed the selection issue of optimal flexibility level of organizational flexibility from the system point and by using the entropy ideal and three-dimensional index of flexibility evaluating, and established entropy model on selecting optimal flexibility level of organizational system. As for the implementing mode of organizational system flexibility, organizational system reengineering idea and content oriented flexibility were sumed up th
rough analysing the meaning and objects of organizational reengineering and the relations between organizational flexibility and its reengineering. Moreover, on the basis of studying organizational system reengineering strategy, this paper summarized organizational system reengineering strategy oriented flexibility and phased implement model of organizational system flexibility. At last, in the point view of intelligence economy and information network, there has a discussion on extending of organizational system flexibility and organization reengineering. Furthermore, the future flexible organization models that can adapt the needs of
intelligence economy were discussed. An exemplification of measuring organizational system flexibility was presented.
It is the first time to study enterprise organizational system flexibility combining organizational system reengineering. It is a new attempt to apply system analyses to the study of organization system. The achievements in research provided relevant theory foundation and valuable appraisal methods & model system for enterprise organizational system designing and reengineering. It can be used for instructing enterprise of our country to optimize organizational system, improve enterprise flexibility, and strengthen the adaptive capacity to the uncertain environment.
本文侧重从企业组织系统上来研究其柔性与重构问题。首先以组织系统柔性理论的发展脉络为轴线，分析组织系统柔性的内涵及主要影响因素，并对组织系统柔性的定位模式进行概述；其次，在对组织系统柔性定性分析的基础上，应用多级模糊有效性评价方法和BP神经网络方法来对其进行定量的测度研究。然后从系统的观点出发，应用熵的思想，并结合柔性度量的三维指标来对组织系统最佳柔性水平的选择问题进行分析，建立了组织系统柔性水平选择的熵模型；针对组织柔性的实现方式，本文通过分析组织重构的涵义及目标，以及组织柔性与组织重构的关系，总结出了面向柔性的组织系统重构思想及内容。并在分析组织系统重构策略的基础上，总结出面向柔性的组织系统重构策略和分阶段实现组织系统柔性的实施模式：最后从知识经济和信息网络的背景出发，论述组织系统柔性及其重构的扩展，进而探讨适应知识经济时代需要的未来的柔性组织形式，本文最后对组织系统柔性测度进行例证分析。
本文首次将企业组织系统柔性与组织系统重构结合起来进行研究，是把系统分析应用于组织系统研究的一种新的尝试。该研究成果为企业组织系统的设计及重构提供了相关的理论依据和有价值的评价方法及模型系统，可用来指导我国企业优化组织系统，提高企业柔性，增强企业对不确定环境的适应能力。
Flexibility is an important and indispensable factor for enterprise to survive and develop in uncertain environment. However, most of the research on flexibility aimed at the Flexible Manufacturing System, related to operating analysis on tactics and technology, localized on technical implement ways about flexibility, placed stress on hardware flexibility and ignore software flexibility, and didn't take the individual and organizational influence into account. So, it is not perfect to evaluate the enterprise flexibility.
This paper will emphasize particularly on studying enterprise flexibility and reengineering from organizational system. Firstly, according to the development of organizational sysytem flexibility theory, we analysed the connotation and main influencing factors of organizational system flexibility, summarized its orientation model. Then based on the qualitative analysis on organizational system flexibility, we also did some quantitative measuring studying by using multi-step fuzzy efficiency evaluation method and Back Progagation Neural Networks. Whereafter, this paper analysed the selection issue of optimal flexibility level of organizational flexibility from the system point and by using the entropy ideal and three-dimensional index of flexibility evaluating, and established entropy model on selecting optimal flexibility level of organizational system. As for the implementing mode of organizational system flexibility, organizational system reengineering idea and content oriented flexibility were sumed up th
rough analysing the meaning and objects of organizational reengineering and the relations between organizational flexibility and its reengineering. Moreover, on the basis of studying organizational system reengineering strategy, this paper summarized organizational system reengineering strategy oriented flexibility and phased implement model of organizational system flexibility. At last, in the point view of intelligence economy and information network, there has a discussion on extending of organizational system flexibility and organization reengineering. Furthermore, the future flexible organization models that can adapt the needs of
intelligence economy were discussed. An exemplification of measuring organizational system flexibility was presented.
It is the first time to study enterprise organizational system flexibility combining organizational system reengineering. It is a new attempt to apply system analyses to the study of organization system. The achievements in research provided relevant theory foundation and valuable appraisal methods & model system for enterprise organizational system designing and reengineering. It can be used for instructing enterprise of our country to optimize organizational system, improve enterprise flexibility, and strengthen the adaptive capacity to the uncertain environment.
引文
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[3] Meyer A D. Flexibility. The Next Competitive Battle. Strategic Management Journal, 1989 (7): 135～144.
[4] James Martin. The Transformation of Universal Enterprises. Management Review.1995.
[5] Kogut, Bruce, Kulatilaka, Nalin. Operating Flexibility, Global Manufacturing and the Option Value of Multinational Network. Journal of Management Science, 1994,40(1): 123-139.
[6] Siva P Paland Shoukry Salehs. Tactical Flexibility of manufacturing Technologies. IEEE Trans. Eng. Manage, 1993,40(4): 373-380.
[7] 黄丽华，葛永利，富小丽，薛华成．企业过程柔性的概念框架．系统工程理论与实践．1999(10)．
[8] Amos J W, Gibson D V. An exploratory model of agility: key facilitators and performance matrics [A] . 4th Annual Agility Forum Conf. Proe. [C] . Atlanta, 1995:173.
[9] 张钢．企业组织创新研究．第1版．北京：科学出版社．2000．5．
[10] Xavier de Groote. The Flexibility of Production Processes: A General Framework. Management Secienee,1994,40(7): 933～945.
[11] Mandelbaum M. Flexibility in Decision Making: an Exploration and Unification: [Ph.D Thesis] .Totonto, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Totonto,1978.
[12] Buzacott JA, Mandelbaum M. Flexibility and Productive in Manufacturing Systems [A] . Proceedings Annual ILE Conference[C] . Los Angeles, CA. 1985.404-413.
[13] Chung C H, Chen I j. Managing Flexibility of Flexible Manufacturing Systems for Competitive Edge [M] . The Selecting and Evaluation of Advanced manufacturing Technologies, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990, 280-305.
[14] Gupta D, Buzacott J A. A Framework for Understanding Flexibility of Manufacturing Systems. Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 1989,8(2): 89-97.
[15] Lester D H. Critical success factors for new product development. Research Technology Management,1998,41(1):36～43.
[16] Lundqvist M. Managing deliberations in product development-relating organization to process. Intl. J. of Human Factors in Manufacturing, 1994,4(3): 305～320
[17] Sanchez, Ron, Strategic Flexibility in Product Competition; Strategic Management Journal, Chichester, 1995(16): pg135.
[18] J.D. Stephen, E.W. William. Information Processing and Organization Structure. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 1998, (36): 297-210.
[19] 聂规划，方澜．企业柔性及其度量研究．武汉理工大学学报，2002(3)．
[20] 刘英姿，陈荣秋，徐碚．柔性(Flexibility)的概念及其控制模型．机械与电子．2002(1)．
[21] 刘曙光，陈荣秋，鞠静．柔性的比较性定义和性质．华中理工大学学报．1997，25(10)．
[22] 刘英姿．柔性度量的三维指标分析．华中理工大学学报·社会科学版．1998(3)，总第39期．
[23] 汪伟，陈荣秋．企业组织结构柔性的定量化研究．华中理工大学学报．1997，25(9)．
[24] 鲍震宁，范玉顺．基于对象的柔性组织建模方法．计算机集成制造系统CIMS．2002．1，8(1)．
[25] 文彦．组织有效性衡量及影响因素分析的模型研究[学位论文] ．西南师范大学硕士学位论文，2001．6．
[26] 李文波，吴冲锋，王意冈．Petri网分析企业组织效率的探讨．管理科学学报，1999，2(2)．
[27] 王意冈，张肖南．用Petri网研究组织结构形式．系统工程学报，1998，18(3)．
[28] 王满仓，闫奕荣．柔性组织：企业组织结构的战略性创新．西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版)．1999．8，29(3)．
[29] 刘曙光，陈荣秋，马士华．提高企业组织柔性的研究．计算机集成制造系统CIMS．1997．10，(5)．
[30] Grabam M R W.FMS Require Flexible People. Human Systems Management, 1986.6: 211-222.
[31] 龚代华，陈荣秋，朱静萍．企业中个体柔性的研究．华中理工大学学报，1998．8，26(8)．
[32] [美] 斯蒂芬·P·罗宾斯著．黄卫伟孙建敏等译．工商管理经典译丛，管理学(第四版)[M] ．第1版．中国人民大学出版社．1997．4：244-246．
[33] Charles Perrow. Organizing America: Wealth, Power, and the Origins of Corporate
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