压电变压器接触散热装置的研究
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摘要
压电变压器利用压电材料的逆压电效应和正压电效应,通过机械振动实现了能量传递,具有功率密度高、结构简单、成本低等巨大的优势,可能成为电磁变压器的替代产品。理论上压电变压器的功率密度可高达400W/cm3以上,现在实际使用时低于30W/cm3,这种实际和理论的差距主要是介电、机械和压电损耗发热造成的。为了实现可靠工作和高功率密度能量传输,抑制压电变压器工作时候的温升就显得非常重要。以往压电变压器通常采用点固支方式、仅依靠空气对流较为单一的方法进行散热,普遍存在散热效率低、本体发热严重、稳定性差、功率密度低的缺点,大大制约了压电变压器的普及。本论文首次提出了面接触式压电变压器散热方式,有效地解决了相关问题,使压电变压器的可利用的功率密度得以大幅提高。此种散热方式对于压电材料的其它用途也有很大的应用空间。论文的主要工作和结论包括：
对于常见的圆形压电变压器通过等效电路方法进行了理论分析,得到了基本特性参数；对于矩形压电变压器的扩展振动模式,通过三维有限元分析计算出了不同情况下的压电变压器的振型、位移分布、输入导纳、输出电压变比及应力分布。通过与实验结果进行比较,证实了仿真计算的可靠和准确性；说明了迟滞是压电材料损耗产生的重要原因,也是压电变压器发热的根本原因。给出了介电损失,压电损失和机械损失的计算方法。根据压电变压器的特点,针对有限元法,给出了压电变压器损耗计算的公式。
对于几种典型的压电变压器,提出了相应的接触式散热结构。利用集中参数模型,理论上分析了散热装置对压电变压器的热导的影响；用三维有限元法得到了压电变压器的温度分布、热梯度、热应力。通过实验验证了温度分析的准确性。分析了理想情况和考虑接触热阻情况的热耦合元件对压电变压器工作的影响。研究了压电变压器的最高温升随散热器长度和宽度尺寸变化的关系。对比压电变压器的速度分布与温度分布,得到幅值大的部分温升较小
首次制作了具有接触式散热结构的压电变压器并对其特性进行了详细的测试。研究了带有散热装置压电变压器的输入导纳、输出电压随负载的变化,功率传输密度、效率、温升、热导等,说明了接触式散热装置对振型的影响较小,大幅改善了热导从而有效地抑制了温升,并在效率大于90%,温升低于10℃的情况下,将相同尺寸压电变压器长期稳定工作的功率密度提高了2倍(从41W/cm3提高到135W/cm3),大大超过了现有记录。通过效率的变化得到了摩擦力对压电变压器的影响,认为其较小可以忽略不计。对接触面的磨损进行了研究并提出了改善磨损的方法。
根据散热和磨损影响,提出了通过增加合适的高分子薄膜过渡层来进一步减小磨损及提高散热效果的方法,并对散热结构进行了简单的优化。研究了聚丙乙烯薄膜过渡层厚度对效率的影响。综合考虑温升和磨损两个因素,对使用58μm厚聚丙烯薄膜过渡层的压电变压器散热结构的性能进行了优化研究。对压电变压器的散热结合面磨损情况进行了长达110天的连续观察,发现在保持同样的效率和功率密度的情况下,使用聚丙烯薄膜过渡层后使磨损量减小了约99%。实验结果充分证明了高分子过渡层的实用性,具有很好的应用前景。
Piezoelectric transformers, which adjust the state of an electric power supply through piezoelectric direct and converse effects and vibration propagation, have potential to meet the requirements of next-generation transformers because of their desirable advantages of miniaturization, high power density, flexible transforming ratio, electromagnetic immunity, incombustibility, and good isolation. In theory, power density can achieve as high as400W/cm3. However, the actual maximum output power density is typically less than30W/cm3for current designs with piezoceramic materials. The main reason for such large decrease of performance is the inevitable increase of their working temperature generated from dielectric, piezoelectric, and mechanical losses. For efficient and reliable operation, it is very important to keep a proper working temperature for the piezoelectric transformers. The conventional piezoelectric transformers were fixed by node support way, which only depend on convection with air for cooling. Therefore, piezoelectric transformers owned shortcomings of low thermal efficiency, poor stability, low power density, which greatly restricted the popularity of the piezoelectric transformer. In the thesis, an innovative design for the piezoelectric transformers heat transfer system(HTS) to fill the blank of a piezoelectric transformer cooling device, which was analyzed in-depth theory and taken experimental studies. In addition, the cooling methods also have potential to other piezoelectric materials application. Main work and conclusions as follow:
According to the piezoelectric effect and the linear piezoelectric equations of the piezoelectric physical basis, a circular piezoelectric transformer was analyzed through equivalent circuit theoretical analysis for basic parameters. For rectangular extension vibration mode of piezoelectric transformer, three-dimensional finite element analysis was used to calculate the ideal case, with damping and with damping&load situations separately. Displacement distribution, input admittance, output voltage ratio and stress distribution were got from ANSYS. The piezoelectric material loss is generated by the hysteresis. We had the reason analysis of hot produced and found its calculation method. At the same time, we have made experimental results compare to the simulation result for confirming the simulation reliability and accuracy; We concluded the calculation method of dielectric loss, piezoelectric loss and mechanical loss. According to the characteristics of piezoelectric transformers, we obtained loss calculation formula for analytical method and finite element method separately.
For piezoelectric transformer in a resonant state, the design of heat transfer structure is the most critical core components. We designed the different heat transfer structure for different vibration mode piezoelectric transformer type. In order to more clearly understand the role of the heat transfer system, the lumped parameter model is used to analyze heat influence into piezoelectric transformer theoretically. Three-dimensional finite element method offered a detailed analysis of the temperature distribution of a single piezoelectric transformer temperature, thermal gradient, thermal stress. We measured temperature distribution by experimental to verify accuracy of the analysis of the temperature; We analyzed and compared the ideal situation and with the thermal contact resistance of heat coupling component on the piezoelectric transformer.
In order to verify the actual effect of the heat transfer system, the surface contacted heat transfer system was designed to test the characteristics of piezoelectric transformer. The contour vibration's thermal structure of the rectangular piezoelectric transformer was selected as prototype. The experimental test circuit was set up. Comparison and discussion between the prototype with and without the heat transfer system are implemented by comparing the input admittance curve, no-load and matching the impedance of the output voltage ratio, input and output power density, efficiency, temperature, and thermal conductivity. The experiment showed5.5times improvement of heat dissipation ability of the PT with HTS, the output power density increases more than2times (from41W/cm3to135W/cm3), with a temperature rise less than10℃and efficiency greater than90%. The results verified that the heat transfer system suppressed the temperature rise excellently and improved power density extraordinary. We also tested a separate contact thermal resistance of the piezoelectric transformer and heat couple component. Under several working hours, the wear of the electrode surface was recorded, then we found the usual decrease wear method in mechanical system, which can be used for future optimization.
In order to reduce the wear influence and improve characteristic of piezoelectric transformer, a layer of polypropylene membrane was glued on thermal coupling component and a simple optimization of thermal structure was taken. The experimental tested the impact on the efficiency of the thickness of the membrane. The thickness of polypropylene film layer was chosen as58μm. Up to110days of cumulative work, the testing result had shown the optimized wear ratio had decreased to approximately1%, with the efficiency and output power stability. The result certificated the optimize structure was suitable for practical applications.
对于常见的圆形压电变压器通过等效电路方法进行了理论分析,得到了基本特性参数；对于矩形压电变压器的扩展振动模式,通过三维有限元分析计算出了不同情况下的压电变压器的振型、位移分布、输入导纳、输出电压变比及应力分布。通过与实验结果进行比较,证实了仿真计算的可靠和准确性；说明了迟滞是压电材料损耗产生的重要原因,也是压电变压器发热的根本原因。给出了介电损失,压电损失和机械损失的计算方法。根据压电变压器的特点,针对有限元法,给出了压电变压器损耗计算的公式。
对于几种典型的压电变压器,提出了相应的接触式散热结构。利用集中参数模型,理论上分析了散热装置对压电变压器的热导的影响；用三维有限元法得到了压电变压器的温度分布、热梯度、热应力。通过实验验证了温度分析的准确性。分析了理想情况和考虑接触热阻情况的热耦合元件对压电变压器工作的影响。研究了压电变压器的最高温升随散热器长度和宽度尺寸变化的关系。对比压电变压器的速度分布与温度分布,得到幅值大的部分温升较小
首次制作了具有接触式散热结构的压电变压器并对其特性进行了详细的测试。研究了带有散热装置压电变压器的输入导纳、输出电压随负载的变化,功率传输密度、效率、温升、热导等,说明了接触式散热装置对振型的影响较小,大幅改善了热导从而有效地抑制了温升,并在效率大于90%,温升低于10℃的情况下,将相同尺寸压电变压器长期稳定工作的功率密度提高了2倍(从41W/cm3提高到135W/cm3),大大超过了现有记录。通过效率的变化得到了摩擦力对压电变压器的影响,认为其较小可以忽略不计。对接触面的磨损进行了研究并提出了改善磨损的方法。
根据散热和磨损影响,提出了通过增加合适的高分子薄膜过渡层来进一步减小磨损及提高散热效果的方法,并对散热结构进行了简单的优化。研究了聚丙乙烯薄膜过渡层厚度对效率的影响。综合考虑温升和磨损两个因素,对使用58μm厚聚丙烯薄膜过渡层的压电变压器散热结构的性能进行了优化研究。对压电变压器的散热结合面磨损情况进行了长达110天的连续观察,发现在保持同样的效率和功率密度的情况下,使用聚丙烯薄膜过渡层后使磨损量减小了约99%。实验结果充分证明了高分子过渡层的实用性,具有很好的应用前景。
Piezoelectric transformers, which adjust the state of an electric power supply through piezoelectric direct and converse effects and vibration propagation, have potential to meet the requirements of next-generation transformers because of their desirable advantages of miniaturization, high power density, flexible transforming ratio, electromagnetic immunity, incombustibility, and good isolation. In theory, power density can achieve as high as400W/cm3. However, the actual maximum output power density is typically less than30W/cm3for current designs with piezoceramic materials. The main reason for such large decrease of performance is the inevitable increase of their working temperature generated from dielectric, piezoelectric, and mechanical losses. For efficient and reliable operation, it is very important to keep a proper working temperature for the piezoelectric transformers. The conventional piezoelectric transformers were fixed by node support way, which only depend on convection with air for cooling. Therefore, piezoelectric transformers owned shortcomings of low thermal efficiency, poor stability, low power density, which greatly restricted the popularity of the piezoelectric transformer. In the thesis, an innovative design for the piezoelectric transformers heat transfer system(HTS) to fill the blank of a piezoelectric transformer cooling device, which was analyzed in-depth theory and taken experimental studies. In addition, the cooling methods also have potential to other piezoelectric materials application. Main work and conclusions as follow:
According to the piezoelectric effect and the linear piezoelectric equations of the piezoelectric physical basis, a circular piezoelectric transformer was analyzed through equivalent circuit theoretical analysis for basic parameters. For rectangular extension vibration mode of piezoelectric transformer, three-dimensional finite element analysis was used to calculate the ideal case, with damping and with damping&load situations separately. Displacement distribution, input admittance, output voltage ratio and stress distribution were got from ANSYS. The piezoelectric material loss is generated by the hysteresis. We had the reason analysis of hot produced and found its calculation method. At the same time, we have made experimental results compare to the simulation result for confirming the simulation reliability and accuracy; We concluded the calculation method of dielectric loss, piezoelectric loss and mechanical loss. According to the characteristics of piezoelectric transformers, we obtained loss calculation formula for analytical method and finite element method separately.
For piezoelectric transformer in a resonant state, the design of heat transfer structure is the most critical core components. We designed the different heat transfer structure for different vibration mode piezoelectric transformer type. In order to more clearly understand the role of the heat transfer system, the lumped parameter model is used to analyze heat influence into piezoelectric transformer theoretically. Three-dimensional finite element method offered a detailed analysis of the temperature distribution of a single piezoelectric transformer temperature, thermal gradient, thermal stress. We measured temperature distribution by experimental to verify accuracy of the analysis of the temperature; We analyzed and compared the ideal situation and with the thermal contact resistance of heat coupling component on the piezoelectric transformer.
In order to verify the actual effect of the heat transfer system, the surface contacted heat transfer system was designed to test the characteristics of piezoelectric transformer. The contour vibration's thermal structure of the rectangular piezoelectric transformer was selected as prototype. The experimental test circuit was set up. Comparison and discussion between the prototype with and without the heat transfer system are implemented by comparing the input admittance curve, no-load and matching the impedance of the output voltage ratio, input and output power density, efficiency, temperature, and thermal conductivity. The experiment showed5.5times improvement of heat dissipation ability of the PT with HTS, the output power density increases more than2times (from41W/cm3to135W/cm3), with a temperature rise less than10℃and efficiency greater than90%. The results verified that the heat transfer system suppressed the temperature rise excellently and improved power density extraordinary. We also tested a separate contact thermal resistance of the piezoelectric transformer and heat couple component. Under several working hours, the wear of the electrode surface was recorded, then we found the usual decrease wear method in mechanical system, which can be used for future optimization.
In order to reduce the wear influence and improve characteristic of piezoelectric transformer, a layer of polypropylene membrane was glued on thermal coupling component and a simple optimization of thermal structure was taken. The experimental tested the impact on the efficiency of the thickness of the membrane. The thickness of polypropylene film layer was chosen as58μm. Up to110days of cumulative work, the testing result had shown the optimized wear ratio had decreased to approximately1%, with the efficiency and output power stability. The result certificated the optimize structure was suitable for practical applications.
引文
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