面向对象技术在沉积相建模中的应用研究
摘要
本文旨在建立一个复杂的系统—沉积相建模系统的00模型。随着软件规模的日益增长，系统的复杂性急剧上升。面向对象技术提供了驾驭系统复杂性的能力和手段。面向对象技术的关键是建模，建立正确的系统模型成为理解系统责任、乃至系统开发成功的关键。系统中使用标准建模语言UML对系统建模，UML具有很强的信息表达能力，但使用起来略感复杂，应根据需要进行裁剪。系统中采用了活动图、用例图、顺序图、交互图和类图建立沉积相建模系统的分析和设计模型。
建立模型需要过程指导，过程为软件开发的各个阶段提供了启发性规则和阶段成果建议。本质上说，00建模可以使用任何过程，我们采用UML作者推荐的统一过程RUP。RUP是一个通用的软件开发过程框架，它支持基于用例的、迭代增量式的开发，适合于小组多阶段的滚动开发。不同的阶段选择不同的用例，从而减低系统复杂性和开发的风险。RUP过程鼓励复用，设计过程中使用很多设计模式来增加复用性，如抽象工厂、观察者模式和迭代器模式等。模式可以使得软件结构稳定合理并具有较强的扩展性，同时具有较好的可维护性。
沉积相建模采用以地质统计学为基础的蒙特卡罗随机模拟方法。该法能够综合测井、录井、地震等多种数据，提供沉积相及油藏属性的多个可选择的、等概率的空间分布图像，这些图像的差异就反映了它们在空间分布的非均值性和不确定性。分析评价这种不确定性，能够为开发人员进行生产的分析和决策提供客观、定量的分析依据，有效降低油田开发的风险。系统给出了沉积相随机建模的分析类图和设计类图，实现了基于指示克里金估计的序贯指示随机模拟算法，该算法对离散数据和连续数据都适用，不要求数据的分布特征，可以较好的模拟相特征。研究了将遗传算法和模拟退火结合来增强算法全局寻优能力和运算效率，并用来模拟沉积属性参数的可能性，该算法是在标准遗传算法中融入局部搜索算法的思想，其特点主要体现在它引入了局部搜索的过程。基于群体中各个个体所对应的表现型，进行局部搜索，从而找出各个个体在目前环境下的局部最优解，以便达到改善群体总体性能的目的。最后给出了一个算法运行效率地比较结果。
The thesis aims to build the object oriented model of a complicated system-sedimentary facies modeling system. The complexity ascending rapidly with the increasing of software scale. The object oriented technique provides the capability and methods to control the complexity .The key of the technique is modeling, the accurate model is the sticking point to comprehend the responsibilities of the software so much as which lead to the success of software devolopment. The system modeling use the standard modeling language UML, which provides strong power to express information but somewhat complicated ,so it needs customize. The activity diagram, use case diagram, sequence diagram, collaboration diagram and the class diagram are used for building the analysis and design model of the sedimentary facies modeling system..
Build the modeling need process guidance, the process offers the illuminated rule and phase advice on modeling result. In essence, the OO modeling can use any process, The unifited process (RUP)which is recommend by the author of UML is adopted .RUP is a universal process framework for software development, it is based on the use case, iterative increment devolopment and adapt to the team multi-phase development. The different phase choose the special use cases, which decrease the complexity and the risk of development. Design patterns are also used to increase the reusability as RUP advocated .The abstract factory, observer and iterator patterns is introduced. The design patterns make the architecture of software reasonable, extendable and more maintainable.
Sedimentary facies modeling use the Monte Carlo stochastic simulation method based on geostatistics. It can combine the seismic ,well logging and mud logging data source and provide multi-choosable and equality probability spatial images, the different images show the heterogeneity and uncertainty.Analysing and valuing the uncertainty offers objective and quantitative assessment standard to the oil engineer so as to reduce the risk of oil field production. The analysis and design class diagram are given. The sequence indication stochastic simulation algorithm based on indicator kriging is realized. The algorithm applies to discrete and continuous variable has no restrict to data distribution. Combination generic algorithm with simulated annealing to boost global optimization and efficiency is studied, the probability to simulate the sedimentary property is also taken into account. The algorithm combine the local search ideal with the standard generic algorithm, the main character is the local searching process is introduced. In order to improve the population performance, the individual local searching is used to get the local optimization on the environment. Finally, the comparison of algorithm efficiency is given.
建立模型需要过程指导，过程为软件开发的各个阶段提供了启发性规则和阶段成果建议。本质上说，00建模可以使用任何过程，我们采用UML作者推荐的统一过程RUP。RUP是一个通用的软件开发过程框架，它支持基于用例的、迭代增量式的开发，适合于小组多阶段的滚动开发。不同的阶段选择不同的用例，从而减低系统复杂性和开发的风险。RUP过程鼓励复用，设计过程中使用很多设计模式来增加复用性，如抽象工厂、观察者模式和迭代器模式等。模式可以使得软件结构稳定合理并具有较强的扩展性，同时具有较好的可维护性。
沉积相建模采用以地质统计学为基础的蒙特卡罗随机模拟方法。该法能够综合测井、录井、地震等多种数据，提供沉积相及油藏属性的多个可选择的、等概率的空间分布图像，这些图像的差异就反映了它们在空间分布的非均值性和不确定性。分析评价这种不确定性，能够为开发人员进行生产的分析和决策提供客观、定量的分析依据，有效降低油田开发的风险。系统给出了沉积相随机建模的分析类图和设计类图，实现了基于指示克里金估计的序贯指示随机模拟算法，该算法对离散数据和连续数据都适用，不要求数据的分布特征，可以较好的模拟相特征。研究了将遗传算法和模拟退火结合来增强算法全局寻优能力和运算效率，并用来模拟沉积属性参数的可能性，该算法是在标准遗传算法中融入局部搜索算法的思想，其特点主要体现在它引入了局部搜索的过程。基于群体中各个个体所对应的表现型，进行局部搜索，从而找出各个个体在目前环境下的局部最优解，以便达到改善群体总体性能的目的。最后给出了一个算法运行效率地比较结果。
The thesis aims to build the object oriented model of a complicated system-sedimentary facies modeling system. The complexity ascending rapidly with the increasing of software scale. The object oriented technique provides the capability and methods to control the complexity .The key of the technique is modeling, the accurate model is the sticking point to comprehend the responsibilities of the software so much as which lead to the success of software devolopment. The system modeling use the standard modeling language UML, which provides strong power to express information but somewhat complicated ,so it needs customize. The activity diagram, use case diagram, sequence diagram, collaboration diagram and the class diagram are used for building the analysis and design model of the sedimentary facies modeling system..
Build the modeling need process guidance, the process offers the illuminated rule and phase advice on modeling result. In essence, the OO modeling can use any process, The unifited process (RUP)which is recommend by the author of UML is adopted .RUP is a universal process framework for software development, it is based on the use case, iterative increment devolopment and adapt to the team multi-phase development. The different phase choose the special use cases, which decrease the complexity and the risk of development. Design patterns are also used to increase the reusability as RUP advocated .The abstract factory, observer and iterator patterns is introduced. The design patterns make the architecture of software reasonable, extendable and more maintainable.
Sedimentary facies modeling use the Monte Carlo stochastic simulation method based on geostatistics. It can combine the seismic ,well logging and mud logging data source and provide multi-choosable and equality probability spatial images, the different images show the heterogeneity and uncertainty.Analysing and valuing the uncertainty offers objective and quantitative assessment standard to the oil engineer so as to reduce the risk of oil field production. The analysis and design class diagram are given. The sequence indication stochastic simulation algorithm based on indicator kriging is realized. The algorithm applies to discrete and continuous variable has no restrict to data distribution. Combination generic algorithm with simulated annealing to boost global optimization and efficiency is studied, the probability to simulate the sedimentary property is also taken into account. The algorithm combine the local search ideal with the standard generic algorithm, the main character is the local searching process is introduced. In order to improve the population performance, the individual local searching is used to get the local optimization on the environment. Finally, the comparison of algorithm efficiency is given.
引文
[1] 王仁怿，胡光道．线性地质统计学．地质出版社．1988．11
[2] 邵维忠 杨芙清．面向对象的系统分析．清华大学出版社．1992．41
[3] 肖斌，赵鹏大，侯景儒．地质统计学新进展．1992
[4] 王家华．油气储层随机建模的研究和应用．1996
[5] Martin J,Odell．软件工程百科全书．Prentice-Hall．1995
[6] B.Bruegge A.H.Dutoit．面向对象的软件工程．清华大学出版社．2002．10
[7] 王立福．UML(统一建模语言)之要点与应用．软件工程专家网．2003．09
[8] Joseph Schmuller. UML基础、案例与应用．人民邮电出版社．2002．6
[9] Mehmet Aksit. Use Cases in Object-Oriented Software Development.
[10] 冯国庆 李允等．应用序贯指示模拟方法模拟沉积微相．西南石油学院学报．2001．4
[11] 张团峰 王家华．试论克里金估计与随机模拟的本质区别．西安石油学院学报．1997．3
[12] PanGuocheng何凯涛 辜华良译．地质统计学中的估值技术和条件模拟．世界地质．1997．9
[13] Bob Tarr．一些面向对象的设计法则．软件工程专家网．2002．09
[14] Alistair Cockburn．编写有效用例．机械工业出版社．2002．8
[15] 徐果明．反演理论及其应用．地震出版社．2003．6．P136～150
[16] Martin Fowler,Kendall Scott. UML精粹．清华大学出版社．2000．4
[17] Erich Gamma Richard Helm等．设计模式-可复用面向对象软件的基础．机械工业出版社．2000．9
[18] 邵维忠 杨芙清．面向对象的系统设计．清华大学出版社．2002．4
[19] Roger S.Pressman．软件工程-实践者的研究方法．机械工业出版社．1999
[20] 董纯 康玲 侯国祥．基于遗传模拟退火法的马斯京根方程参数估计．华中科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2002．10
[21] RUP概述．Rantional Company．1994
[22] 王新生，姜友华等．模拟退火算法及其在非线性地学模型参数估计中的应用．华中师范大学学报(自然科学版)．2001．3
[23] 冯国庆，李允等．应用序贯指示模拟方法模拟沉积微相．西南石油学院学报．200．14
[24] 张光明．开发中后期油藏精细描述与开发调整研究．成都理工大学．2001．10
[25] 吴建锋．基于UML活动图的工作流过程建模研究．湖南大学．2003．3
[26] 牟传兴．基于UML和统一过程的建模技术的研究与应用．北京工业大学．2003．5
[27] 张施课．基于遗传算法的空战编队优化研究．西北工业大学．2003．3
[28] 苗玉彬．逆摄动法和人机交互退火遗传算法及其应用．大连理工大学．2001．6
[29] 李新，程国栋，卢玲．空间内插方法比较．地球科学进展．2000．3
[30] 陈家军，郭乔羽，王红旗，王金生．应用协同-泛克立格法估计地下水水位．北京师范大学学报．1998
[31] 侯景儒，郭光裕．矿床统计预测及地质统计学的理论与应用[M]．北京：冶金工业出版社．1993
[32] Allen Holub．00设计过程入门：如何设定优先级．http://www.imb900.com.2002．9
[33] 温昱．RUP定制原理．系统分析员之窗网站．
[34] Meilir Page-Jones．UML面向对象设计基础．人民邮电出版社．2001
[35] 张克东，庄燕滨．软件工程与软件测试自动化教程．电子工业出版社．2001
[36] 刘超，张莉．可视化面向对象建模技术．北京航空航天大学出版社．2002
[37] 刘勇等．非数值并行算法(第一册)-模拟退火算法[M]．北京：科学出版社．1997
[38] 王凌．智能优化算法及其应用．北京：清华大学出版社，施普林格出版社．2001：P159～166
[39] 王小平，曹立明．遗传算法理论、应用与软件实现．西安交通大学出版社．2002
[40] 徐跃飞，李言等．遗传调度算法的研究．中国机械工程．1998．9(3)
[41] C Webster. The Object Oriented Paradigm in GIS[J]. International Archive of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing ,1990b, (28):561-572
[42] Goguen J, Messang J. Unifying Functional, Object Oriented and Relational Programming with Logic Semantics. In Research Direction in Object Oriented Programming [M]. MIT Press, 1987
[43] A.S. Emannel, G. k. Alameda, R. a. Behrens and T.A. Jenett, 1989, Reservoir Performance prediction methods based on fractal geostatistics. SPE Reservoir Engineering. August. 1989 P311-318
[44] Olivier Dubrule .A review of stochastic models for petroleum reservoir Geostatistics. Vol. 2. 1989, P493-506
[45] A.G. Journel. Nonparametric Estimation of spatial distributions math. Geology. Vol. 15, No. 3 1983. P445-468
[46] George Christaks. Stochastic simulation of spatially correlated geoprocesses, Math. Geology. Vol 19, No. 8. 1997
[47] Pavel Hruby. Specification of Workflow Management Systems with UML. http://www.umlchina.com
[48] Pete McBreen. Using Use Cases for requirements capture .http://www. mchbreen.ab.ca
[49] Ivar Jacobson. Trends in Software Engineering. http://www.rational.com
[50] Unified Modeling Language Versionl. 3 Specification(draft).Object Management Group. MAO1701, USA. 1999
[2] 邵维忠 杨芙清．面向对象的系统分析．清华大学出版社．1992．41
[3] 肖斌，赵鹏大，侯景儒．地质统计学新进展．1992
[4] 王家华．油气储层随机建模的研究和应用．1996
[5] Martin J,Odell．软件工程百科全书．Prentice-Hall．1995
[6] B.Bruegge A.H.Dutoit．面向对象的软件工程．清华大学出版社．2002．10
[7] 王立福．UML(统一建模语言)之要点与应用．软件工程专家网．2003．09
[8] Joseph Schmuller. UML基础、案例与应用．人民邮电出版社．2002．6
[9] Mehmet Aksit. Use Cases in Object-Oriented Software Development.
[10] 冯国庆 李允等．应用序贯指示模拟方法模拟沉积微相．西南石油学院学报．2001．4
[11] 张团峰 王家华．试论克里金估计与随机模拟的本质区别．西安石油学院学报．1997．3
[12] PanGuocheng何凯涛 辜华良译．地质统计学中的估值技术和条件模拟．世界地质．1997．9
[13] Bob Tarr．一些面向对象的设计法则．软件工程专家网．2002．09
[14] Alistair Cockburn．编写有效用例．机械工业出版社．2002．8
[15] 徐果明．反演理论及其应用．地震出版社．2003．6．P136～150
[16] Martin Fowler,Kendall Scott. UML精粹．清华大学出版社．2000．4
[17] Erich Gamma Richard Helm等．设计模式-可复用面向对象软件的基础．机械工业出版社．2000．9
[18] 邵维忠 杨芙清．面向对象的系统设计．清华大学出版社．2002．4
[19] Roger S.Pressman．软件工程-实践者的研究方法．机械工业出版社．1999
[20] 董纯 康玲 侯国祥．基于遗传模拟退火法的马斯京根方程参数估计．华中科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2002．10
[21] RUP概述．Rantional Company．1994
[22] 王新生，姜友华等．模拟退火算法及其在非线性地学模型参数估计中的应用．华中师范大学学报(自然科学版)．2001．3
[23] 冯国庆，李允等．应用序贯指示模拟方法模拟沉积微相．西南石油学院学报．200．14
[24] 张光明．开发中后期油藏精细描述与开发调整研究．成都理工大学．2001．10
[25] 吴建锋．基于UML活动图的工作流过程建模研究．湖南大学．2003．3
[26] 牟传兴．基于UML和统一过程的建模技术的研究与应用．北京工业大学．2003．5
[27] 张施课．基于遗传算法的空战编队优化研究．西北工业大学．2003．3
[28] 苗玉彬．逆摄动法和人机交互退火遗传算法及其应用．大连理工大学．2001．6
[29] 李新，程国栋，卢玲．空间内插方法比较．地球科学进展．2000．3
[30] 陈家军，郭乔羽，王红旗，王金生．应用协同-泛克立格法估计地下水水位．北京师范大学学报．1998
[31] 侯景儒，郭光裕．矿床统计预测及地质统计学的理论与应用[M]．北京：冶金工业出版社．1993
[32] Allen Holub．00设计过程入门：如何设定优先级．http://www.imb900.com.2002．9
[33] 温昱．RUP定制原理．系统分析员之窗网站．
[34] Meilir Page-Jones．UML面向对象设计基础．人民邮电出版社．2001
[35] 张克东，庄燕滨．软件工程与软件测试自动化教程．电子工业出版社．2001
[36] 刘超，张莉．可视化面向对象建模技术．北京航空航天大学出版社．2002
[37] 刘勇等．非数值并行算法(第一册)-模拟退火算法[M]．北京：科学出版社．1997
[38] 王凌．智能优化算法及其应用．北京：清华大学出版社，施普林格出版社．2001：P159～166
[39] 王小平，曹立明．遗传算法理论、应用与软件实现．西安交通大学出版社．2002
[40] 徐跃飞，李言等．遗传调度算法的研究．中国机械工程．1998．9(3)
[41] C Webster. The Object Oriented Paradigm in GIS[J]. International Archive of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing ,1990b, (28):561-572
[42] Goguen J, Messang J. Unifying Functional, Object Oriented and Relational Programming with Logic Semantics. In Research Direction in Object Oriented Programming [M]. MIT Press, 1987
[43] A.S. Emannel, G. k. Alameda, R. a. Behrens and T.A. Jenett, 1989, Reservoir Performance prediction methods based on fractal geostatistics. SPE Reservoir Engineering. August. 1989 P311-318
[44] Olivier Dubrule .A review of stochastic models for petroleum reservoir Geostatistics. Vol. 2. 1989, P493-506
[45] A.G. Journel. Nonparametric Estimation of spatial distributions math. Geology. Vol. 15, No. 3 1983. P445-468
[46] George Christaks. Stochastic simulation of spatially correlated geoprocesses, Math. Geology. Vol 19, No. 8. 1997
[47] Pavel Hruby. Specification of Workflow Management Systems with UML. http://www.umlchina.com
[48] Pete McBreen. Using Use Cases for requirements capture .http://www. mchbreen.ab.ca
[49] Ivar Jacobson. Trends in Software Engineering. http://www.rational.com
[50] Unified Modeling Language Versionl. 3 Specification(draft).Object Management Group. MAO1701, USA. 1999