钴基催化剂上烃类选择催化还原氮氧化物反应机制研究
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摘要
采用原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(DRIFTS)对钴基催化剂上烃类选择催化还原NO_x反应中的表面中间物种进行了研究,探讨了反应机理;并结合H_2程序升温还原(H_2-TPR),紫外可见光谱(UV-vis)和X射线衍射(XRD)等表征手段,将催化剂的结构与反应过程中生成的表面中间物种和催化剂活性相关联,对反应活性中心进行了深入的研究,取得了如下创新性的成果:
1.利用原位DRIFTS手段分别研究了不同温度下NO/He、NO+O_2/He、C_2H_4/He、C_2H_4+O_2/He以及NO+O_2+C_2H_4/He反应混合气体在Co-ZSM-5催化剂上的吸附和反应情况。研究结果表明:NO在Co-ZSM-5上吸附时主要以Co~(2+)-(NO)_2和Co~(3+)-NO形式存在。NO+O_2在催化剂表面共吸附时,NO被氧化生成硝酸盐物种,并且生成的硝酸盐的种类与反应温度密切相关。在250℃以上,C_2H_4在Co-ZSM-5上吸附时即能发生部分氧化生成甲酸盐物种,O_2的加入进一步促进了该反应的进行。在NO+O_2+C_2H_4条件下,催化剂表面除了生成硝酸盐和甲酸盐物种之外,还有-CN,-NCO和HCONO_2物种的生成。通过研究表面硝酸盐和甲酸盐在不同反应气氛中的消耗情况,发现甲酸盐易与硝酸盐反应生成HCONO_2物种,其进一步与NO+O_2反应生成-CN和-NCO。动力学研究结果表明,不同吸附位上的-CN或-NCO与NO+O_2反应生成N_2(g)和CO_x(g)的反应速率不同,其消耗反应速率常数为:κ(Co~(2+)-CN)＞κ(Al~(3+)-NCO)＞κ(-CN_L)＞κ(-CN_B)。
2.采用多种技术对Co-ZSM-5催化剂进行表征和反应活性位的研究:H_2-TPR研究结果表明,离子交换法制备的Co-ZSM-5上至少存在三种形式的钴物种:分散的Co_3O_4,CoO_x和离子交换位上的Co~(2+)离子。原位DRIFTS结果表明,在300℃下,Co_3O_4有助于NO氧化生成双齿硝酸盐,这些双齿硝酸盐是生成-NCO的关键物种。此外,Co_3O_4物种还能够催化乙烯发生部分氧化生成甲酸盐,同时Co~(3+)被还原成Co~(2+);O_2的引入能够促使Co~(2+)重新被氧化成Co~(3+)。离子交换位上的Co~(2+)离子能够促进NO与O_2反应生成单齿和桥式硝酸盐,同时这些Co~(2+)离子还能够促进甲酸盐与硝酸盐之间反应生成各种含C、N元素的中间体,并加速-CN物种与NO+O_2反应生成产物N_2和CO_x。
3.采用等体积浸渍法制备的Co/Al_2O_3催化剂在C_2H_4选择催化还原NO_x反应中表现出较好的催化活性,催化剂的焙烧温度对其NO_x脱除(DeNO_x)性能有很大的影响。采用XRD,UV-vis和FTIR等技术对经过350℃和800℃焙烧的Co/Al_2O_3以及Al_2O_3载体进行表征,结果表明:在350℃焙烧的催化剂上,钴主要以Co_3O_4形式存在,Co_3O_4与Al_2O_3之间的相互作用较弱。提高焙烧温度至800℃能够使Co_3O_4粒子进入Al_2O_3的晶格内,导致形成钴铝尖晶石。结合DRIFTS结果表明:在无氧条件下,Co_3O_4粒子能够分别促进NO和C_2H_4发生氧化反应,生成硝酸盐和甲酸盐物种。当过量O_2存在时,Co_3O_4优先催化C_2H_4发生直接燃烧反应。钴铝尖晶石物种中四面体配位的Co~(2+)为硝酸盐和甲酸盐之间的反应提供活性位,并生成有机硝基物种,后者被认为是反应过程中重要的表面中间体。
4.采用过渡金属Ag对Co-ZSM-5催化剂进行改性,发现Ag的添加大幅提高了Co-ZSM-5催化剂对CH_4选择催化还原NO的低温活性,并提高了催化剂的抗水性能。结合H_2-TPR和UV-vis表征结果表明:金属Ag的加入改变了Co_3O_4物种的氧化还原性质,它促进了CH_4的活化转化,并抑制了CH_4的直接燃烧,有利于CH_4选择性与NO_x反应。原位DRIFTS研究结果表明,Ag的引入促进了NO+O_2在催化剂表面反应并形成大量具有高活性的表面硝酸盐物种,这也是Co,Ag-ZSM-5催化剂具有较高CH_4-SCR活性的主要原因。
The surface intermediates formed during the selective catalytic reduction of NO with hydrocarbons(HC-SCR) over Co-based catalysts were investigated systematically by in situ diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transformed spectroscopy(in situ DRIFTS) and possible reaction mechanisms were also proposed.The formation and dispersion of cobalt species were studied by H_2-TPR,UV-vis and XRD.By combining these characterization results with the DRIFTS results of ad-species and related experiments,a positive correlation between the catalytic activity and the active sites of catalysts was obtained and the main innovative results presented in the dissertation have been summarized as follows:
1.The adsorption and reaction of different gas mixtures over Co-ZSM-5 catalyst were investigated at different temperatures by in situ DRIFTS.The results showed that NO existed as Co~(2+)-(NO)_2 and Co~(3+)-NO when adsorbed on Co-ZSM-5 and was oxidized to various nitrates in excess oxygen.The kind of nitrate species was significantly influenced by reaction temperatures.C_2H_4 was partially oxidized to formate species at above 250℃C over Co-ZSM-5. Introduction of oxygen promoted the partial oxidation of C_H_4.In a flow of NO+O_2+C_2H_4/He, we detected the appearance of-CN,-NCO and HCONO_2 over Co-ZSM-5 in addition to nitrate and formate species.Formate species were reactive towards nitrates to yield formyl nitro compound,an intermediate critical for the formation of cyanide and isocyanate species by further reacting with nitrates.Kinetics analysis suggested that the reaction rates of cyanide and isocyanate at different sites towards NO+O_2 were different for the formation of N_2(g) and CO_x (g).The consumption rate constants followed an order of:κ(Co~(2+)-CN)＞κ(Al~(3+)-NCO)＞κ(-CN_L)＞κ(-CN_B).
2.Co-ZSM-5 was characterized by different methods:H_2-TPR results demonstrated that at least three types of Co species were co-existed over Co-ZSM-5:dispersed Co_3O_4,CoO_x and ion exchanged Co~(2+) ions.The DRIFTS results showed that Co_3O_4 particles contributed to the oxidation of NO to bidentate nitrates,the latter species were crucial for the formation of-NCO. In addition,Co_3O_4 also facilitated the partial oxidation of C_2H_4 to formate species and a reduction of Co~(3+) to Co~(2+) occurred during this process;addition of oxygen promoted the re-oxidation of Co~(2+) to Co~(3+) to maintain a proper amount of Co_3O_4 particles.Co~(2+) ions were responsible for the formation of monodentate and bridged nitrates.Besides,Co~(2+) ions also acted as active sites for the further reaction between formate and various nitrates to generate crucial N,C-containing intermediates,as well as the conversion of-CN to N_2.
3.Co/Al_2O_3 catalysts were prepared,by the incipient wetness impregnation method and exhibited good activity in C_2H_4-SCR of NO.Calcination temperature strongly affected the DeNO_x performances of Co/Al_2O_3 catalysts.Co/Al_2O_3 samples calcined at 350 and 800℃as well as Al_2O_3 support were characterized by XRD,UV-vis and FTIR spectra.The results revealed that surface aggregated Co_3O_4 particles were dominant species on Co/Al_2O_3 calcined at 350℃.Increasing the calcination temperature to 800℃promoted the diffusion of Co~(2+) ions into the Al_2O_3 lattice,leading to the formation of CoAl_2O_4 species.By combining the catalytic activity with DRIFTS results of ad-species,we clarified the catalytic functions of active cobalt species and support during the C_2H_4-SCR reaction.In the absence of O_2,Co_3O_4 species contributed to the oxidation of NO and C_2H_4 to various nitrates and formate species, respectively,whereas the side reaction of ethylene combustion occurred simultaneously when excess oxygen was present.Tetrahedral Co~(2+) ions in CoAl_2O_4,which acted as the active sites, were responsible for the reaction between formate and nitrate species to form organic nitro compound.These organic nitro compounds were considered as important intermediates for the C_2H_4-SCR reaction.
4.Ag was selected as additive metal for Co-ZSM-5 and the effect of Ag on the selective catalytic reduction of NO with methane was also investigated.It was found that the addition of Ag enhanced the low-temperature activity and water-resistant ability of catalyst for the CH_4-SCR of NO.Combined the activity with H_2-TPR and UV-vis investigations,it demonstrated that the introduction of Ag onto Co-ZSM-5 changed the redox properties of Co_3O_4 particles and facilitated the activation of methane.Additionally,Ag species inhibited the combustion of methane and thus promoted the selective reduction of NO_x with methane. DRIFTS results showed that Ag contributed to the reaction between NO and O_2,leading to the formation of a great amount of highly active nitrates.This is the main reason why the Co, Ag-ZSM-5 exhibited excellent activity in the CH_4-SCR of NO.
1.利用原位DRIFTS手段分别研究了不同温度下NO/He、NO+O_2/He、C_2H_4/He、C_2H_4+O_2/He以及NO+O_2+C_2H_4/He反应混合气体在Co-ZSM-5催化剂上的吸附和反应情况。研究结果表明:NO在Co-ZSM-5上吸附时主要以Co~(2+)-(NO)_2和Co~(3+)-NO形式存在。NO+O_2在催化剂表面共吸附时,NO被氧化生成硝酸盐物种,并且生成的硝酸盐的种类与反应温度密切相关。在250℃以上,C_2H_4在Co-ZSM-5上吸附时即能发生部分氧化生成甲酸盐物种,O_2的加入进一步促进了该反应的进行。在NO+O_2+C_2H_4条件下,催化剂表面除了生成硝酸盐和甲酸盐物种之外,还有-CN,-NCO和HCONO_2物种的生成。通过研究表面硝酸盐和甲酸盐在不同反应气氛中的消耗情况,发现甲酸盐易与硝酸盐反应生成HCONO_2物种,其进一步与NO+O_2反应生成-CN和-NCO。动力学研究结果表明,不同吸附位上的-CN或-NCO与NO+O_2反应生成N_2(g)和CO_x(g)的反应速率不同,其消耗反应速率常数为:κ(Co~(2+)-CN)＞κ(Al~(3+)-NCO)＞κ(-CN_L)＞κ(-CN_B)。
2.采用多种技术对Co-ZSM-5催化剂进行表征和反应活性位的研究:H_2-TPR研究结果表明,离子交换法制备的Co-ZSM-5上至少存在三种形式的钴物种:分散的Co_3O_4,CoO_x和离子交换位上的Co~(2+)离子。原位DRIFTS结果表明,在300℃下,Co_3O_4有助于NO氧化生成双齿硝酸盐,这些双齿硝酸盐是生成-NCO的关键物种。此外,Co_3O_4物种还能够催化乙烯发生部分氧化生成甲酸盐,同时Co~(3+)被还原成Co~(2+);O_2的引入能够促使Co~(2+)重新被氧化成Co~(3+)。离子交换位上的Co~(2+)离子能够促进NO与O_2反应生成单齿和桥式硝酸盐,同时这些Co~(2+)离子还能够促进甲酸盐与硝酸盐之间反应生成各种含C、N元素的中间体,并加速-CN物种与NO+O_2反应生成产物N_2和CO_x。
3.采用等体积浸渍法制备的Co/Al_2O_3催化剂在C_2H_4选择催化还原NO_x反应中表现出较好的催化活性,催化剂的焙烧温度对其NO_x脱除(DeNO_x)性能有很大的影响。采用XRD,UV-vis和FTIR等技术对经过350℃和800℃焙烧的Co/Al_2O_3以及Al_2O_3载体进行表征,结果表明:在350℃焙烧的催化剂上,钴主要以Co_3O_4形式存在,Co_3O_4与Al_2O_3之间的相互作用较弱。提高焙烧温度至800℃能够使Co_3O_4粒子进入Al_2O_3的晶格内,导致形成钴铝尖晶石。结合DRIFTS结果表明:在无氧条件下,Co_3O_4粒子能够分别促进NO和C_2H_4发生氧化反应,生成硝酸盐和甲酸盐物种。当过量O_2存在时,Co_3O_4优先催化C_2H_4发生直接燃烧反应。钴铝尖晶石物种中四面体配位的Co~(2+)为硝酸盐和甲酸盐之间的反应提供活性位,并生成有机硝基物种,后者被认为是反应过程中重要的表面中间体。
4.采用过渡金属Ag对Co-ZSM-5催化剂进行改性,发现Ag的添加大幅提高了Co-ZSM-5催化剂对CH_4选择催化还原NO的低温活性,并提高了催化剂的抗水性能。结合H_2-TPR和UV-vis表征结果表明:金属Ag的加入改变了Co_3O_4物种的氧化还原性质,它促进了CH_4的活化转化,并抑制了CH_4的直接燃烧,有利于CH_4选择性与NO_x反应。原位DRIFTS研究结果表明,Ag的引入促进了NO+O_2在催化剂表面反应并形成大量具有高活性的表面硝酸盐物种,这也是Co,Ag-ZSM-5催化剂具有较高CH_4-SCR活性的主要原因。
The surface intermediates formed during the selective catalytic reduction of NO with hydrocarbons(HC-SCR) over Co-based catalysts were investigated systematically by in situ diffused reflectance infrared Fourier transformed spectroscopy(in situ DRIFTS) and possible reaction mechanisms were also proposed.The formation and dispersion of cobalt species were studied by H_2-TPR,UV-vis and XRD.By combining these characterization results with the DRIFTS results of ad-species and related experiments,a positive correlation between the catalytic activity and the active sites of catalysts was obtained and the main innovative results presented in the dissertation have been summarized as follows:
1.The adsorption and reaction of different gas mixtures over Co-ZSM-5 catalyst were investigated at different temperatures by in situ DRIFTS.The results showed that NO existed as Co~(2+)-(NO)_2 and Co~(3+)-NO when adsorbed on Co-ZSM-5 and was oxidized to various nitrates in excess oxygen.The kind of nitrate species was significantly influenced by reaction temperatures.C_2H_4 was partially oxidized to formate species at above 250℃C over Co-ZSM-5. Introduction of oxygen promoted the partial oxidation of C_H_4.In a flow of NO+O_2+C_2H_4/He, we detected the appearance of-CN,-NCO and HCONO_2 over Co-ZSM-5 in addition to nitrate and formate species.Formate species were reactive towards nitrates to yield formyl nitro compound,an intermediate critical for the formation of cyanide and isocyanate species by further reacting with nitrates.Kinetics analysis suggested that the reaction rates of cyanide and isocyanate at different sites towards NO+O_2 were different for the formation of N_2(g) and CO_x (g).The consumption rate constants followed an order of:κ(Co~(2+)-CN)＞κ(Al~(3+)-NCO)＞κ(-CN_L)＞κ(-CN_B).
2.Co-ZSM-5 was characterized by different methods:H_2-TPR results demonstrated that at least three types of Co species were co-existed over Co-ZSM-5:dispersed Co_3O_4,CoO_x and ion exchanged Co~(2+) ions.The DRIFTS results showed that Co_3O_4 particles contributed to the oxidation of NO to bidentate nitrates,the latter species were crucial for the formation of-NCO. In addition,Co_3O_4 also facilitated the partial oxidation of C_2H_4 to formate species and a reduction of Co~(3+) to Co~(2+) occurred during this process;addition of oxygen promoted the re-oxidation of Co~(2+) to Co~(3+) to maintain a proper amount of Co_3O_4 particles.Co~(2+) ions were responsible for the formation of monodentate and bridged nitrates.Besides,Co~(2+) ions also acted as active sites for the further reaction between formate and various nitrates to generate crucial N,C-containing intermediates,as well as the conversion of-CN to N_2.
3.Co/Al_2O_3 catalysts were prepared,by the incipient wetness impregnation method and exhibited good activity in C_2H_4-SCR of NO.Calcination temperature strongly affected the DeNO_x performances of Co/Al_2O_3 catalysts.Co/Al_2O_3 samples calcined at 350 and 800℃as well as Al_2O_3 support were characterized by XRD,UV-vis and FTIR spectra.The results revealed that surface aggregated Co_3O_4 particles were dominant species on Co/Al_2O_3 calcined at 350℃.Increasing the calcination temperature to 800℃promoted the diffusion of Co~(2+) ions into the Al_2O_3 lattice,leading to the formation of CoAl_2O_4 species.By combining the catalytic activity with DRIFTS results of ad-species,we clarified the catalytic functions of active cobalt species and support during the C_2H_4-SCR reaction.In the absence of O_2,Co_3O_4 species contributed to the oxidation of NO and C_2H_4 to various nitrates and formate species, respectively,whereas the side reaction of ethylene combustion occurred simultaneously when excess oxygen was present.Tetrahedral Co~(2+) ions in CoAl_2O_4,which acted as the active sites, were responsible for the reaction between formate and nitrate species to form organic nitro compound.These organic nitro compounds were considered as important intermediates for the C_2H_4-SCR reaction.
4.Ag was selected as additive metal for Co-ZSM-5 and the effect of Ag on the selective catalytic reduction of NO with methane was also investigated.It was found that the addition of Ag enhanced the low-temperature activity and water-resistant ability of catalyst for the CH_4-SCR of NO.Combined the activity with H_2-TPR and UV-vis investigations,it demonstrated that the introduction of Ag onto Co-ZSM-5 changed the redox properties of Co_3O_4 particles and facilitated the activation of methane.Additionally,Ag species inhibited the combustion of methane and thus promoted the selective reduction of NO_x with methane. DRIFTS results showed that Ag contributed to the reaction between NO and O_2,leading to the formation of a great amount of highly active nitrates.This is the main reason why the Co, Ag-ZSM-5 exhibited excellent activity in the CH_4-SCR of NO.
引文
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