无线传感器网络中异步MAC和仿真系统的研究
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摘要
随着无线传感器网络的广泛应用,提高网络的能量有效性成为无线传感器网络设计和研究的关键,MAC协议对网络能量有效性有重要影响。网络仿真作为一种实验手段,在无线传感器网络研究中发挥着至关重要的作用。当实验设备、节点功能、部署环境、网络规模等因素不能满足研究课题所需的条件时,仿真能为我们提供强有力的帮助和研究支撑。本文主要从基于异步通信模式的MAC协议和仿真系统的开发展开研究,主要工作如下:
一、以低功耗异步通信模块硬件构架的可行性为基础,提出异步通信模式的概念。针对异步模式可能带来的对于传感器网络各层协议及整体性能的影响,设计了一种采用周期性唤醒/睡眠、局部时钟同步、交互确认ACK等机制的异步MAC协议。其中根据传感器网络内数据的相关性和实际网络需求,设计了顺序唤醒和交错唤醒两种不同的机制。通过系统仿真,验证该协议能在低速率网络场景中获取高能量有效性。二、结合传感器网络的独特需求,设计开发了一个适用于传感器网络研究的仿真系统。该系统以C++为底层语言,增强了系统仿真效率,提高了网络仿真规模;采用层结构,以实现单个传感器节点的分层和各层功能行为定义,节点各层的相互独立使模块代码复用率大大提高;该系统集成了传感器网络能耗、时延和丢包统计模型,并采用后台数据库支持技术,增强了仿真实验的数据储存和处理能力;支持配置文件和仿真文件的脱平台运行,具有很好的可移植性。最后通过三个仿真实例验证了该系统具有建模快、重构有效、功能完整、真实可靠的特点。
As the extensive application of wireless sensor networks, improving the energy-validity of networks has been crucial to the research and design of wireless sensor networks. The MAC protcol also takes an important part in this area. As an experimental method, networks simulation plays an very important role in the research on wireless sensors networks. It can provide powerful supports on research, when some experimental condition can not meet because of the equipment, the node function, the deployment environment and the networks scale etc. This paper mainly opens out the research based on the MAC protocol of the asynchronous communication mode and the development of simulaton system, with the follow production:
Firstly, this paper proposes a concept of asynchronous communicaton mode, based on the feasibility of low-power asynchronous communicaton module. In allusion to the possible effects on each-layer protocol and global performance of wireless sensors networks from the asynchronous mode, it has designed an asynchronous MAC protocol using peridical awake-sleep, partial time-synchronization and interactive-confirmation ACK mechanism etc. Then based on the data-correlation and actual-demand of wireless sensors networks, the peridical awake-sleep mechanism mainly include two different kinds of mechanism, which are sequential-awake and interleaving-awake. With the system simulation, experimental results show that the MAC mechanism is good at energy-saving in the low-ratio scene .
Secondly, it has designed and developed a suitable simulation system for wireless sensors networks in order to meet its special demands. This system adopts C++ as programming language, which improves the simulation efficency and the network scale on simulation. It also adopts layer structure to implement the single node layered and define the function behaviors on each layer. In this system, one layer is independent from each other in order to improve the reuse rate of the module code. In addition, it integrates energy-consumption, time-delay, packet-loss models and adopts database as a backstage supporter to strengthen simulation function and capability of storaging and processing experimental data. If providing the configuration file, We can simulate without the platform, improving the portabillity. Finally, the results of three simulation experiments show that the system is a good experimental platform for WSNs, with the feature of modeling fast, remodeling effectively, complete function and more reliable experimental data.
一、以低功耗异步通信模块硬件构架的可行性为基础,提出异步通信模式的概念。针对异步模式可能带来的对于传感器网络各层协议及整体性能的影响,设计了一种采用周期性唤醒/睡眠、局部时钟同步、交互确认ACK等机制的异步MAC协议。其中根据传感器网络内数据的相关性和实际网络需求,设计了顺序唤醒和交错唤醒两种不同的机制。通过系统仿真,验证该协议能在低速率网络场景中获取高能量有效性。二、结合传感器网络的独特需求,设计开发了一个适用于传感器网络研究的仿真系统。该系统以C++为底层语言,增强了系统仿真效率,提高了网络仿真规模;采用层结构,以实现单个传感器节点的分层和各层功能行为定义,节点各层的相互独立使模块代码复用率大大提高;该系统集成了传感器网络能耗、时延和丢包统计模型,并采用后台数据库支持技术,增强了仿真实验的数据储存和处理能力;支持配置文件和仿真文件的脱平台运行,具有很好的可移植性。最后通过三个仿真实例验证了该系统具有建模快、重构有效、功能完整、真实可靠的特点。
As the extensive application of wireless sensor networks, improving the energy-validity of networks has been crucial to the research and design of wireless sensor networks. The MAC protcol also takes an important part in this area. As an experimental method, networks simulation plays an very important role in the research on wireless sensors networks. It can provide powerful supports on research, when some experimental condition can not meet because of the equipment, the node function, the deployment environment and the networks scale etc. This paper mainly opens out the research based on the MAC protocol of the asynchronous communication mode and the development of simulaton system, with the follow production:
Firstly, this paper proposes a concept of asynchronous communicaton mode, based on the feasibility of low-power asynchronous communicaton module. In allusion to the possible effects on each-layer protocol and global performance of wireless sensors networks from the asynchronous mode, it has designed an asynchronous MAC protocol using peridical awake-sleep, partial time-synchronization and interactive-confirmation ACK mechanism etc. Then based on the data-correlation and actual-demand of wireless sensors networks, the peridical awake-sleep mechanism mainly include two different kinds of mechanism, which are sequential-awake and interleaving-awake. With the system simulation, experimental results show that the MAC mechanism is good at energy-saving in the low-ratio scene .
Secondly, it has designed and developed a suitable simulation system for wireless sensors networks in order to meet its special demands. This system adopts C++ as programming language, which improves the simulation efficency and the network scale on simulation. It also adopts layer structure to implement the single node layered and define the function behaviors on each layer. In this system, one layer is independent from each other in order to improve the reuse rate of the module code. In addition, it integrates energy-consumption, time-delay, packet-loss models and adopts database as a backstage supporter to strengthen simulation function and capability of storaging and processing experimental data. If providing the configuration file, We can simulate without the platform, improving the portabillity. Finally, the results of three simulation experiments show that the system is a good experimental platform for WSNs, with the feature of modeling fast, remodeling effectively, complete function and more reliable experimental data.
引文
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[27] Polastre J,Levis P,Szewczyk R. TinyOS Hardware. http://www.tinyos.net/scoop /special/hardware/,2004
[28] Cerpa A, Elson J, Hamilton M, et al. Habitat monitoring: application driver for wireless communications technology. In: Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM. Costa Rica,2001, 20-41
[29] Chandrakasan A, Amirtharajah R, Cho S, et al. Design considerations for distributed microsensor systems. Computer communication review,31(2): 20-41
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[32] Sibbald B. Use computerized systems to cut adverse drug events report. CMAJL Canadian Medical association Journal,2001,164(13): 1878
[33] Li M,Liu Y,Chen L. Non-threshold based event detection for 3D environmentmonitoring in sensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE ICDCS. Canada,June 2007,9-9
[34] Li M,Liu Y. Underground structure monitoring with wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE IPSN. Cambridge,Massachusetts,USA,April 2007,69-78
[35] Yang Z,Li M,Liu Y. Sea depth measurement with restricted floating sensors. In: Proc. IEEE RTSS. Tucson,Arizona,USA,December 2007, 469-478
[36] I. Demirkol, C. Ersoy, and F. Alagoz. MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a survey. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2006,44(4):115-121
[37] Ali Muneeb, Umar Saif and Dunkels et al. Medium access control issues in sensor networks. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communications Review, 2006,36 (2):33-36
[38] S. Xu and T. Saadawi. Revealing the problems with 802.11 medium access control protocol in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. Computer Networks, 2002,38(4): 531–548
[39] A. Kherani and R. Shorey. Throughput analysis of tcp in multi-hop wireless networks with ieee 802.11 mac. In: Proc of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Atlanta, GA, Mar 2004,237-242
[40] Bao L, Garcia-Luna-Aceves J J. A new approach to channel access scheduling for ad hoc networks. In:Proc of the 7th Annual international conference on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCOM 2001). Rome, Italy, July 2001, 210-221
[41] A. Chandra, V. Gummalla, and J. O. Limb. Wireless medium access control protocols. IEEE Communications. Surveys and Tutorials, 2000,3(2): 2–15
[42] van Dam T,Langendoen K. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In:Proc of the 1st international conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. Los Angeles,CA,2003,171-180
[43] W. Ye, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM. New York, NY, 2002, 1567-1576
[44] J. Polastre, J. Hill, and D. Culler. Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of ACM SenSys. Baltimore, MD, USA, 2004 , 95-107
[45] T. Zheng, S. Radhakrishnan, and V. Sarangan. Pmac: An adaptive energy-efficient mac protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of IPDPS. Denver, CO,2005,8
[46] Arisha K A,Youssef M A,Younis M F. Energy-aware TDMA-based MAC for sensor networks. In: Proc IEEE Workshop on Integrated Management of Power Aware Communications,Computing and NeTworking(IMPACCT). New York, NY, May 2002, 21-40
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[50] 袁红林,徐晨,章国安. TOSSIM:无线传感器网络仿真环境. 传感器与仪表仪器, 2006, 7(22)
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[2] Information Processing Technology Office. http://www.sainc.com/sensit/
[3] WINS: Wireless Integrated network sensors. http://www.janet.ucla.edu/WINS/
[4] Pister K,Smart Dust. Autonomous sensing and communication in a cubic millimeter. http://robotics.eecs.berkeley.edu/~pister/SmartDust/
[5] Project Sun SPOT: Sun small programmable object technology. http://www.sun- spotworld.com/
[6] μAMPS: μ-Adaptive Multi-domain Power aware Sensors. http://www-mtl.mit.edu /researchgroups/icsystems/uamps/
[7] 李建中,李金宝,石胜飞. 传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展. 软件学报,2003,14(10): 1717-1727
[8] 于海斌,曾鹏,王忠锋等. 分布式无线传感器网络通信协议研究. 通信学报,2004, 25(10): 102-110
[9] 崔莉,鞠海玲,苗勇等. 无线传感器网络研究进展. 计算机研究与发展,2005,42(1): 163-174
[10] 马华东,陶丹. 多媒体传感器网络及其研究进展. 软件学报,2006,17(9): 2013-2028
[11] 唐勇,周明天,张欣. 无线传感器网络路由协议研究进展. 软件学报,2006,17(3): 410-421
[12] 李小龙,林亚平, 胡玉鹏等.基于分组的分布式节点调度覆盖算法.计算机研究与发展,2008,45(1): 180-187
[13] 周四望,林亚平,聂雅琳等. 无线传感器网络中基于数据融合的移动代理曲线动态路由算法研究. 计算机学报,2007,30(6): 894-904
[14] 曾玮妮,林亚平,胡玉鹏等. 传感器网络中一种基于分布式更新权限的组密钥管理方案. 计算机研究与发展,2007,44(4): 606-614
[15] 孙利民,李建中,陈渝等. 无线传感器网络. 北京: 清华大学出版社,2005:3-88
[16] Krishnamachari B,Estrin D,Wicker S. The impact of data aggregation in wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of the International Workshop of Distributed Event Based Systems. Los Alamitos,USA,2002,1-11
[17] 赵志峰,郑少仁. Ad hoc网络体系结构研究. 电信科学,2001,17(1):14-17
[18] Heinzelman W,Chandrakasan A,Balakrishnan H. Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc of the 33rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Maui,2000,3005-3014
[19] ALERT Systems Organization. ALERT-2 Protocol Development. http://www.altersystem.org
[20] Bonnet P,Gehrke J,Seshadri R. Querying the physical world. IEEE personal communication,2000,7(5): 10-15
[21] Noury N,Herve T,Rialle V,et al. Monitoring behavior in home using a smart fall sensor and postion sensors. In: Proc. of the IEEE-EMBS Special Topic conference on microtechonloyies in medicine and biology. Lyon,France,2000,607-610
[22] Meyer S,Rakotonirainy A. A Survey of Research on Context-Aware Homes. In: Proc. of the Australasian information security workshop conference on ACSW frontiers. Adelaied,2003,159-168
[23] Rentala P,Musunuri R,Gandham S,et al. Survey on sensor networks. In: Proc. of the ACM International Worshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications. 2004,239 - 312
[24] Parker J. QuakeSim lessons for NASA Earth Science Sensor Webs. http://grids. ucs.indiana.edu/ptliupages/publications/QuakeSimSensorWebWhite.pdf
[25] Shih E,Cho S,Ickes N,et al. Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of the ACM MobiCom. Rome,2001,272-286
[26] Crossbow Technology. MICA2: wireless measurement system. http://www. xbow. com/ Products/Product_pdf_files/ Wireless_pdf/6020-0042-04 _A_MICA 2.pdf
[27] Polastre J,Levis P,Szewczyk R. TinyOS Hardware. http://www.tinyos.net/scoop /special/hardware/,2004
[28] Cerpa A, Elson J, Hamilton M, et al. Habitat monitoring: application driver for wireless communications technology. In: Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM. Costa Rica,2001, 20-41
[29] Chandrakasan A, Amirtharajah R, Cho S, et al. Design considerations for distributed microsensor systems. Computer communication review,31(2): 20-41
[30] Nam YH, Halm Z, Chee YJ, et al. Development of remote diagnosis system integrating digital telemetry for medicine. In: Proc. of the International Confer- ence IEEE-EMBS. Hong Kong,China,1998,1170-1173
[31] Ogawa M, Taniura T, Togawa T. Fully automated biosignal acquisition in daily routine through 1 month. In: Proc. of the International Conference on IEEE- EMBS. Hong Kong,China,1998,1947-1950
[32] Sibbald B. Use computerized systems to cut adverse drug events report. CMAJL Canadian Medical association Journal,2001,164(13): 1878
[33] Li M,Liu Y,Chen L. Non-threshold based event detection for 3D environmentmonitoring in sensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE ICDCS. Canada,June 2007,9-9
[34] Li M,Liu Y. Underground structure monitoring with wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of ACM/IEEE IPSN. Cambridge,Massachusetts,USA,April 2007,69-78
[35] Yang Z,Li M,Liu Y. Sea depth measurement with restricted floating sensors. In: Proc. IEEE RTSS. Tucson,Arizona,USA,December 2007, 469-478
[36] I. Demirkol, C. Ersoy, and F. Alagoz. MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a survey. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2006,44(4):115-121
[37] Ali Muneeb, Umar Saif and Dunkels et al. Medium access control issues in sensor networks. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communications Review, 2006,36 (2):33-36
[38] S. Xu and T. Saadawi. Revealing the problems with 802.11 medium access control protocol in multi-hop wireless ad hoc networks. Computer Networks, 2002,38(4): 531–548
[39] A. Kherani and R. Shorey. Throughput analysis of tcp in multi-hop wireless networks with ieee 802.11 mac. In: Proc of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. Atlanta, GA, Mar 2004,237-242
[40] Bao L, Garcia-Luna-Aceves J J. A new approach to channel access scheduling for ad hoc networks. In:Proc of the 7th Annual international conference on Mobile Computing and Networking(MobiCOM 2001). Rome, Italy, July 2001, 210-221
[41] A. Chandra, V. Gummalla, and J. O. Limb. Wireless medium access control protocols. IEEE Communications. Surveys and Tutorials, 2000,3(2): 2–15
[42] van Dam T,Langendoen K. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In:Proc of the 1st international conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems. Los Angeles,CA,2003,171-180
[43] W. Ye, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of IEEE INFOCOM. New York, NY, 2002, 1567-1576
[44] J. Polastre, J. Hill, and D. Culler. Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of ACM SenSys. Baltimore, MD, USA, 2004 , 95-107
[45] T. Zheng, S. Radhakrishnan, and V. Sarangan. Pmac: An adaptive energy-efficient mac protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: Proc. of IPDPS. Denver, CO,2005,8
[46] Arisha K A,Youssef M A,Younis M F. Energy-aware TDMA-based MAC for sensor networks. In: Proc IEEE Workshop on Integrated Management of Power Aware Communications,Computing and NeTworking(IMPACCT). New York, NY, May 2002, 21-40
[47] 徐雷鸣,庞博,赵耀. ns与网络模拟. 北京:人民邮电出版社, 2003
[48] 石怀伟,李明生,王少华. 网络仿真技术与 OPNET 应用实践. 计算机系统应用,2006,3
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