汉—英双语者中英文词汇加工的ERP对比研究
摘要
掌握两种或两种以上的语言称为双语者。在我国,英语的学习日益成为更多人所面临的学习任务。本研究在综述以往有关汉语和拼音文字词汇通达的理论与实证研究的基础上,使用ERP技术对中等熟练程度的汉-英双语者中英文词汇的加工做了深入的对比研究。
研究一:字形信息在中英文词汇通达过程中的作用。实验1使用ERP及其LORETA源定位方法测量在中英文词汇通达过程中多个脑区在不同时间进程中的活动强度。实验2使用ERP技术,采用启动范式,考察在延迟命名任务中,字形信息在中英文词汇通达过程中100毫秒-600毫秒时间段内的不同作用。研究二:语音信息在中英文词汇通达过程中的作用。实验3使用ERP技术,采用启动实验范式,考察在延迟命名任务中,中英文词汇语音信息的不同作用。实验4使用ERP技术,采用启动实验范式,考察在语义分类任务中,语音信息在中英文词汇语义通达过程中的不同作用。
研究三:汉-英双语者对英文词汇形、音、义加工的时间进程。实验5使用ERP技术,采用启动实验范式,以行为数据和200毫秒到600毫秒的ERP数据为指标,考察在语义分类任务中,与目标词字形相似、音韵相同、语义相关的启动词对目标词加工启动效应。
研究四:汉-英双语者两种语言语义通达机制。实验6使用ERP技术,采用语言内启动和跨语言启动范式,考察中等熟练程度的汉-英双语者在语义分类任务中,语言内启动与语言间启动效应是否相同,以及从母语到第二语言方向和从第二语言到母语方向的启动效应是否相同。
在对上述四项研究结果的分析与讨论的基础上,本研究综合讨论了字形、语音信息在中英文词汇通达中的不同作用,双语者第二语言词汇通达的形、音、义时间进程,以及双语者两种语言的语义通达机制,得出以下主要结论:
一、汉英两种语言的词汇通达的时间进程及大脑激活部位均不同,英文词汇比汉字的加工速度慢,且在整个加工过程中有更多的右半球的激活。字形信息在汉语语音任务中没有明显的启动效应,在英语语音任务中,字形信息有明显的启动效应。
二、在语音任务中,语音信息在中文词汇加工中有明显的启动效应,在英文词汇加工中启动效应不明显。在语义任务中,汉字的语音信息启动效应不显著,英文的语音信息有明显的干扰效应。
三、此熟练水平的汉英双语者对第二语言的加工既受母语经验的制约,又受第二语言本身特点的影响。表现在对第二语言的语义分类任务中,字形信息有临界水平的启动效应,语音信息有显著的干扰效应。
四、此熟练水平的汉英双语者第二语言的概念层表征和词汇层表征是分离的,第二语言的概念信息的通达需要以中文对译词的词汇层表征为中介。母语及第二语言的语言内重复效应显著,语言间的重复启动效应随语言方向的不同而不同,从第二语言到母语方向的重复启动效应大于从母语到第二语言的重复启动效应。
Bilingual is who masters two or more than two languages. In our country, studying English becomes increasingly a learning task for more and more people have to be faced. Based on the comprehensively theoretical and objective studies about lexical access of Chinese and alphabetic writing system, the present research is to compare the processes of lexical access for Chinese and English words for medium skill level Chinese-English bilinguals by using ERP technique.
Study 1: The role of the graphic information in the process of lexical access for Chinese and English. In experiment 1, the purpose was to investigate the intensity of brain areas’activities in different time course of 100-600ms when processing these two languages by using ERP and its source (LORETA). In experiment 2, the major aim was to compare the graphic role in processing Chinese and English words of medium skill level Chinese-English bilinguals. In this experiment, a delayed naming task was employed, while ERP were recorded by 128-channel system.
Study 2: The role of the phonological information in processing Chinese and English words. In experiment 3, a priming paradigm was employed, while ERP were recorded by a 128-channel system. The major aim was to compare the phonological role in the delayed naming task. In experiment 4, it was to investigate the phonological role in semantic categorization task by using the same paradigm and technique.
Study 3: The time course of graphic, phonological, and semantic information in English words processing of Chinese-English bilinguals. In experiment 5, a semantic categorization task was employed, while ERPs were recorded by a 128-channel system and behavioral data were also collected. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the priming effect of graphic, phonological, and semantic role.
Study 4: The semantic access mechanism of two languages of the medium skill level Chinese-English bilinguals. In experiment 6, a within-language and between-language repetition prime paradigm was used to investigate whether the prime effects of within-language and between-language were same, and to compare whether the between-language repetitions were different for different language order: priming effects from native language to the second language and from the second language to native language.
Based on the above studies’results analysis and discussions, the present research generally discussed the different roles of graphic and phonological information during the process of Chinese and English words, the time course of graphic, phonological, and semantic information in the second language process for the medium skill level Chinese-English bilingual, and the semantic accessing mechanism of the two languages for this level bilingual. The main conclusions were drawn as follow: First, the time course and the activities of the brain areas were different for Chinese and English words, the speed of processing English words were slower than Chinese words. There were more right hemisphere brain activities for English words than Chinese words. In Chinese delay naming task, there wasn’t priming effects of graphic information, whereas in English delay naming task, the priming effects of graphic was significant.
Second, in Chinese delay naming task, the prime effect of phonologic was significant, whereas in English delay naming task, there wasn’t priming effects. In Chinese semantic categorization task, there weren’t phonologic priming effects, whereas in English semantic categorization task, the inhibiting effects of phonologic were significant.
Third, the bilinguals of medium skill level were affected not only by the experiences of their native language, but also by the specialty of the second language when processed the second language. The result was that, in English semantic categorization task, the priming effects of graphic were critical significant, and the phonologic inhibiting effects were very significant.
Forth, the conceptual representation and lexical representation of the second language were separate for the bilinguals of medium skill level, the lexical access of the second language was mediated by the lexical representation of the native equivalent. There were significant within-language repetition not only in native language but also in second language, the between-language repetitions were different for different language order: the priming effects from the second language to the native language were larger than from the native the second.
研究一:字形信息在中英文词汇通达过程中的作用。实验1使用ERP及其LORETA源定位方法测量在中英文词汇通达过程中多个脑区在不同时间进程中的活动强度。实验2使用ERP技术,采用启动范式,考察在延迟命名任务中,字形信息在中英文词汇通达过程中100毫秒-600毫秒时间段内的不同作用。研究二:语音信息在中英文词汇通达过程中的作用。实验3使用ERP技术,采用启动实验范式,考察在延迟命名任务中,中英文词汇语音信息的不同作用。实验4使用ERP技术,采用启动实验范式,考察在语义分类任务中,语音信息在中英文词汇语义通达过程中的不同作用。
研究三:汉-英双语者对英文词汇形、音、义加工的时间进程。实验5使用ERP技术,采用启动实验范式,以行为数据和200毫秒到600毫秒的ERP数据为指标,考察在语义分类任务中,与目标词字形相似、音韵相同、语义相关的启动词对目标词加工启动效应。
研究四:汉-英双语者两种语言语义通达机制。实验6使用ERP技术,采用语言内启动和跨语言启动范式,考察中等熟练程度的汉-英双语者在语义分类任务中,语言内启动与语言间启动效应是否相同,以及从母语到第二语言方向和从第二语言到母语方向的启动效应是否相同。
在对上述四项研究结果的分析与讨论的基础上,本研究综合讨论了字形、语音信息在中英文词汇通达中的不同作用,双语者第二语言词汇通达的形、音、义时间进程,以及双语者两种语言的语义通达机制,得出以下主要结论:
一、汉英两种语言的词汇通达的时间进程及大脑激活部位均不同,英文词汇比汉字的加工速度慢,且在整个加工过程中有更多的右半球的激活。字形信息在汉语语音任务中没有明显的启动效应,在英语语音任务中,字形信息有明显的启动效应。
二、在语音任务中,语音信息在中文词汇加工中有明显的启动效应,在英文词汇加工中启动效应不明显。在语义任务中,汉字的语音信息启动效应不显著,英文的语音信息有明显的干扰效应。
三、此熟练水平的汉英双语者对第二语言的加工既受母语经验的制约,又受第二语言本身特点的影响。表现在对第二语言的语义分类任务中,字形信息有临界水平的启动效应,语音信息有显著的干扰效应。
四、此熟练水平的汉英双语者第二语言的概念层表征和词汇层表征是分离的,第二语言的概念信息的通达需要以中文对译词的词汇层表征为中介。母语及第二语言的语言内重复效应显著,语言间的重复启动效应随语言方向的不同而不同,从第二语言到母语方向的重复启动效应大于从母语到第二语言的重复启动效应。
Bilingual is who masters two or more than two languages. In our country, studying English becomes increasingly a learning task for more and more people have to be faced. Based on the comprehensively theoretical and objective studies about lexical access of Chinese and alphabetic writing system, the present research is to compare the processes of lexical access for Chinese and English words for medium skill level Chinese-English bilinguals by using ERP technique.
Study 1: The role of the graphic information in the process of lexical access for Chinese and English. In experiment 1, the purpose was to investigate the intensity of brain areas’activities in different time course of 100-600ms when processing these two languages by using ERP and its source (LORETA). In experiment 2, the major aim was to compare the graphic role in processing Chinese and English words of medium skill level Chinese-English bilinguals. In this experiment, a delayed naming task was employed, while ERP were recorded by 128-channel system.
Study 2: The role of the phonological information in processing Chinese and English words. In experiment 3, a priming paradigm was employed, while ERP were recorded by a 128-channel system. The major aim was to compare the phonological role in the delayed naming task. In experiment 4, it was to investigate the phonological role in semantic categorization task by using the same paradigm and technique.
Study 3: The time course of graphic, phonological, and semantic information in English words processing of Chinese-English bilinguals. In experiment 5, a semantic categorization task was employed, while ERPs were recorded by a 128-channel system and behavioral data were also collected. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the priming effect of graphic, phonological, and semantic role.
Study 4: The semantic access mechanism of two languages of the medium skill level Chinese-English bilinguals. In experiment 6, a within-language and between-language repetition prime paradigm was used to investigate whether the prime effects of within-language and between-language were same, and to compare whether the between-language repetitions were different for different language order: priming effects from native language to the second language and from the second language to native language.
Based on the above studies’results analysis and discussions, the present research generally discussed the different roles of graphic and phonological information during the process of Chinese and English words, the time course of graphic, phonological, and semantic information in the second language process for the medium skill level Chinese-English bilingual, and the semantic accessing mechanism of the two languages for this level bilingual. The main conclusions were drawn as follow: First, the time course and the activities of the brain areas were different for Chinese and English words, the speed of processing English words were slower than Chinese words. There were more right hemisphere brain activities for English words than Chinese words. In Chinese delay naming task, there wasn’t priming effects of graphic information, whereas in English delay naming task, the priming effects of graphic was significant.
Second, in Chinese delay naming task, the prime effect of phonologic was significant, whereas in English delay naming task, there wasn’t priming effects. In Chinese semantic categorization task, there weren’t phonologic priming effects, whereas in English semantic categorization task, the inhibiting effects of phonologic were significant.
Third, the bilinguals of medium skill level were affected not only by the experiences of their native language, but also by the specialty of the second language when processed the second language. The result was that, in English semantic categorization task, the priming effects of graphic were critical significant, and the phonologic inhibiting effects were very significant.
Forth, the conceptual representation and lexical representation of the second language were separate for the bilinguals of medium skill level, the lexical access of the second language was mediated by the lexical representation of the native equivalent. There were significant within-language repetition not only in native language but also in second language, the between-language repetitions were different for different language order: the priming effects from the second language to the native language were larger than from the native the second.
引文
1 Moretti R, Bava A, Torre P, et al. Bilingual aphasia and subcortical-cortical lesions. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2001, 92(3): 803-814
2 Ku A, Lachmann E A, Nagler W. Selective language aphasia from herpes simplex encephalitis. Pediatric Neurology. 1996, 15(2): 169-171
3 唐孝威, 周昌乐. 对语言神经机制的新认识. 心理科学, 2001, 24(4): 396-400
4 Petersen S E, Fox P T, Snyder A Z, et al. Activation of extrastriate and frontal cortical areas by visual words and word-like stimuli. Science, 1990, 249(4972): 1041–1044
5 Cappa S F, Perani D, Schnur T, et al. The effects of semantic category and knowledge type on lexical-semantic access: a PET study. NeuroImage, 1998, 8(4): 350–359
6 Fiez J A, Balota D A, Raichle M E, et al. Effects of lexicality, frequency, and spelling-to-sound consistency on the functional anatomy of reading. Neuron, 1999, 24(1): 205–218
7 Mummery C J, Patterson K, Hodges J R, et al. Functional neuroanatomy of the semantic system: divisible by what? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1998, 10(6): 766–777
8 Price C J, Moore C J, Humphreys G W, et al. Segregating semantic from phonological processes during reading. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1997, 9(6): 727–733
9 Polk T A, Farah M J. Functional MRI evidence for an abstract, not perceptual, word-form area. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2002, 131(1): 65-72
10 Booth J R, Burman D D, Meyer J R, et al. Functional anatomy of intra-and cross-modal lexical tasks. NeuroImage, 2002, 16(1): 7-22
11 Fiez J A, Petersen S E. Neuroimaging studies of word reading. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 1998, 95(3): 914-921
12 Kieh K A, Liddle P F, Smith A M, et al. Neural pathways involved in the processing of concrete and abstract words. Human Brain Mapping, 1999, 7(4): 225-233
13 Hatta T. Recognition of Japanese kanji in the left and right visual fields. Neuropsychologia, 1977, 15(4-5): 685– 688
14 Cheng C M, Yang M J. Lateralization in the visual perception of Chinese characters and words. Brain Language, 1989, 36(4): 669–689
15 Chee M W L, Caplan D, Soon C S, et al. Processing of visually presented sentences in Mandarin and English studied with fMRI. Neuron, 1999, 23(5): 127-137
16 Tan L H, Liu H-L, Perfetti C A, et al. The neural system underlying Chinese logograph reading. NeuroImage, 2001, 13(5): 836-846
17 Peng D-L, Xu D, Jin Z, et al. Neural basis of the non-attentional processing of briefly presented words. Human Brain Mapping, 2003, 18(3): 215-221
18 Siok W T, Jin Z, Fletcher P, et al. Distinct brain regions associated with syllable and phoneme. Human Brain Mapping, 2003, 18(3): 201-207
19 Tan L H, Spinks J A, Gao J H, et al. Brain activation in the processing of Chinese character and words: a functional MRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 2000, 10(1): 16-27
20 Tan L H, Spinks J A, Feng C M, et al. Neural systems of second language reading are shaped by native language. Human Brain Mapping, 2003, 18(3): 158-166
21 彭聃龄.普通心理学.北京:北京师范大学出版社, 2001, 286
22 梁宁建.当代认知心理学.上海:上海教育出版社, 2003, 245
23 彭聃龄.语言心理学.北京:北京师范大学出版社, 1991, 294
24 黄震遐.中文的失语问题.1982.彭聃龄, 舒华, 陈火亘之.汉语认知研究.济南:山东教育出版社, 1997, 295
25 McClelland J L, Rumelhart D E. An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: part I. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 1981, 88(5): 375-407
26 Paap K R, Newsome S L, McDonald J E, et al. An activation-verification model for letter and word recognition: the word-superiority effect. Psychological Review, 1982, 89(5): 573-594
27 Taft M, van Graan F. Lack of phonological mediation in a semantic categorization task. Journal of Memory and Language, 1998, 38(2): 203-224
28 彭聃龄, 舒华, 陈火亘之.汉语认知研究.济南:山东教育出版社, 1997, 312
29 Lesch M F, Pollatsec A. Evidence for the use of assembled phonology in accessing the meaning of printed words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory, and cognition, 1998,
24(3): 573–592
30 Lou C R, Johnson R A, Gallo D A. Automatic activation of phonological information in reading: evidence from the semantic relatedness decision task. Memory and Cognition, 1998, 26(4):
833– 843
31 Frost R. Toward a strong phonological theory of visual word recognition: true issues and false trails. Psychological Bulletin, 1998, 123(1): 71-99
32 Coltheart M, Curtis B, Atkins P, et al. Models of reading aloud: dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 1993, 100(4): 589-608
33 Coltheart M, Rastle K, Perry C, et al. DRC: a dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychological Review, 2001, 108(1): 204-256
34 Seidenberg M S, Waters G S, Barnes M A, et al. When does irregular spelling or pronunciation influence word recognition? Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1984, 23(3): 383-404
35 尹文刚. 汉字失读的类型和意义. 心理学报, 1990, 22(3): 297-305
36 van Orden G C. A ROWS is a ROSE: spelling, sound, and reading. Memory and Cognition, 1987, 15(3): 181– 198
37 Perfetti C A, Bell L C, Delaney S M. Automatic(prelexical) phonetic activation in silent word reading: evidence from backward masking. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27(1): 59-70
38 Perfetti C A, Tan L H. The constituency model of Chinese word identification. In: Wang J, Inhoff A, Chen H-C(eds). Reading Chinese script: a cognitive analysis. New Jersey: Erlbaum, 1999, 115-134
39 苏培成. 二十世纪中国语言学丛书:二十世纪的现代汉字研究. 太原:书海出版社, 2001,371-380
40 Berent I, Perfetti C A. A rose is a REEZ: the two-cycle model of phonology assembly in reading English. Psychological Review, 1995, 102(1): 146-184
41 Perfetti C A, Bell L C. Phonemic activation during the first 40 ms of word identification: evidence from backward masking and priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991, 30(4): 473-485
42 Tan L H, Perfetti C A. Phonological and associative inhibition in the early stages of English word identification: evidence from backward masking. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human perception and performance, 1999, 25(1): 59-69
43 van Orden G C, Johnston J C, Hale B L. Word identification in reading proceeds from spelling to sound to meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1988, 14(3): 371-386
44 Pexman P M, Lupker S J, Jared D. Homophone effects in lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2001, 27(1): 139–156
45 Jared D, Seidenberg M S. Does word identification proceed from spelling to sound to meaning? Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 1991, 120(4): 358-394
46 Ziegler J C, Benraiss A, Besson M. From print to meaning: An electrophysiological investigation of the role of phonology in accessing word meaning. Psychophysiology, 1999, 36(6): 775–785
47 彭聃龄, 舒华, 陈火亘之.汉语认知研究.济南:山东教育出版社. 1997, 160
48 Hue C W. Recognition processes in character naming. In: Chen H C, Tzeng O J L(eds). Language processing in Chinese, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1992, 93-107
49 Perfetti C A, Zhang S. Very early phonological activation in Chinese reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1995, 21(1): 24-33
50 Tan L H, Perfetti C A. Visual Chinese character recognition: does phonological information mediate access to meaning? Journal of Memory and Language, 1997, 37(1): 41-57
51 Xu Y, Pollatsek A, Potter M C. The activation of phonology during silent Chinese word reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1999, 25(4): 838-857
52 杨珲, 彭聃龄. 汉字阅读中语音的通达与表征(I)—字水平与亚字水平的语音及其交互作用. 心理学报, 2000, 32(2): 144-151
53 彭聃龄, 徐世勇, 丁国盛等. 汉语单字词音、义加工的脑激活模式. 中国神经科学杂志, 2003, 19(5): 287-291
54 高利群, 彭聃龄. 汉语形声字语音加工的前词汇通路. 心理科学, 2005, 28 (4): 885–888
55 Spinks J A, Liu Y, Perfetti C A, et al. Reading Chinese characters for meaning: the role of phonological information. Cognition, 2000, 76(1): B1-B11
56 郭桃梅, 彭聃龄, 祁志强等. 语音的自动激活及其在汉字语义通达中的作用. 心理学探新, 2004, 24(89): 31-33
57 Guo T, Peng D, Liu Y. The role of phonological activation in the visual semantic retrieval of Chinese characters. Cognition, 2005, 98(2): B21-B34
58 舒华, 张厚粲. 成人熟练读者的汉字读音加工过程. 心理学报, 1987, 22(3): 282-290
59 张积家, 王惠萍. 声旁与整字的音段、声调关系对形声字命名的影响. 心理学报, 2001, 33(3): 193-197
60 Tan L H, Hoosain R, Peng D. Role of early presemantic phonological code in Chinese character identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1995, 21(1): 43-54
61Tan L H, Hoosain R, Siok W W T. Activation of phonological codes before access to character meaning in written Chinese. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1996, 22(3): 865-882
62 Hoosain R. Psycholinguistic implications for linguistic relativity: a case study of Chinese. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1991
63 Shen D, Forster K I. Masked phonological priming in reading Chinese words depends on the task. Language and Cognitive Processes, 1999, 14(5-6): 429-459
64 Zhou X, Marslen-Wilson W. Direct visual access is the only way to access the Chinese mental lexicon. In Cottrell G. (Ed.), Proceedings of 18th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 714-719, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
65 Leck K J, Weekes B S, Chen M J. Visual and phonological pathways to the lexicon: evidence from Chinese readers. Memory and Cognition, 1995, 23(4): 468-476
66 周晓林, 武宁宁, 舒华. 语音与词义激活的相对时间进程: 来自儿童发展的证据. 心理科学, 1998, 21(6): 498-501
67 Zhou X, Marslen-Wilson W. Phonology, orthography, and semantic activation in reading Chinese. Journal of Memory and Language, 1999, 41(4): 579-606
68 Zhou X, Marslen-Wilson W. The relative time course of semantic and phonological activation in reading Chinese. Journal of Memory and Language, 2000, 26(5): 1245-1265
69 Perfetti C A, Tan L H. The time course of graphic, phonological, and semantic activation in Chinese character identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1998, 24(1): 101-118
70 Perfetti C A, Zhang S. Phonological processes in reading Chinese characters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory, and Cognition, 1991, 17(4): 633-643
71 Seidenberg M S. The time course of phonological code activation in two writing systems. Cognition, 1985, 19(1): 1-30
72 Tan L H, Perfetti C A. Phonological codes as early sources of constraint in Chinese word identification: a review of current discoveries and theoretical accounts. Reading and Writing, 1998, 10(3-5): 165-200
73 Chen H-C, Shu H. Lexical activation during the recognition of Chinese characters: evidence against early phonological activation. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 2001, 8(3): 511-518
74 王更生, 汪安圣. 认知心理学. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 1990, 361
75 Oren R, Breznitz Z. Reading processes in L1 and L2 among dyslexic as compared to regular bilingual readers: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 2005, 18(2): 127-151
76 龚少英, 方富熹, 陈中永. 双语与认知发展关系的近期研究进展. 心理科学进展, 2002, 10(4): 403-409
77 Illes J, Francis W S, Desmond J E, et al. Convergent cortical representation of semantic processing in bilinguals. Brain and Language, 1999, 70(3): 347-363
78 Hernandez A E, Dapretto M, Mazziotta J, et al. Language switching and language representation in Spanish-English bilinguals: an fMRI study. NeuroImage, 2001, 14(2): 510-520
79 Klein D, Milner B, Zatorre R J, et al. Cerebral organization in bilinguals: a PET study of Chinese-English verb generation. NeuroReport, 1999, 10(13): 2841-2846
80 Pu Y, Liu H, Spinks J A, et al. Cerebral hemodynamic response in Chinese (first) and English (second) language processing revealed by event-related functional MRI. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2001, 19(5): 643-647
81 Proverbio A M, Cok B, Zani A. Electrophysiological measures of language processing in bilinguals. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2002, 14(7): 994-1017
82 Ishiwatari K, Koga Y, Nagata K. Different reading processes in different writing systems-ERP analysis using LORETA. International Congress Series, 2002, 1232(unknown): 63-69
83 Ding G, Conrad P, Peng D, et al. Neural mechanisms underlying semantic and orthographic processing in Chinese-English bilinguals. NeuroReport, 2003, 14(12): 1557-1562
84 Tham W W, Rickard Liow S J, Rajapakse J C, et al. Phonological processing in Chinese-English bilingual biscriptals: an fMRI study. NeuroImage, 2005, 28(3): 579–587
85 Liu Y, Perfetti C A. The time course of brain activity in reading English and Chinese: an ERP study of Chinese bilinguals. Human Brain Mapping, 2003, 18(3): 167-175
86 Chen H-C, Ng M L. Semantic facilitation and translation priming effect in Chinese-English bilinguals. Memory and Cognition, 1989, 17(4): 454-462
87 Kroll J F, Stewart E. Category interference in translation and picture naming: evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 1994, 33(2): 149-174
88 Potter M C, So K F, von Eckardt B, et al. Lexical and conceptual representation in beginning and more proficient bilinguals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1984, 23(1): 23-38
89 Kroll J F, Curley J. Lexical memory in novice bilinguals: the role of concepts in retrieving second language words. In: Gruneberg M, Morris P, Sykes R(Eds.), Practical aspects of memory, 1988, 2, 389-395. London: John Wiley and Sons
90 van Wijnendaele I Brysbaert M. Visual word recognition in bilinguals: phonological priming from the second to the first language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2002, 28(3): 616–627
91 Baker W, Trofimovich P. Interaction of native- and second- language vowel system(s) in early and late bilinguals. Language and Speech, 2005, 48(1): 1-27
92 Wang M, Koda K, Perfetti C A. Alphabetic and nonalphabetic L1 effects in English word identification: a comparison of Korean and Chinese English L2 learners. Cognition, 2003, 87(2):129-149
93 Wang M, Geva E. Spelling performance of Chinese ESL children: lexical and visual-orthographic processes. Applied Psycholinguistics, 2003, 24(1): 1-25
94 高定国, 肖晓云. 英语学习者水平对英语语音加工的影响. 心理科学, 2005, 28 (3): 619–621
95 高定国, 章睿健. 中国学生在学习英语中语音加工策略的使用. 心理发展与教育, 2005, 21(3): 66-73
96 Wang M, Perfetti C A, Liu Y. Chinese-English biliteracy acquisition: cross-language and writing system transfer. Cognition, 2005, 97(11): 67-88
97 杨静, 王立新, 彭聃龄. 第二语言获得的年龄和熟练程度对双语表征的影响. 当代语言学, 2004, 6(4): 321–327
98 刘丽虹, 张积家, 谭力海. 双语脑的研究: 不同的语言是否有不同的皮层机制? 心理科学, 2004, 27(3): 759-762
99 Perfetti C A, Liu Y. Orthography to phonology and meaning: comparisons across and within writing systems. Reading and Writing, 2005, 18(3): 193-210
100 Kim K H, Relkin N R, Lee K M, et al. Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second language. Nature, 1997, 388(6638): 171-174
101 Perani D, Paulesu E, Galles N S, et al. The bilingual brain: proficiency and age of acquisition of the second language. Brain, 1998, 121(10): 1841-1852
102 Kotz S A, Elston-G?ttler K. The role of proficiency on processing categorical and associative information in the L2 as revealed by reaction times and event-related brain potentials. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 2004, 17(2-3): 215-235
103 Chee M W, Hon N, Lee H L, et al. Relative language proficiency modulates BOLD signal change when bilinguals perform semantic judgments. Blood oxygen levet dependent. NeuroImage, 2001, 13(6): 1155-1163
104 Dong Q, Xue G, Jin Z, et al. Brain response is shaped by language experience: evidence from an fMRI study on beginning second language learners. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 2004, 36(4): 448-454
105 Ziegler J C, Jacobs A M. Phonological in formation provides early sources of constraint in the processing of letter strings. Journal of Memory and Language, 1995, 34(5): 567-593
106 Lesch M F, Pollatsek A. Automatic access of semantic information by phonological codes in visual word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1993, 19(2): 285-294
107 罗跃嘉. 认知神经科学教程. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2006, 130
108 Bentin S, Mouchetant-Rostaing Y, Giard M H, et al. ERP manifestations of processing printed words at different psycholinguistic levels: time course and scalp distribution. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1999, 11(3): 235–260
109 Kramer A F, Donchin E. Brain potentials as indices of orthographic and phonological interaction during word matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,and Cognition, 1987, 13(1): 76–86
110 Kutas M, Hillyard S A. Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science, 1980, 207(4427): 203-205
111 Holcomb P J, Neville H. Auditory and visual semantic priming in lexical decision: a comparison using event-related brain potentials. Language and Cognitive Processes, 1990, 5(3): 281–312
112 Silva-Pereyra J, Harmony T, Villanueva G, et al. N400 and lexical decisions: automatic or controlled processing? Clinical Neurophysiology, 1999, 110(5): 813–824
113 Nobre A C, Allison T, McCarthy G. Word recognition in the inferior temporal lobe. Nature, 1994, 372(6503): 260–263
114 Rudell A P, Hua J. The recognition potential, word difficulty, and individual reading ability: on using event-related potentials to study perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1997, 23(4): 1170-1195
115 Radeau M, Besson M, Fonteneau E, et al. Semantic, repetition and rime priming between spoken words: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Biological Psychology, 1998, 48(2): 183–204
116 Chen B, Liu Y, Peng D, et al. Chinese character frequency affects the timing of graphic, phonological and semantic information: an Event-Related Potential study. Presented in 1st conference of sino-western exchanges in cognitive neuroscience, 2006, Beijing, China, 113
117 Spironelli C, Angrilli A. Influence of phonological, semantic and orthographic tasks on the early linguistic components N150 and N350. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2007, in press, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.02.002
118 Barnea A, Breznitz Z. Phonological and orthographic processing of Hebrew words: electrophysiological aspects. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1998, 159(4): 492–504
119 Landi N, Perfetti C A. An electrophysiological investigation of semantic and phonological processing in skilled and less-skilled comprehenders. Brain and Language, 2006, in press, dio: 10.1016/j.bandl.2006.11.001
120 Lee C Y, Tsai J L, Chan W H, et al. Temporal dynamics of the consistency effect in reading Chinese: an event-related potentials study. NeuroReport, 2007, 18(2): 147-151
121 Liu Y, Perfetti C A. The time course of brain activity in reading English and Chinese: an ERP study of Chinese bilinguals. Human Brain Mapping, 2003, 18(3): 167-175
122 郭桃梅, 彭聃龄. 非熟练中-英双语者的第二语言的语义通达机制. 心理学报, 2002, 35(1): 23-28
123 李荣宝, 彭聃龄, 郭桃梅. 汉英语义通达过程的事件相关电位研究. 心理学报, 2003, 35(3): 309-316
124 McCandliss B D, Cohen L, Dehaene S. The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2003, 7(7): 293-299
125 Poldrack R A, Wagner A D, Prull M W, et al. Functional specialization for semantic and phonological processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex. NeuroImage, 1999, 10(1): 15–35
126Booth J R, Burman D D, Meyer J R, et al. Functional anatomy of intra- and cross-modal lexical tasks. NeuroImage, 2002, 16(1): 7–22
127 Booth J R, Burman D D, Meyer J R, et al. Relation between brain activation and lexical performance. Human Brain Mapping, 2003, 19(3): 155–169
128 Booth J R, Lu D, Burman D D, et al. Specialization of phonological and semantic processing in Chinese word reading. Brain Research, 2006, 1071(1): 197-207
129 Dong Y, Nakamura K, Okada T, et al. Neural mechanisms underlying the processing of Chinese words: an fMRI study. Neuroscience Research, 2005, 52(2): 139-145
130 Liu Y, Perfetti C A, Hart L. ERP evidence for the time course of graphic, phonological, and semantic information in Chinese meaning and pronunciation decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2003, 29(6): 1231-1247
131 Ferrand L, Grainger J. Effects of orthography are independent of phonology in masked form priming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1994, 47(2): 365–382
132 Rugg M D. Event-related potentials in phonological matching tasks. Brain and Language, 1984, 23(22): 225-240
133 Zhou X. Sub-lexical processing in reading Chinese. Paper presented at the Inaugural Asian- Australian Workshop on Cognitive Processing of Asian Languages, Sydney, 1994
134 Segui J, Grainger J. Priming word recognition with orthographic neighbors: effects of relative prime-target frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1990, 16(1): 65-76
135 Perea M, Lupker S J. Does jugde activate COURT? Transposed-letter similarity effects in masked associative priming. Memory and Cognition, 2003, 31(6): 829–841
136 Perea M, Lupker S J. Can CANISO activate CASINO? Transposed-letter similarity effects with nonadjacent letter positions. Journal of Memory and Language, 2004, 51(2): 231–246
137 Bowers J S, Davis C J, Hanley D A. Automatic semantic activation of embedded words: is there a hat in that? Journal of Memory and Language, 2005, 52(1): 131–143
138 Davis C J, Lupker S J. Masked inhibitory priming in English: evidence for lexical inhibition Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human perception performance, 2006, 32(3): 668-687
139 Akamatsu N. The effects of first language orthographic features on word recognition processing in English as a second language. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 1999, 11(4): 381–403
140 林泳海, 张必隐. 中文音韵在词汇通达中的作用. 心理科学, 1999, 22(2): 152-155
141 刘伟志, 梁宁建, 高旭辰等. 中国大学生第二语言知识的心理表征特征. 应用心理学, 2005, 11(1): 15-20
142 Folk J R, Morris R K. Multiple lexical codes in reading: evidence from eye movements, naming time, and oral reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1995, 21(6): 1412–1429
143 Perfetti C A, Zhang S, Berent I. Reading in English and Chinese: evidence for a universal phonological principle. In Frost R, Katz L (Eds.), Orthography, phonology, morphology, andmeaning. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1992, 227-248
144 Chen H-C, Flores d’Arcais G B, Chenung S L. Orthographic and phonological activation in recognizing Chinese characters. Psychological Research, 1995, 58(2): 144-153
145 Nimmo L M, Roodenrys S. Investigating the phonological similarity effect: syllable structure and the position of common phonemes. Journal of Memory and Language, 2004, 50(3): 245-258 146 Coltheart V. Effects of phonological similarity and concurrent irrelevant articulation on short-term memory recall of repeated and novel word lists. Memory and Cognition, 1993,
21(4): 539-545
147 Fallon A B, Groves K, Tehan G. Phonological similarity and trace degradation in the serial recall task: when CAT helps RAT, but not MAN. International Journal of Psychology, 1999, 34(5/6): 301-307
148 毕鸿燕, 胡伟, 翁旭初. 汉语形声字声旁家族大小对整字发音的影响. 心理学报, 2006, 38(6): 791-797
149 宋凤宁, 林泳海, 宋歌等. 连绵词语音类似的启动效应. 心理科学, 2000, 23(3): 306-310
150 Lam A S L, Perfetti C A, Bell L. Automatic phonetic transfer in bidialectal reading. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1991, 12(3): 299-311
151 Lukatela G, Turvey M T. Phonemic similarity effects and prelexical phonology. Memory and Cognition, 1990, 18(2): 128-152
152 林泳海, 钱琴珍, 宋凤宁等. 在词汇通达中双字词的语音类似作用存在吗?心理科学, 2002, 25(4): 439-441
153 Zhang S, Perfetti C A, Yang H. Whole-word, frequency-general phonology in semantic processing of Chinese characters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1999, 25(4): 858-875
154 Chua F K. Phonological recoding in Chinese logograph recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1999, 25(4): 876-891
155 陈宝国, 彭聃龄. 汉字识别中形音义激活时间进程的研究(I).心理学报, 2001, 33(1): 1-6
156 Perrin F, García-Larrea L. Modulation of the N400 potential during auditory phonological/semantic interaction. Cognitive Brain Research, 2003, 17(1): 36-47
157 Kiefer M, Brendel D. Attentional modulation of unconscious “automatic” processes: evidence from event-related potentials in a masked priming paradigm. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2006, 18(2): 184-198
158 Grainger J. Ferrand L. Masked orthographic and phonological priming in visual word recognition and naming: cross-task comparisons. Journal of Memory and Language, 1996, 35(5): 623-647
159 高定国, 刘淑华, 丁玉珑等. 语音信息对不同水平中国英语学习者语义加工的影响. 应用心理学, 2005, 11(1): 8-14
160 De Groot A M B, Dannenburg L, van Hell J G. Forward and backward word translation by bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 1994, 33(5): 600-629
161 De Groot A M B, Poot R. Word translation at three levels of proficiency in a second language: the ubiquitous involvement of conceptual memory. Language Learning, 1997, 47(2): 215-264
162 De Groot A M B, Nas G L J. Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991, 30(1): 90-123
163 Gollan T, Forster K I, Frost R. Translation priming with different scripts: masked priming with cognates and noncognates in Hebrew-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1997, 23(5): 1122-1139
164 Finkbeiner M, Forster K, Nicol J, et al. The role of polysemy in masked semantic and translation priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 2004, 51(1): 1-22
165 Jiang N. Testing processing explanations for the asymmetry in masked cross-language priming. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1999, 2(1): 59-76
166 Jiang N, Forster K I. Cross-language priming asymmetries in lexical decision and episodic recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 2001, 44(1): 32-51
167 Cunningham A E, Stanovich K E, Wilson M R. Cognitive variation in adult students differing in reading ability. In: Carr T H, Levy B A(Eds.). Reading and development: component skills approaches, 1990, 129–160. New York: Academic Press
168 Rumsey J M, Horwitz B, Donobue B C, et al. Phonological and orthographic components of word recognition: A PET-rCBF study. Brain, 1997, 120(5): 739-759;
169 Price C J. The functional anatomy of word comprehension and production. Trends in Cognitive Science, 1998, 2(8):281-288
170 Thuy D H, Matsuo K, Nakamura K, et al. Implicit and explicit processing of kanji and kana words and non-words studied with fMRI. NeuroImage, 2004, 23(3): 878–889
171 Yokoyama S, Okamoto H, Miyamoto T, et al. Cortical activation in the processing of passive sentences in L1 and L2: an fMRI study. NeuroImage, 2006, 30(2): 570–579
172 Suh S, Yoon H W, Lee S, et al. Effects of syntactic complexity in L1 and L2: an fMRI study of Korean–English bilinguals. Brain research, 2007, 1136(1): 178-189
173 舒华, 周晓林, 武宁宁. 儿童汉字读音声旁一致性意识的发展. 心理学报, 2000, 32(2): 164-169
174 Huang H S, Hanley J R. Phonological awareness and visual skills in learning to read Chinese and English. Cognition, 1995, 54(1): 73-98
175 Hayes E B. Encoding strategies used by native and non-native readers of Chinese Mandarin. Modern Language Journal, 1988, 72(2): 188-195
176 Perfetti C A, Liu Y, Tan L H. The lexical constituency model: some implications of research on Chinese for general theories of reading. Psychological Review, 2005, 112(1): 43–59
177 Koda K. Effects of L1 orthographic representation on L2 phonological coding strategies. Journal of Psycholinguistic research, 1989, 18(2): 201-222
178 Chikamatsu N. The effects of L2 orthography on L2 word recognition: a study of American and Chinese learners of Japanese. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1996, 18(4): 403-432
179 Mori Y. Effects of first language and phonological accessibility on kanji recognition. The Modern Language Journal, 1998, 82(1): 69-82
180 Akamatsu N. The effects of first language orthographic features on second language reading in text. Language Learning, 2003, 53(2): 207-231
181 Koda K. Development of L2 intraword orthographic sensitivity and decoding skills. ModernLanguage Journal, 1999, 83(1): 51–64
182 Pollatsek A, Perea M, Carreiras M. Does conal prime CANAL more than cinal? Masked phonological priming effects in Spanish with the lexical decision task. Memory and Cognition, 2005, 33(3): 557-565
183 Jared D, Kroll J F. Do bilinguals activate phonological representations in one or both of their languages when naming words? Journal of Memory and Language, 2001, 44(1): 2-31
184 Durgunoglu A Y, Nagy W E, Hancin-Bhatt B J. Cross-language transfer of phonological awareness. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1993, 85(3): 453-465
185 Comeau L, Cormier P, Grandmaison E, et al. A longitudinal study of phonological processing skills in children learning to read in a second language. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1999, 91(1): 29-43
186 D’Angiulli A, Siegel L S, Serra E. The development of reading in English and Italian in bilingual children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 2001, 22(4): 479-507
187 Geva E, Siegel L. Orthographic and cognitive factors in the concurrent development of basic reading skills in two languages. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2000 12(1/2), 1-30
188 Wydell T N, Butterworth B. A case study of an English-Japanese bilingual with monolingual dyslexia. Cognition, 1999, 70(3): 273-305
189 Liow S J R, Poon K K L. Phonological awareness in multilingual Chinese children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1998, 19(3): 339-362
190 刘莹, 董燕萍. 汉语儿童英汉语语音意识和英语单词认读能力的关系. 心理科学, 2006, 29(4): 960-962
191 McBride-Chang C, Kail R V. Cross-cultural similarities in the predictors of reading acquisition. Child Development, 2002, 73(5): 1392-1407
192 McBride-Chang C, Treiman R. Hong Kong Chinese kindergarteners learn to read English analytically. Psychological Science, 2003, 14(2): 138-143
193 Gottardo A, Yan B, Siegel L S. Factors related to English reading performance in Children with Chinese as a first language: more evidence of cross-language transfer of phonological processing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 2001, 93(3): 530-542
194 张积家, 林志华. 汉语拼音水平与英语语音意识、英语拼写能力的关系. 心理科学, 2002, 25(5): 601-605
195 闫嵘, 俞国良, 张磊. 双语儿童语音意识与词汇认读关系的研究. 心理科学, 2005, 28(2): 304-307
196 任萍, 徐芬, 张瑞平. 拼音学习对幼儿语音意识发展的影响. 心理学报, 2006, 38(1): 41-46
197 Klein D, Milner B, Zatorre R J, et al. The neural substrates underlying word generation: a bilingual functional imaging study. Proceedings of the National Academic Science of the USA, 1995, 92(7): 2899-2903
198 Akamatsu N. A similarity in word-recognition procedures among second language readerswith different first language backgrounds. Applied Psycholinguistics, 2002, 23(1): 117–133
199 Wang M, Perfetti C A, Liu Y. Alphabetic readers quickly acquire orthographic structure in learning to read Chinese. Scientific Studies of Reading, 2003, 7(2): 183-207
200 Chikamatsu N. Developmental word recognition: a study of L1 English readers of L2 Japanese. The Modern Language Journal, 2006, 90 (1), 67-85
201 Gandour J, Wong D, Hutchins G. Pitch processing in the human brain is influenced by language experience. NeuroReport, 1998, 9(9): 2115-2119
202 李利, 莫雷, 王瑞明等. 非熟练中-英双语者跨语言长时重复启动效应, 心理学报, 2006, 38(5): 672-680
203 Meschyan G, Hernandez A E. Impact of language proficiency and orthographic transparency on bilingual word reading: An fMRI investigation. NeuroImage, 2006, 29(4): 1135-1140
204 McElree B, Jia G, Litvak A. The time-course of conceptual processing in three bilingual populations. Journal of Memory and Language, 2000, 42(2): 229-254
205 Gordon N. The acquisition of a second language. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology: EJPN: official Journal of the European Neurology Society, 2000, 4(1): 3-7
206 Gandour J, Tong Y, Talavage T., Wong D et al. Neural basis of first and second language processing of sentence-level linguistic prosody. Human Brain Mapping, 2007, 28(2): 94-108
207 Wartenburger I, Heekeren HR, Abutalebi J, et al. Early setting of grammatical processing in the bilingual brain. Neuron, 2003, 37(1): 159–170
208 郭桃梅, 彭聃龄. 从语义启动效应看事件相关电位N400的实质. 心理科学, 2003, 26(4): 750
209 魏景汉, 罗跃嘉. 认知事件相关脑电位教程. 北京: 经济日报出版社, 2002, 175
2 Ku A, Lachmann E A, Nagler W. Selective language aphasia from herpes simplex encephalitis. Pediatric Neurology. 1996, 15(2): 169-171
3 唐孝威, 周昌乐. 对语言神经机制的新认识. 心理科学, 2001, 24(4): 396-400
4 Petersen S E, Fox P T, Snyder A Z, et al. Activation of extrastriate and frontal cortical areas by visual words and word-like stimuli. Science, 1990, 249(4972): 1041–1044
5 Cappa S F, Perani D, Schnur T, et al. The effects of semantic category and knowledge type on lexical-semantic access: a PET study. NeuroImage, 1998, 8(4): 350–359
6 Fiez J A, Balota D A, Raichle M E, et al. Effects of lexicality, frequency, and spelling-to-sound consistency on the functional anatomy of reading. Neuron, 1999, 24(1): 205–218
7 Mummery C J, Patterson K, Hodges J R, et al. Functional neuroanatomy of the semantic system: divisible by what? Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1998, 10(6): 766–777
8 Price C J, Moore C J, Humphreys G W, et al. Segregating semantic from phonological processes during reading. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1997, 9(6): 727–733
9 Polk T A, Farah M J. Functional MRI evidence for an abstract, not perceptual, word-form area. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2002, 131(1): 65-72
10 Booth J R, Burman D D, Meyer J R, et al. Functional anatomy of intra-and cross-modal lexical tasks. NeuroImage, 2002, 16(1): 7-22
11 Fiez J A, Petersen S E. Neuroimaging studies of word reading. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, 1998, 95(3): 914-921
12 Kieh K A, Liddle P F, Smith A M, et al. Neural pathways involved in the processing of concrete and abstract words. Human Brain Mapping, 1999, 7(4): 225-233
13 Hatta T. Recognition of Japanese kanji in the left and right visual fields. Neuropsychologia, 1977, 15(4-5): 685– 688
14 Cheng C M, Yang M J. Lateralization in the visual perception of Chinese characters and words. Brain Language, 1989, 36(4): 669–689
15 Chee M W L, Caplan D, Soon C S, et al. Processing of visually presented sentences in Mandarin and English studied with fMRI. Neuron, 1999, 23(5): 127-137
16 Tan L H, Liu H-L, Perfetti C A, et al. The neural system underlying Chinese logograph reading. NeuroImage, 2001, 13(5): 836-846
17 Peng D-L, Xu D, Jin Z, et al. Neural basis of the non-attentional processing of briefly presented words. Human Brain Mapping, 2003, 18(3): 215-221
18 Siok W T, Jin Z, Fletcher P, et al. Distinct brain regions associated with syllable and phoneme. Human Brain Mapping, 2003, 18(3): 201-207
19 Tan L H, Spinks J A, Gao J H, et al. Brain activation in the processing of Chinese character and words: a functional MRI study. Human Brain Mapping, 2000, 10(1): 16-27
20 Tan L H, Spinks J A, Feng C M, et al. Neural systems of second language reading are shaped by native language. Human Brain Mapping, 2003, 18(3): 158-166
21 彭聃龄.普通心理学.北京:北京师范大学出版社, 2001, 286
22 梁宁建.当代认知心理学.上海:上海教育出版社, 2003, 245
23 彭聃龄.语言心理学.北京:北京师范大学出版社, 1991, 294
24 黄震遐.中文的失语问题.1982.彭聃龄, 舒华, 陈火亘之.汉语认知研究.济南:山东教育出版社, 1997, 295
25 McClelland J L, Rumelhart D E. An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: part I. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 1981, 88(5): 375-407
26 Paap K R, Newsome S L, McDonald J E, et al. An activation-verification model for letter and word recognition: the word-superiority effect. Psychological Review, 1982, 89(5): 573-594
27 Taft M, van Graan F. Lack of phonological mediation in a semantic categorization task. Journal of Memory and Language, 1998, 38(2): 203-224
28 彭聃龄, 舒华, 陈火亘之.汉语认知研究.济南:山东教育出版社, 1997, 312
29 Lesch M F, Pollatsec A. Evidence for the use of assembled phonology in accessing the meaning of printed words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory, and cognition, 1998,
24(3): 573–592
30 Lou C R, Johnson R A, Gallo D A. Automatic activation of phonological information in reading: evidence from the semantic relatedness decision task. Memory and Cognition, 1998, 26(4):
833– 843
31 Frost R. Toward a strong phonological theory of visual word recognition: true issues and false trails. Psychological Bulletin, 1998, 123(1): 71-99
32 Coltheart M, Curtis B, Atkins P, et al. Models of reading aloud: dual-route and parallel-distributed-processing approaches. Psychological Review, 1993, 100(4): 589-608
33 Coltheart M, Rastle K, Perry C, et al. DRC: a dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychological Review, 2001, 108(1): 204-256
34 Seidenberg M S, Waters G S, Barnes M A, et al. When does irregular spelling or pronunciation influence word recognition? Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1984, 23(3): 383-404
35 尹文刚. 汉字失读的类型和意义. 心理学报, 1990, 22(3): 297-305
36 van Orden G C. A ROWS is a ROSE: spelling, sound, and reading. Memory and Cognition, 1987, 15(3): 181– 198
37 Perfetti C A, Bell L C, Delaney S M. Automatic(prelexical) phonetic activation in silent word reading: evidence from backward masking. Journal of Memory and Language, 1988, 27(1): 59-70
38 Perfetti C A, Tan L H. The constituency model of Chinese word identification. In: Wang J, Inhoff A, Chen H-C(eds). Reading Chinese script: a cognitive analysis. New Jersey: Erlbaum, 1999, 115-134
39 苏培成. 二十世纪中国语言学丛书:二十世纪的现代汉字研究. 太原:书海出版社, 2001,371-380
40 Berent I, Perfetti C A. A rose is a REEZ: the two-cycle model of phonology assembly in reading English. Psychological Review, 1995, 102(1): 146-184
41 Perfetti C A, Bell L C. Phonemic activation during the first 40 ms of word identification: evidence from backward masking and priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991, 30(4): 473-485
42 Tan L H, Perfetti C A. Phonological and associative inhibition in the early stages of English word identification: evidence from backward masking. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human perception and performance, 1999, 25(1): 59-69
43 van Orden G C, Johnston J C, Hale B L. Word identification in reading proceeds from spelling to sound to meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1988, 14(3): 371-386
44 Pexman P M, Lupker S J, Jared D. Homophone effects in lexical decision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2001, 27(1): 139–156
45 Jared D, Seidenberg M S. Does word identification proceed from spelling to sound to meaning? Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 1991, 120(4): 358-394
46 Ziegler J C, Benraiss A, Besson M. From print to meaning: An electrophysiological investigation of the role of phonology in accessing word meaning. Psychophysiology, 1999, 36(6): 775–785
47 彭聃龄, 舒华, 陈火亘之.汉语认知研究.济南:山东教育出版社. 1997, 160
48 Hue C W. Recognition processes in character naming. In: Chen H C, Tzeng O J L(eds). Language processing in Chinese, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1992, 93-107
49 Perfetti C A, Zhang S. Very early phonological activation in Chinese reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1995, 21(1): 24-33
50 Tan L H, Perfetti C A. Visual Chinese character recognition: does phonological information mediate access to meaning? Journal of Memory and Language, 1997, 37(1): 41-57
51 Xu Y, Pollatsek A, Potter M C. The activation of phonology during silent Chinese word reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1999, 25(4): 838-857
52 杨珲, 彭聃龄. 汉字阅读中语音的通达与表征(I)—字水平与亚字水平的语音及其交互作用. 心理学报, 2000, 32(2): 144-151
53 彭聃龄, 徐世勇, 丁国盛等. 汉语单字词音、义加工的脑激活模式. 中国神经科学杂志, 2003, 19(5): 287-291
54 高利群, 彭聃龄. 汉语形声字语音加工的前词汇通路. 心理科学, 2005, 28 (4): 885–888
55 Spinks J A, Liu Y, Perfetti C A, et al. Reading Chinese characters for meaning: the role of phonological information. Cognition, 2000, 76(1): B1-B11
56 郭桃梅, 彭聃龄, 祁志强等. 语音的自动激活及其在汉字语义通达中的作用. 心理学探新, 2004, 24(89): 31-33
57 Guo T, Peng D, Liu Y. The role of phonological activation in the visual semantic retrieval of Chinese characters. Cognition, 2005, 98(2): B21-B34
58 舒华, 张厚粲. 成人熟练读者的汉字读音加工过程. 心理学报, 1987, 22(3): 282-290
59 张积家, 王惠萍. 声旁与整字的音段、声调关系对形声字命名的影响. 心理学报, 2001, 33(3): 193-197
60 Tan L H, Hoosain R, Peng D. Role of early presemantic phonological code in Chinese character identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1995, 21(1): 43-54
61Tan L H, Hoosain R, Siok W W T. Activation of phonological codes before access to character meaning in written Chinese. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1996, 22(3): 865-882
62 Hoosain R. Psycholinguistic implications for linguistic relativity: a case study of Chinese. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 1991
63 Shen D, Forster K I. Masked phonological priming in reading Chinese words depends on the task. Language and Cognitive Processes, 1999, 14(5-6): 429-459
64 Zhou X, Marslen-Wilson W. Direct visual access is the only way to access the Chinese mental lexicon. In Cottrell G. (Ed.), Proceedings of 18th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 714-719, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
65 Leck K J, Weekes B S, Chen M J. Visual and phonological pathways to the lexicon: evidence from Chinese readers. Memory and Cognition, 1995, 23(4): 468-476
66 周晓林, 武宁宁, 舒华. 语音与词义激活的相对时间进程: 来自儿童发展的证据. 心理科学, 1998, 21(6): 498-501
67 Zhou X, Marslen-Wilson W. Phonology, orthography, and semantic activation in reading Chinese. Journal of Memory and Language, 1999, 41(4): 579-606
68 Zhou X, Marslen-Wilson W. The relative time course of semantic and phonological activation in reading Chinese. Journal of Memory and Language, 2000, 26(5): 1245-1265
69 Perfetti C A, Tan L H. The time course of graphic, phonological, and semantic activation in Chinese character identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1998, 24(1): 101-118
70 Perfetti C A, Zhang S. Phonological processes in reading Chinese characters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, memory, and Cognition, 1991, 17(4): 633-643
71 Seidenberg M S. The time course of phonological code activation in two writing systems. Cognition, 1985, 19(1): 1-30
72 Tan L H, Perfetti C A. Phonological codes as early sources of constraint in Chinese word identification: a review of current discoveries and theoretical accounts. Reading and Writing, 1998, 10(3-5): 165-200
73 Chen H-C, Shu H. Lexical activation during the recognition of Chinese characters: evidence against early phonological activation. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 2001, 8(3): 511-518
74 王更生, 汪安圣. 认知心理学. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 1990, 361
75 Oren R, Breznitz Z. Reading processes in L1 and L2 among dyslexic as compared to regular bilingual readers: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 2005, 18(2): 127-151
76 龚少英, 方富熹, 陈中永. 双语与认知发展关系的近期研究进展. 心理科学进展, 2002, 10(4): 403-409
77 Illes J, Francis W S, Desmond J E, et al. Convergent cortical representation of semantic processing in bilinguals. Brain and Language, 1999, 70(3): 347-363
78 Hernandez A E, Dapretto M, Mazziotta J, et al. Language switching and language representation in Spanish-English bilinguals: an fMRI study. NeuroImage, 2001, 14(2): 510-520
79 Klein D, Milner B, Zatorre R J, et al. Cerebral organization in bilinguals: a PET study of Chinese-English verb generation. NeuroReport, 1999, 10(13): 2841-2846
80 Pu Y, Liu H, Spinks J A, et al. Cerebral hemodynamic response in Chinese (first) and English (second) language processing revealed by event-related functional MRI. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2001, 19(5): 643-647
81 Proverbio A M, Cok B, Zani A. Electrophysiological measures of language processing in bilinguals. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2002, 14(7): 994-1017
82 Ishiwatari K, Koga Y, Nagata K. Different reading processes in different writing systems-ERP analysis using LORETA. International Congress Series, 2002, 1232(unknown): 63-69
83 Ding G, Conrad P, Peng D, et al. Neural mechanisms underlying semantic and orthographic processing in Chinese-English bilinguals. NeuroReport, 2003, 14(12): 1557-1562
84 Tham W W, Rickard Liow S J, Rajapakse J C, et al. Phonological processing in Chinese-English bilingual biscriptals: an fMRI study. NeuroImage, 2005, 28(3): 579–587
85 Liu Y, Perfetti C A. The time course of brain activity in reading English and Chinese: an ERP study of Chinese bilinguals. Human Brain Mapping, 2003, 18(3): 167-175
86 Chen H-C, Ng M L. Semantic facilitation and translation priming effect in Chinese-English bilinguals. Memory and Cognition, 1989, 17(4): 454-462
87 Kroll J F, Stewart E. Category interference in translation and picture naming: evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 1994, 33(2): 149-174
88 Potter M C, So K F, von Eckardt B, et al. Lexical and conceptual representation in beginning and more proficient bilinguals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 1984, 23(1): 23-38
89 Kroll J F, Curley J. Lexical memory in novice bilinguals: the role of concepts in retrieving second language words. In: Gruneberg M, Morris P, Sykes R(Eds.), Practical aspects of memory, 1988, 2, 389-395. London: John Wiley and Sons
90 van Wijnendaele I Brysbaert M. Visual word recognition in bilinguals: phonological priming from the second to the first language. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2002, 28(3): 616–627
91 Baker W, Trofimovich P. Interaction of native- and second- language vowel system(s) in early and late bilinguals. Language and Speech, 2005, 48(1): 1-27
92 Wang M, Koda K, Perfetti C A. Alphabetic and nonalphabetic L1 effects in English word identification: a comparison of Korean and Chinese English L2 learners. Cognition, 2003, 87(2):129-149
93 Wang M, Geva E. Spelling performance of Chinese ESL children: lexical and visual-orthographic processes. Applied Psycholinguistics, 2003, 24(1): 1-25
94 高定国, 肖晓云. 英语学习者水平对英语语音加工的影响. 心理科学, 2005, 28 (3): 619–621
95 高定国, 章睿健. 中国学生在学习英语中语音加工策略的使用. 心理发展与教育, 2005, 21(3): 66-73
96 Wang M, Perfetti C A, Liu Y. Chinese-English biliteracy acquisition: cross-language and writing system transfer. Cognition, 2005, 97(11): 67-88
97 杨静, 王立新, 彭聃龄. 第二语言获得的年龄和熟练程度对双语表征的影响. 当代语言学, 2004, 6(4): 321–327
98 刘丽虹, 张积家, 谭力海. 双语脑的研究: 不同的语言是否有不同的皮层机制? 心理科学, 2004, 27(3): 759-762
99 Perfetti C A, Liu Y. Orthography to phonology and meaning: comparisons across and within writing systems. Reading and Writing, 2005, 18(3): 193-210
100 Kim K H, Relkin N R, Lee K M, et al. Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second language. Nature, 1997, 388(6638): 171-174
101 Perani D, Paulesu E, Galles N S, et al. The bilingual brain: proficiency and age of acquisition of the second language. Brain, 1998, 121(10): 1841-1852
102 Kotz S A, Elston-G?ttler K. The role of proficiency on processing categorical and associative information in the L2 as revealed by reaction times and event-related brain potentials. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 2004, 17(2-3): 215-235
103 Chee M W, Hon N, Lee H L, et al. Relative language proficiency modulates BOLD signal change when bilinguals perform semantic judgments. Blood oxygen levet dependent. NeuroImage, 2001, 13(6): 1155-1163
104 Dong Q, Xue G, Jin Z, et al. Brain response is shaped by language experience: evidence from an fMRI study on beginning second language learners. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 2004, 36(4): 448-454
105 Ziegler J C, Jacobs A M. Phonological in formation provides early sources of constraint in the processing of letter strings. Journal of Memory and Language, 1995, 34(5): 567-593
106 Lesch M F, Pollatsek A. Automatic access of semantic information by phonological codes in visual word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1993, 19(2): 285-294
107 罗跃嘉. 认知神经科学教程. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2006, 130
108 Bentin S, Mouchetant-Rostaing Y, Giard M H, et al. ERP manifestations of processing printed words at different psycholinguistic levels: time course and scalp distribution. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 1999, 11(3): 235–260
109 Kramer A F, Donchin E. Brain potentials as indices of orthographic and phonological interaction during word matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,and Cognition, 1987, 13(1): 76–86
110 Kutas M, Hillyard S A. Reading senseless sentences: brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity. Science, 1980, 207(4427): 203-205
111 Holcomb P J, Neville H. Auditory and visual semantic priming in lexical decision: a comparison using event-related brain potentials. Language and Cognitive Processes, 1990, 5(3): 281–312
112 Silva-Pereyra J, Harmony T, Villanueva G, et al. N400 and lexical decisions: automatic or controlled processing? Clinical Neurophysiology, 1999, 110(5): 813–824
113 Nobre A C, Allison T, McCarthy G. Word recognition in the inferior temporal lobe. Nature, 1994, 372(6503): 260–263
114 Rudell A P, Hua J. The recognition potential, word difficulty, and individual reading ability: on using event-related potentials to study perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1997, 23(4): 1170-1195
115 Radeau M, Besson M, Fonteneau E, et al. Semantic, repetition and rime priming between spoken words: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Biological Psychology, 1998, 48(2): 183–204
116 Chen B, Liu Y, Peng D, et al. Chinese character frequency affects the timing of graphic, phonological and semantic information: an Event-Related Potential study. Presented in 1st conference of sino-western exchanges in cognitive neuroscience, 2006, Beijing, China, 113
117 Spironelli C, Angrilli A. Influence of phonological, semantic and orthographic tasks on the early linguistic components N150 and N350. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 2007, in press, doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.02.002
118 Barnea A, Breznitz Z. Phonological and orthographic processing of Hebrew words: electrophysiological aspects. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1998, 159(4): 492–504
119 Landi N, Perfetti C A. An electrophysiological investigation of semantic and phonological processing in skilled and less-skilled comprehenders. Brain and Language, 2006, in press, dio: 10.1016/j.bandl.2006.11.001
120 Lee C Y, Tsai J L, Chan W H, et al. Temporal dynamics of the consistency effect in reading Chinese: an event-related potentials study. NeuroReport, 2007, 18(2): 147-151
121 Liu Y, Perfetti C A. The time course of brain activity in reading English and Chinese: an ERP study of Chinese bilinguals. Human Brain Mapping, 2003, 18(3): 167-175
122 郭桃梅, 彭聃龄. 非熟练中-英双语者的第二语言的语义通达机制. 心理学报, 2002, 35(1): 23-28
123 李荣宝, 彭聃龄, 郭桃梅. 汉英语义通达过程的事件相关电位研究. 心理学报, 2003, 35(3): 309-316
124 McCandliss B D, Cohen L, Dehaene S. The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 2003, 7(7): 293-299
125 Poldrack R A, Wagner A D, Prull M W, et al. Functional specialization for semantic and phonological processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex. NeuroImage, 1999, 10(1): 15–35
126Booth J R, Burman D D, Meyer J R, et al. Functional anatomy of intra- and cross-modal lexical tasks. NeuroImage, 2002, 16(1): 7–22
127 Booth J R, Burman D D, Meyer J R, et al. Relation between brain activation and lexical performance. Human Brain Mapping, 2003, 19(3): 155–169
128 Booth J R, Lu D, Burman D D, et al. Specialization of phonological and semantic processing in Chinese word reading. Brain Research, 2006, 1071(1): 197-207
129 Dong Y, Nakamura K, Okada T, et al. Neural mechanisms underlying the processing of Chinese words: an fMRI study. Neuroscience Research, 2005, 52(2): 139-145
130 Liu Y, Perfetti C A, Hart L. ERP evidence for the time course of graphic, phonological, and semantic information in Chinese meaning and pronunciation decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2003, 29(6): 1231-1247
131 Ferrand L, Grainger J. Effects of orthography are independent of phonology in masked form priming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1994, 47(2): 365–382
132 Rugg M D. Event-related potentials in phonological matching tasks. Brain and Language, 1984, 23(22): 225-240
133 Zhou X. Sub-lexical processing in reading Chinese. Paper presented at the Inaugural Asian- Australian Workshop on Cognitive Processing of Asian Languages, Sydney, 1994
134 Segui J, Grainger J. Priming word recognition with orthographic neighbors: effects of relative prime-target frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1990, 16(1): 65-76
135 Perea M, Lupker S J. Does jugde activate COURT? Transposed-letter similarity effects in masked associative priming. Memory and Cognition, 2003, 31(6): 829–841
136 Perea M, Lupker S J. Can CANISO activate CASINO? Transposed-letter similarity effects with nonadjacent letter positions. Journal of Memory and Language, 2004, 51(2): 231–246
137 Bowers J S, Davis C J, Hanley D A. Automatic semantic activation of embedded words: is there a hat in that? Journal of Memory and Language, 2005, 52(1): 131–143
138 Davis C J, Lupker S J. Masked inhibitory priming in English: evidence for lexical inhibition Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human perception performance, 2006, 32(3): 668-687
139 Akamatsu N. The effects of first language orthographic features on word recognition processing in English as a second language. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 1999, 11(4): 381–403
140 林泳海, 张必隐. 中文音韵在词汇通达中的作用. 心理科学, 1999, 22(2): 152-155
141 刘伟志, 梁宁建, 高旭辰等. 中国大学生第二语言知识的心理表征特征. 应用心理学, 2005, 11(1): 15-20
142 Folk J R, Morris R K. Multiple lexical codes in reading: evidence from eye movements, naming time, and oral reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1995, 21(6): 1412–1429
143 Perfetti C A, Zhang S, Berent I. Reading in English and Chinese: evidence for a universal phonological principle. In Frost R, Katz L (Eds.), Orthography, phonology, morphology, andmeaning. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1992, 227-248
144 Chen H-C, Flores d’Arcais G B, Chenung S L. Orthographic and phonological activation in recognizing Chinese characters. Psychological Research, 1995, 58(2): 144-153
145 Nimmo L M, Roodenrys S. Investigating the phonological similarity effect: syllable structure and the position of common phonemes. Journal of Memory and Language, 2004, 50(3): 245-258 146 Coltheart V. Effects of phonological similarity and concurrent irrelevant articulation on short-term memory recall of repeated and novel word lists. Memory and Cognition, 1993,
21(4): 539-545
147 Fallon A B, Groves K, Tehan G. Phonological similarity and trace degradation in the serial recall task: when CAT helps RAT, but not MAN. International Journal of Psychology, 1999, 34(5/6): 301-307
148 毕鸿燕, 胡伟, 翁旭初. 汉语形声字声旁家族大小对整字发音的影响. 心理学报, 2006, 38(6): 791-797
149 宋凤宁, 林泳海, 宋歌等. 连绵词语音类似的启动效应. 心理科学, 2000, 23(3): 306-310
150 Lam A S L, Perfetti C A, Bell L. Automatic phonetic transfer in bidialectal reading. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1991, 12(3): 299-311
151 Lukatela G, Turvey M T. Phonemic similarity effects and prelexical phonology. Memory and Cognition, 1990, 18(2): 128-152
152 林泳海, 钱琴珍, 宋凤宁等. 在词汇通达中双字词的语音类似作用存在吗?心理科学, 2002, 25(4): 439-441
153 Zhang S, Perfetti C A, Yang H. Whole-word, frequency-general phonology in semantic processing of Chinese characters. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1999, 25(4): 858-875
154 Chua F K. Phonological recoding in Chinese logograph recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1999, 25(4): 876-891
155 陈宝国, 彭聃龄. 汉字识别中形音义激活时间进程的研究(I).心理学报, 2001, 33(1): 1-6
156 Perrin F, García-Larrea L. Modulation of the N400 potential during auditory phonological/semantic interaction. Cognitive Brain Research, 2003, 17(1): 36-47
157 Kiefer M, Brendel D. Attentional modulation of unconscious “automatic” processes: evidence from event-related potentials in a masked priming paradigm. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2006, 18(2): 184-198
158 Grainger J. Ferrand L. Masked orthographic and phonological priming in visual word recognition and naming: cross-task comparisons. Journal of Memory and Language, 1996, 35(5): 623-647
159 高定国, 刘淑华, 丁玉珑等. 语音信息对不同水平中国英语学习者语义加工的影响. 应用心理学, 2005, 11(1): 8-14
160 De Groot A M B, Dannenburg L, van Hell J G. Forward and backward word translation by bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 1994, 33(5): 600-629
161 De Groot A M B, Poot R. Word translation at three levels of proficiency in a second language: the ubiquitous involvement of conceptual memory. Language Learning, 1997, 47(2): 215-264
162 De Groot A M B, Nas G L J. Lexical representation of cognates and noncognates in compound bilinguals. Journal of Memory and Language, 1991, 30(1): 90-123
163 Gollan T, Forster K I, Frost R. Translation priming with different scripts: masked priming with cognates and noncognates in Hebrew-English bilinguals. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 1997, 23(5): 1122-1139
164 Finkbeiner M, Forster K, Nicol J, et al. The role of polysemy in masked semantic and translation priming. Journal of Memory and Language, 2004, 51(1): 1-22
165 Jiang N. Testing processing explanations for the asymmetry in masked cross-language priming. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1999, 2(1): 59-76
166 Jiang N, Forster K I. Cross-language priming asymmetries in lexical decision and episodic recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 2001, 44(1): 32-51
167 Cunningham A E, Stanovich K E, Wilson M R. Cognitive variation in adult students differing in reading ability. In: Carr T H, Levy B A(Eds.). Reading and development: component skills approaches, 1990, 129–160. New York: Academic Press
168 Rumsey J M, Horwitz B, Donobue B C, et al. Phonological and orthographic components of word recognition: A PET-rCBF study. Brain, 1997, 120(5): 739-759;
169 Price C J. The functional anatomy of word comprehension and production. Trends in Cognitive Science, 1998, 2(8):281-288
170 Thuy D H, Matsuo K, Nakamura K, et al. Implicit and explicit processing of kanji and kana words and non-words studied with fMRI. NeuroImage, 2004, 23(3): 878–889
171 Yokoyama S, Okamoto H, Miyamoto T, et al. Cortical activation in the processing of passive sentences in L1 and L2: an fMRI study. NeuroImage, 2006, 30(2): 570–579
172 Suh S, Yoon H W, Lee S, et al. Effects of syntactic complexity in L1 and L2: an fMRI study of Korean–English bilinguals. Brain research, 2007, 1136(1): 178-189
173 舒华, 周晓林, 武宁宁. 儿童汉字读音声旁一致性意识的发展. 心理学报, 2000, 32(2): 164-169
174 Huang H S, Hanley J R. Phonological awareness and visual skills in learning to read Chinese and English. Cognition, 1995, 54(1): 73-98
175 Hayes E B. Encoding strategies used by native and non-native readers of Chinese Mandarin. Modern Language Journal, 1988, 72(2): 188-195
176 Perfetti C A, Liu Y, Tan L H. The lexical constituency model: some implications of research on Chinese for general theories of reading. Psychological Review, 2005, 112(1): 43–59
177 Koda K. Effects of L1 orthographic representation on L2 phonological coding strategies. Journal of Psycholinguistic research, 1989, 18(2): 201-222
178 Chikamatsu N. The effects of L2 orthography on L2 word recognition: a study of American and Chinese learners of Japanese. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 1996, 18(4): 403-432
179 Mori Y. Effects of first language and phonological accessibility on kanji recognition. The Modern Language Journal, 1998, 82(1): 69-82
180 Akamatsu N. The effects of first language orthographic features on second language reading in text. Language Learning, 2003, 53(2): 207-231
181 Koda K. Development of L2 intraword orthographic sensitivity and decoding skills. ModernLanguage Journal, 1999, 83(1): 51–64
182 Pollatsek A, Perea M, Carreiras M. Does conal prime CANAL more than cinal? Masked phonological priming effects in Spanish with the lexical decision task. Memory and Cognition, 2005, 33(3): 557-565
183 Jared D, Kroll J F. Do bilinguals activate phonological representations in one or both of their languages when naming words? Journal of Memory and Language, 2001, 44(1): 2-31
184 Durgunoglu A Y, Nagy W E, Hancin-Bhatt B J. Cross-language transfer of phonological awareness. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1993, 85(3): 453-465
185 Comeau L, Cormier P, Grandmaison E, et al. A longitudinal study of phonological processing skills in children learning to read in a second language. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1999, 91(1): 29-43
186 D’Angiulli A, Siegel L S, Serra E. The development of reading in English and Italian in bilingual children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 2001, 22(4): 479-507
187 Geva E, Siegel L. Orthographic and cognitive factors in the concurrent development of basic reading skills in two languages. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2000 12(1/2), 1-30
188 Wydell T N, Butterworth B. A case study of an English-Japanese bilingual with monolingual dyslexia. Cognition, 1999, 70(3): 273-305
189 Liow S J R, Poon K K L. Phonological awareness in multilingual Chinese children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1998, 19(3): 339-362
190 刘莹, 董燕萍. 汉语儿童英汉语语音意识和英语单词认读能力的关系. 心理科学, 2006, 29(4): 960-962
191 McBride-Chang C, Kail R V. Cross-cultural similarities in the predictors of reading acquisition. Child Development, 2002, 73(5): 1392-1407
192 McBride-Chang C, Treiman R. Hong Kong Chinese kindergarteners learn to read English analytically. Psychological Science, 2003, 14(2): 138-143
193 Gottardo A, Yan B, Siegel L S. Factors related to English reading performance in Children with Chinese as a first language: more evidence of cross-language transfer of phonological processing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 2001, 93(3): 530-542
194 张积家, 林志华. 汉语拼音水平与英语语音意识、英语拼写能力的关系. 心理科学, 2002, 25(5): 601-605
195 闫嵘, 俞国良, 张磊. 双语儿童语音意识与词汇认读关系的研究. 心理科学, 2005, 28(2): 304-307
196 任萍, 徐芬, 张瑞平. 拼音学习对幼儿语音意识发展的影响. 心理学报, 2006, 38(1): 41-46
197 Klein D, Milner B, Zatorre R J, et al. The neural substrates underlying word generation: a bilingual functional imaging study. Proceedings of the National Academic Science of the USA, 1995, 92(7): 2899-2903
198 Akamatsu N. A similarity in word-recognition procedures among second language readerswith different first language backgrounds. Applied Psycholinguistics, 2002, 23(1): 117–133
199 Wang M, Perfetti C A, Liu Y. Alphabetic readers quickly acquire orthographic structure in learning to read Chinese. Scientific Studies of Reading, 2003, 7(2): 183-207
200 Chikamatsu N. Developmental word recognition: a study of L1 English readers of L2 Japanese. The Modern Language Journal, 2006, 90 (1), 67-85
201 Gandour J, Wong D, Hutchins G. Pitch processing in the human brain is influenced by language experience. NeuroReport, 1998, 9(9): 2115-2119
202 李利, 莫雷, 王瑞明等. 非熟练中-英双语者跨语言长时重复启动效应, 心理学报, 2006, 38(5): 672-680
203 Meschyan G, Hernandez A E. Impact of language proficiency and orthographic transparency on bilingual word reading: An fMRI investigation. NeuroImage, 2006, 29(4): 1135-1140
204 McElree B, Jia G, Litvak A. The time-course of conceptual processing in three bilingual populations. Journal of Memory and Language, 2000, 42(2): 229-254
205 Gordon N. The acquisition of a second language. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology: EJPN: official Journal of the European Neurology Society, 2000, 4(1): 3-7
206 Gandour J, Tong Y, Talavage T., Wong D et al. Neural basis of first and second language processing of sentence-level linguistic prosody. Human Brain Mapping, 2007, 28(2): 94-108
207 Wartenburger I, Heekeren HR, Abutalebi J, et al. Early setting of grammatical processing in the bilingual brain. Neuron, 2003, 37(1): 159–170
208 郭桃梅, 彭聃龄. 从语义启动效应看事件相关电位N400的实质. 心理科学, 2003, 26(4): 750
209 魏景汉, 罗跃嘉. 认知事件相关脑电位教程. 北京: 经济日报出版社, 2002, 175