地铁通风系统火灾研究与疏导措施
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摘要
世界城市人口迅速增长，导致车辆增多，给城市带来了交通拥挤、环境污染和能源危机等问题。据专家预测，到2010年，世界人口将达到60亿，百万人口以上的大城市将突破400个。城市中传统的地面交通，如公共汽车、无轨电车，因运量小、速度慢，将无法适应城市客运的需要。因此，发展城市地铁交通，缓和车辆拥挤的问题越来越引起世界各国的高度重视。
地铁与城市中的其他交通工具相比有许多优点：一是运量大,二是无污染，三是速度快。此外，地铁列车还具有准时、舒适、方便和节能等特点。但随着城市地铁建设的飞速发展，地铁环境中的通风问题、火灾问题也日益引起人们的广泛关注。由于地铁环境不同于地上建筑，也有别于一般的地下建筑，因此，这个问题已成为当今城市地铁环境中的热点问题。国外对地铁环境中的通风及火灾问题关注的较早，着手进行研究的工作开展的也较为全面细致，但国内由于种种制约因素，在此相关问题上的研究一直相应的有所滞后。
我国有1 2个城市申请修建地铁和轻轨道路，线路总长 430 km ,建成投资需 1 40 0亿元。据悉 ,我国已批准立项或原则同意南京、深圳、青岛、沈阳、重庆 5城市兴建地铁和轻轨道路。大连、长春、哈尔滨、鞍山、武汉、杭州、乌鲁木齐等城市也在筹建地铁和轻轨道路，随着我国现代化建设步伐的加快，城市地铁建设必将蓬勃发展[19]。因此，如果我们就目前已经建成的城市地铁环境加以研究比较，必将也会为今后陆续开工建设的其他城市的地铁有所裨益。
本文以北京环线地铁典型站（前门站）以及区间隧道（前门站至崇文门）为研究重点，重点研究了目前所存在的通风气流不畅以及潜在的火灾通风排烟问题，对侧式地铁车站与中间设置通风竖井的区间隧道的在三种通风模式分别加以研究，并在此基础上，给出了三种模式下的相对最优化的结果。本文将地铁环境内的气流看成是理想流体的稳定流动（正常运行模式及堵塞运行模式）和非稳定流动（火灾模式），利用当今世界对此领域进行研究的流行软件CFD模拟研究了上述问题，有针对性的研究目前侧式地铁车站以及中间设置通风竖井的区间隧道的通风与火灾排烟问题，进而解决侧式地铁车站以及中间设置通风竖井的区间隧道的通风方式最优化问题、火灾工况下最优化通风方式问题，为今后地铁环境的
控制研究提供了一定的帮助。
研究方法主要采用计算机模拟研究，因为尽管地铁环境研究以实体尺寸火灾试验所取得的数据最为可信（虽然每次实验的费用根据规模的大小约在数十万元至100万元之间，且每次实验的周期长），因为已发生过的火灾根本无法复原进行模拟。而缩小比例的模拟实验只可做定性的研究，很难作定量研究，毕竟实验难于满足模拟实验所有的相似准则，实验所得数据的使用有其局限性，难于作为计算机模拟化研究边界条件的数值使用，因此本文采用一定程度的简化措施，力求近可能探求出较完备的解决方案，并且进一步模拟出由于条件限制所无法实现的工况下的通风控制结果。
With expeditiously development of national economy, constructions of under- ground are becoming more important. Due to the increase of underground quantity all over the country, fatalness of fire in every underground are increasing gradually. Therefore, ventilation in a fire emergency in a underground becomes extremely important. Until now, our investigation and research in this field is far behind abroad, and is badly hindering the underground construction.
Now, there are more and more underground in practice, so we should investigate underground which had been established to accumulate our experience in fire emergency. And it is essential that we should find out the effective and available scenario of fire ventilation to control the air velocity in underground exceeding the "critical velocity" and push all of the smoke out f the tunnel. The work here has a lot of application and stringency.
For the first time, the various ventilation methods and effects to control the smoke in a fire emergency the underground are presented. With the hypothesis of one-dimensional steady ideal fluid, the experimental and numerical are presented. Computational Fluid Dynamics, that is CFD, techniques are used to study and understand fluid behavior in underground. By simulating complex specific operation cases, we can educe velocity or flux distribution and determine the favorable operational procedures of Beijing underground ventilation in several fire case. Comparison has been made between a simulation and experiment for some cases in order to prove the CFD model is powerful, so that enables the study of cases for which simulated data is available. The analysis of results is also valuable for researching and operating of other underground ventilation.
地铁与城市中的其他交通工具相比有许多优点：一是运量大,二是无污染，三是速度快。此外，地铁列车还具有准时、舒适、方便和节能等特点。但随着城市地铁建设的飞速发展，地铁环境中的通风问题、火灾问题也日益引起人们的广泛关注。由于地铁环境不同于地上建筑，也有别于一般的地下建筑，因此，这个问题已成为当今城市地铁环境中的热点问题。国外对地铁环境中的通风及火灾问题关注的较早，着手进行研究的工作开展的也较为全面细致，但国内由于种种制约因素，在此相关问题上的研究一直相应的有所滞后。
我国有1 2个城市申请修建地铁和轻轨道路，线路总长 430 km ,建成投资需 1 40 0亿元。据悉 ,我国已批准立项或原则同意南京、深圳、青岛、沈阳、重庆 5城市兴建地铁和轻轨道路。大连、长春、哈尔滨、鞍山、武汉、杭州、乌鲁木齐等城市也在筹建地铁和轻轨道路，随着我国现代化建设步伐的加快，城市地铁建设必将蓬勃发展[19]。因此，如果我们就目前已经建成的城市地铁环境加以研究比较，必将也会为今后陆续开工建设的其他城市的地铁有所裨益。
本文以北京环线地铁典型站（前门站）以及区间隧道（前门站至崇文门）为研究重点，重点研究了目前所存在的通风气流不畅以及潜在的火灾通风排烟问题，对侧式地铁车站与中间设置通风竖井的区间隧道的在三种通风模式分别加以研究，并在此基础上，给出了三种模式下的相对最优化的结果。本文将地铁环境内的气流看成是理想流体的稳定流动（正常运行模式及堵塞运行模式）和非稳定流动（火灾模式），利用当今世界对此领域进行研究的流行软件CFD模拟研究了上述问题，有针对性的研究目前侧式地铁车站以及中间设置通风竖井的区间隧道的通风与火灾排烟问题，进而解决侧式地铁车站以及中间设置通风竖井的区间隧道的通风方式最优化问题、火灾工况下最优化通风方式问题，为今后地铁环境的
控制研究提供了一定的帮助。
研究方法主要采用计算机模拟研究，因为尽管地铁环境研究以实体尺寸火灾试验所取得的数据最为可信（虽然每次实验的费用根据规模的大小约在数十万元至100万元之间，且每次实验的周期长），因为已发生过的火灾根本无法复原进行模拟。而缩小比例的模拟实验只可做定性的研究，很难作定量研究，毕竟实验难于满足模拟实验所有的相似准则，实验所得数据的使用有其局限性，难于作为计算机模拟化研究边界条件的数值使用，因此本文采用一定程度的简化措施，力求近可能探求出较完备的解决方案，并且进一步模拟出由于条件限制所无法实现的工况下的通风控制结果。
With expeditiously development of national economy, constructions of under- ground are becoming more important. Due to the increase of underground quantity all over the country, fatalness of fire in every underground are increasing gradually. Therefore, ventilation in a fire emergency in a underground becomes extremely important. Until now, our investigation and research in this field is far behind abroad, and is badly hindering the underground construction.
Now, there are more and more underground in practice, so we should investigate underground which had been established to accumulate our experience in fire emergency. And it is essential that we should find out the effective and available scenario of fire ventilation to control the air velocity in underground exceeding the "critical velocity" and push all of the smoke out f the tunnel. The work here has a lot of application and stringency.
For the first time, the various ventilation methods and effects to control the smoke in a fire emergency the underground are presented. With the hypothesis of one-dimensional steady ideal fluid, the experimental and numerical are presented. Computational Fluid Dynamics, that is CFD, techniques are used to study and understand fluid behavior in underground. By simulating complex specific operation cases, we can educe velocity or flux distribution and determine the favorable operational procedures of Beijing underground ventilation in several fire case. Comparison has been made between a simulation and experiment for some cases in order to prove the CFD model is powerful, so that enables the study of cases for which simulated data is available. The analysis of results is also valuable for researching and operating of other underground ventilation.
引文
1 金学易等编，隧道通风及隧道空气动力学，中国铁道出版社，1983.11
2 陶文铨 数值传热学，西安交通大学出版社，1995，12
3 王应时，范维澄等， 燃烧过程数值计算[M]，北京：科学出版社， 1986，11
4 地下铁道设计规范， 国家技术监督局，中华人民共和国建设部， 1993—01—01
5 李启荣 黎少其，地铁火灾系统保障研究， 香港：城市轨道交通研究，2001.
6 冯炼 刘应清，地铁火灾烟气控制的数值模拟，地下空间, 2002，03
7 冯炼，地铁环控系统的应用及其数值模拟，地铁与轻轨, 1997.
8 冯炼 刘应清，地铁阻塞通风的数值模拟，中国铁道科学，2002，06
9 赵文端 廖其奠，粘性流体力学，上海机械学院，机械工业出版社, 1993
10 曹俊杰，地铁环控数值模拟研究：[学位论文] 成都：西南交通大学，1996.
11 罗霞 高士廉，地铁车站的系统模拟模型，重庆交通学院学报，1994，12
12 周谟仁主编，流体力学泵与风机（第二版），中国建筑工业出版社，1988
13 刘国芳，北京地铁通风系统的现状分析和改进意见，铁道建筑，1995，03
14 曾飞轮，地铁空调通风设计探讨，四川建筑，1997，05
15 巩云，地下铁道环控制式之我见，铁道工程学报，1997，03
16 北京地铁典型站气流组织现状调查研究报告，北京地铁科研所 冶金部建筑研究总院，1990，10
17 北京地铁洞内气流组织的模拟实验，北京地铁科研所 冶金部建筑研究总院，1990，11
18 北京地铁前门站温度测试报告，北京地铁科研所 北京工业大学，1990，10
19 地铁轻轨简讯，地铁与轻轨，2000，07
20 Bradley Rogers, Norman H, Danaziger, P. E. The Emergency Ventilation of the South Boston Piers/Fort Point Channel Underground Transit way, 8th International symposium on the aerodynamics and ventilation of vehicle tunnels, p533-546
21 A. Gonzalez and N. h. Danaziger, Tunnel Ventilation Design for Fire Safety 6th
International symposium on the aerodynamics and ventilation of vehicle tunnels [M]. England, sep, 1998, p575-592
22 C MICLEA and D M MCKINNEY, CFD simulation of a vehicle fire in a station equipped with platform screen doors 8th International symposium on the aerodynamics and ventilation of vehicle tunnels. USA, 1994, p308-309
23 Norman Rhodes (1994) "Review of tunnel fire and smoke simulations" 8th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels .
24 Didier LACRLOX, Patrick CHASSE(1994) "Small scale study of smoke trap door systems" 8th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels.
25 P C MICLEA and D McKinney(2000) "The impact of fire location in a subway station on computer simulation results and fan operation requirements" 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels.
26 Rhodes, N, Clark I W and Else, K. (1991) "Prediction of Smoke Movement Using CFD". IMech E Euro Tech Conference Paper C413/067.
27 Kumar, S, and Cox, G, (1985) "Mathematical modeling of fires in road tunnels." 5th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels.
28 Biollay, H. and Chasse, P. (1994) "Validating and Optimizing 2D and 3D Computer Simulations for the Ofeneegg Fire Tests". This conference.
29 EPAD-Tunnel A.14:Etude experimental d`un system de desenfumage surune Marquette au 1/15,T. Muller, Framatome - Center Technique, rapport MC/TP R93.1081, Mai 1993
30 Validating and optimizing 2D and 3D computer simulations for the Ofnegg tunnel fire test, H. Billy and P. Chasse,8th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, B.H.R.G., Liverpool, July 1994
31 Etude sur Marquette aerauliques des systems de trappers de desenfumage en
tunnel router ,Rapports final, P. Chasse et D. Lacroix, Center d`Etudes des Tunnel, Fernier 1994
32 Nordal , R.S and Kvale, J (1984).Simulated Fires in the Old Run ehammmar Tunnel. Rapport mummer STF61 A84022, SINTEF, Trondheim
33 Heselden, A.J.M (1976). Studies of Fire and Smoke Relevant to tunnels. Second International Symposium on Aerodynamic and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, Cambridge, March 1976.BHRA Fluid Engineering
34 Feizlmayr, A. H (1976). Research in Austria on Tunnels Fire, Second International Symposium on Aerodynamic and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, Cambridge, England 23rd March-25th March 1976.BHRA fluid Engineering
35 Rhodes, N., Lewdness, J.F.L., and Symons, G.E.M. (1991) "Fire Modeling for Good Design", Institute of Energy Publishing Limited
36 Burns, A D and Wilkes, N S. 19877 A finite Difference Method for the Computational of Fluid Flows in Complex Three-Dimensional Geometries, AERE-R 12342
37 Phoddes, N., Else, K., Symons, G.E.M. and Locke H.A. (1992) "Vancouver Land bridge Smoke Simulation" 1st int. Conf. On Safety in Road tunnels, Basel.
38 Nordal,R.S. and Kvale, J (1984). Simulated Fire in the Old Runehammar Tunnel. Rapportummer STF61 A84022 ,SINTEF. Trondheim.
39 W D KENNEDY, S K LI, and T P O'DWYER, The development and testing of the subway Environment Simulation version 2000, 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels.
40 S J PATEL and T P O'DWYER, R F O'BRIEN, M R AINSLEY, Emergency ventilation system for the Boston Transitway, 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels.
41 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)130—Standard for Fixed Guideway
Transit Systems,1993
42 Oger, B.A., Danziger N. H., Booth, J. B., Emergency Ventilation of the South Boston Piers/Fort Point Channel Underground Transitway, 8th international symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, BHRA,
Liverpool, UK.1994
43 I Y MAEVSKI, J F FAY, Simulation and ventilation system design for the Tren Urbano Subway Project in Puero Rico, 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels.
44 Dr. K. H. Yang, H. Su S. K. Lee, Smoke management of A 12km long railway tunnel under fire,
45 AEA Technology plc, Introduction to CFX-5, 2001
2 陶文铨 数值传热学，西安交通大学出版社，1995，12
3 王应时，范维澄等， 燃烧过程数值计算[M]，北京：科学出版社， 1986，11
4 地下铁道设计规范， 国家技术监督局，中华人民共和国建设部， 1993—01—01
5 李启荣 黎少其，地铁火灾系统保障研究， 香港：城市轨道交通研究，2001.
6 冯炼 刘应清，地铁火灾烟气控制的数值模拟，地下空间, 2002，03
7 冯炼，地铁环控系统的应用及其数值模拟，地铁与轻轨, 1997.
8 冯炼 刘应清，地铁阻塞通风的数值模拟，中国铁道科学，2002，06
9 赵文端 廖其奠，粘性流体力学，上海机械学院，机械工业出版社, 1993
10 曹俊杰，地铁环控数值模拟研究：[学位论文] 成都：西南交通大学，1996.
11 罗霞 高士廉，地铁车站的系统模拟模型，重庆交通学院学报，1994，12
12 周谟仁主编，流体力学泵与风机（第二版），中国建筑工业出版社，1988
13 刘国芳，北京地铁通风系统的现状分析和改进意见，铁道建筑，1995，03
14 曾飞轮，地铁空调通风设计探讨，四川建筑，1997，05
15 巩云，地下铁道环控制式之我见，铁道工程学报，1997，03
16 北京地铁典型站气流组织现状调查研究报告，北京地铁科研所 冶金部建筑研究总院，1990，10
17 北京地铁洞内气流组织的模拟实验，北京地铁科研所 冶金部建筑研究总院，1990，11
18 北京地铁前门站温度测试报告，北京地铁科研所 北京工业大学，1990，10
19 地铁轻轨简讯，地铁与轻轨，2000，07
20 Bradley Rogers, Norman H, Danaziger, P. E. The Emergency Ventilation of the South Boston Piers/Fort Point Channel Underground Transit way, 8th International symposium on the aerodynamics and ventilation of vehicle tunnels, p533-546
21 A. Gonzalez and N. h. Danaziger, Tunnel Ventilation Design for Fire Safety 6th
International symposium on the aerodynamics and ventilation of vehicle tunnels [M]. England, sep, 1998, p575-592
22 C MICLEA and D M MCKINNEY, CFD simulation of a vehicle fire in a station equipped with platform screen doors 8th International symposium on the aerodynamics and ventilation of vehicle tunnels. USA, 1994, p308-309
23 Norman Rhodes (1994) "Review of tunnel fire and smoke simulations" 8th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels .
24 Didier LACRLOX, Patrick CHASSE(1994) "Small scale study of smoke trap door systems" 8th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels.
25 P C MICLEA and D McKinney(2000) "The impact of fire location in a subway station on computer simulation results and fan operation requirements" 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels.
26 Rhodes, N, Clark I W and Else, K. (1991) "Prediction of Smoke Movement Using CFD". IMech E Euro Tech Conference Paper C413/067.
27 Kumar, S, and Cox, G, (1985) "Mathematical modeling of fires in road tunnels." 5th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels.
28 Biollay, H. and Chasse, P. (1994) "Validating and Optimizing 2D and 3D Computer Simulations for the Ofeneegg Fire Tests". This conference.
29 EPAD-Tunnel A.14:Etude experimental d`un system de desenfumage surune Marquette au 1/15,T. Muller, Framatome - Center Technique, rapport MC/TP R93.1081, Mai 1993
30 Validating and optimizing 2D and 3D computer simulations for the Ofnegg tunnel fire test, H. Billy and P. Chasse,8th International Symposium on Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, B.H.R.G., Liverpool, July 1994
31 Etude sur Marquette aerauliques des systems de trappers de desenfumage en
tunnel router ,Rapports final, P. Chasse et D. Lacroix, Center d`Etudes des Tunnel, Fernier 1994
32 Nordal , R.S and Kvale, J (1984).Simulated Fires in the Old Run ehammmar Tunnel. Rapport mummer STF61 A84022, SINTEF, Trondheim
33 Heselden, A.J.M (1976). Studies of Fire and Smoke Relevant to tunnels. Second International Symposium on Aerodynamic and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, Cambridge, March 1976.BHRA Fluid Engineering
34 Feizlmayr, A. H (1976). Research in Austria on Tunnels Fire, Second International Symposium on Aerodynamic and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, Cambridge, England 23rd March-25th March 1976.BHRA fluid Engineering
35 Rhodes, N., Lewdness, J.F.L., and Symons, G.E.M. (1991) "Fire Modeling for Good Design", Institute of Energy Publishing Limited
36 Burns, A D and Wilkes, N S. 19877 A finite Difference Method for the Computational of Fluid Flows in Complex Three-Dimensional Geometries, AERE-R 12342
37 Phoddes, N., Else, K., Symons, G.E.M. and Locke H.A. (1992) "Vancouver Land bridge Smoke Simulation" 1st int. Conf. On Safety in Road tunnels, Basel.
38 Nordal,R.S. and Kvale, J (1984). Simulated Fire in the Old Runehammar Tunnel. Rapportummer STF61 A84022 ,SINTEF. Trondheim.
39 W D KENNEDY, S K LI, and T P O'DWYER, The development and testing of the subway Environment Simulation version 2000, 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels.
40 S J PATEL and T P O'DWYER, R F O'BRIEN, M R AINSLEY, Emergency ventilation system for the Boston Transitway, 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels.
41 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)130—Standard for Fixed Guideway
Transit Systems,1993
42 Oger, B.A., Danziger N. H., Booth, J. B., Emergency Ventilation of the South Boston Piers/Fort Point Channel Underground Transitway, 8th international symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, BHRA,
Liverpool, UK.1994
43 I Y MAEVSKI, J F FAY, Simulation and ventilation system design for the Tren Urbano Subway Project in Puero Rico, 10th International Symposium on the Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels.
44 Dr. K. H. Yang, H. Su S. K. Lee, Smoke management of A 12km long railway tunnel under fire,
45 AEA Technology plc, Introduction to CFX-5, 2001