路基沉降全方位监测方法与技术的研究
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摘要
摘要：
高速、重载铁路的建设,对我国传统铁路设计、施工、检测等提出了新的挑战,特别是对路基、桥梁和轨道沉降变形的要求显著提高。路基沉降检测是铁路检测中不可或缺的一项,通过长期监测铁路线路路基的沉降与变形,及时对不符合要求的路基进行维护；通过分析沉降与变形的监测数据,研究不同条件下路基沉降与变形的规律,采取不同施工方式来控制其沉降量与变形量。现有路基沉降检测方法普遍存在测量参数不全面、测量基准设置困难、各测点相对独立难以得到整体沉降情况等缺点,传统检测方法依靠人工作业,还存在耗时、耗力、低效等不足。
针对以上缺点与不足,本论文基于对国内外相关研究的全面剖析,主要开展多参数、全方位路基沉降测量方法的研究,并以自动检测与实时监测为宗旨,建立一套全新的路基沉降监测系统,实现了无人工干预情况下,客观、准确的监测路基的各种沉降,满足我国铁路建设快速发展对铁路监测提出的新要求。
本论文取得的创新成果包括：
1)提出一种基于星点法的路基表面沉降测量方法。该方法利用随路基一同沉降的红外LED在基准点的线阵CCD上成像光斑的移动来测量表面沉降。为克服成像比例系数误差对测量的影响,提出了成像比例自动标定技术,以固定间距的两个LED作为测标,测量与标定同时进行,无需测量物距,提高沉降测量精度；为消除环境杂散光的影响,提出了背景自动去除技术,增加了表面沉降测量的适应范围；改进了加权质心法,提出了适合于表面沉降测量的目标自动定位方法。
2)提出了基于倾角测量的分层垂直沉降与横向位移同时测量方法以及路基剖面沉降自动测量方法,并研制了相应的系统。通过建立模型,对系统实现中一些重要问题进行了深入探讨,并给出相应的解决方案。主要有：分层垂直沉降磁环中永磁体的最佳排列方式；分层垂直沉降差动霍尔元件的放置方式；剖面沉降中不同测量范围对应的最佳步长等。
3)研制出路基沉降自动检测与实时监测系统,该系统包括基于星点法的路基表面沉降测量子系统、基于倾角测量的分层垂直沉降与横向位移同时测量子系统、路基剖面沉降自动测量子系统等三个测量子系统以及一个无线传输子系统,实现了路基沉降高精度、多参数自动检测与实时监测。通过现场测试,验证了该系统的可行性和有效性。
除上述创新性成果以外,本论文的主要工作还包括：
1)设计路基表面沉降测量系统,并在实验室搭建相应的试验系统,通过对比实验、成像比例自动标定、稳定性测量等实验,对该系统进行了测试和分析,以验证星点法测量路基表面沉降的可行性。
2)根据现场测量应用要求,对分层沉降与横向变形同时测量系统以及剖面沉降变形测量系统各种元器件以及各个仪器进行调研、选型；机械加工以及电路调试完成后,进行了分层垂直沉降与剖面沉降模拟实验,验证了该方案的可行性。
3)开展了数据无线传输方案和自动监测方案的研究,实现无人值守的路基沉降全方位远程监测；通过红外、无线数传模块、GPRS DTU模块等无线传输方法构成通信网络,与研制的各种功能模块传感器数字化接口连接,实现远程检测；介绍了方便用户进行管理的监测软件系统。
4)在京沪高铁济南西客站DIK420+494～512断面、大秦重载铁路k13+700/k266+314/k266+414断面、浙江大学的岩土工程实验室进行现场安装、调试和运行,通过现场测试验证了系统的可行性。
ABSTRACT:
With the rapid development of high-speed railway and heavy haul railway in China, subgrade settlement measurement and settlement control have attracted much attention in recent years. There are some disadvantages of existing methods, such as incomprehensive parameters in measurements, problems of establishing surveying datum points for subgrade subsidence monitoring, and difficulty in getting the whole situation of subgrade subsidence due to the relative independence measuring points. Furthermore, most traditional methods are done manually, which are time-consuming, hard sledding and less efficient.
This thesis focuses on the studies of real-time automatic measuring methods of multi-parameters and comprehensive subgrade settlement. In our research, a new real-time automatic system was realized to meet the requirement of rapid development of railway in China, which can measure many kinds of settlements accurately.
The main innovations of this thesis consist of:
1) A novel method to measure the surface settlement is proposed and a device has been developed. The device mainly contains a point light source and a point-position measurement device that uses a linear CCD to detect the position change of the point light's image. Any position change of the point light source can be measured and the settlement for one point can be obtained remotely. The multi-point settlements can be obtained by using a series of such devices. Some methods such as self-calibration of the magnification, automatic background subtractions etc. have been adopted to enhance the stability, adaptability and accuracy of the measurement system.
2) A new method to automatically measure subgrade layered settlement and lateral displacement and another new method to automatically measure transverse section settlement are proposed in this paper, both of which are based on inclinometers. There are one or two step motors used to make the vertical or horizontal inclinometer move along the PVC pipe in the subgrade, and in this way, the scanning and measuring the subgrade settlement can be realized. The measuring principle, system configuration and design of software and hardware were given in the paper, and the stability and reliability of the system were verified by the laboratory experiments and field experiments.
3) A remote automatic monitoring system for subgrade settlement is researched and developed, which includes surface settlement measurement subsystem, layered settlement and lateral displacement measurement subsystem, transverse section settlement measurement subsystem and wireless data transformation subsystem. The long-term, comprehensive, remote automatic monitoring of subgrade settlement has been realized. By field experiments the feasibility and practicality of this system is validated.
高速、重载铁路的建设,对我国传统铁路设计、施工、检测等提出了新的挑战,特别是对路基、桥梁和轨道沉降变形的要求显著提高。路基沉降检测是铁路检测中不可或缺的一项,通过长期监测铁路线路路基的沉降与变形,及时对不符合要求的路基进行维护；通过分析沉降与变形的监测数据,研究不同条件下路基沉降与变形的规律,采取不同施工方式来控制其沉降量与变形量。现有路基沉降检测方法普遍存在测量参数不全面、测量基准设置困难、各测点相对独立难以得到整体沉降情况等缺点,传统检测方法依靠人工作业,还存在耗时、耗力、低效等不足。
针对以上缺点与不足,本论文基于对国内外相关研究的全面剖析,主要开展多参数、全方位路基沉降测量方法的研究,并以自动检测与实时监测为宗旨,建立一套全新的路基沉降监测系统,实现了无人工干预情况下,客观、准确的监测路基的各种沉降,满足我国铁路建设快速发展对铁路监测提出的新要求。
本论文取得的创新成果包括：
1)提出一种基于星点法的路基表面沉降测量方法。该方法利用随路基一同沉降的红外LED在基准点的线阵CCD上成像光斑的移动来测量表面沉降。为克服成像比例系数误差对测量的影响,提出了成像比例自动标定技术,以固定间距的两个LED作为测标,测量与标定同时进行,无需测量物距,提高沉降测量精度；为消除环境杂散光的影响,提出了背景自动去除技术,增加了表面沉降测量的适应范围；改进了加权质心法,提出了适合于表面沉降测量的目标自动定位方法。
2)提出了基于倾角测量的分层垂直沉降与横向位移同时测量方法以及路基剖面沉降自动测量方法,并研制了相应的系统。通过建立模型,对系统实现中一些重要问题进行了深入探讨,并给出相应的解决方案。主要有：分层垂直沉降磁环中永磁体的最佳排列方式；分层垂直沉降差动霍尔元件的放置方式；剖面沉降中不同测量范围对应的最佳步长等。
3)研制出路基沉降自动检测与实时监测系统,该系统包括基于星点法的路基表面沉降测量子系统、基于倾角测量的分层垂直沉降与横向位移同时测量子系统、路基剖面沉降自动测量子系统等三个测量子系统以及一个无线传输子系统,实现了路基沉降高精度、多参数自动检测与实时监测。通过现场测试,验证了该系统的可行性和有效性。
除上述创新性成果以外,本论文的主要工作还包括：
1)设计路基表面沉降测量系统,并在实验室搭建相应的试验系统,通过对比实验、成像比例自动标定、稳定性测量等实验,对该系统进行了测试和分析,以验证星点法测量路基表面沉降的可行性。
2)根据现场测量应用要求,对分层沉降与横向变形同时测量系统以及剖面沉降变形测量系统各种元器件以及各个仪器进行调研、选型；机械加工以及电路调试完成后,进行了分层垂直沉降与剖面沉降模拟实验,验证了该方案的可行性。
3)开展了数据无线传输方案和自动监测方案的研究,实现无人值守的路基沉降全方位远程监测；通过红外、无线数传模块、GPRS DTU模块等无线传输方法构成通信网络,与研制的各种功能模块传感器数字化接口连接,实现远程检测；介绍了方便用户进行管理的监测软件系统。
4)在京沪高铁济南西客站DIK420+494～512断面、大秦重载铁路k13+700/k266+314/k266+414断面、浙江大学的岩土工程实验室进行现场安装、调试和运行,通过现场测试验证了系统的可行性。
ABSTRACT:
With the rapid development of high-speed railway and heavy haul railway in China, subgrade settlement measurement and settlement control have attracted much attention in recent years. There are some disadvantages of existing methods, such as incomprehensive parameters in measurements, problems of establishing surveying datum points for subgrade subsidence monitoring, and difficulty in getting the whole situation of subgrade subsidence due to the relative independence measuring points. Furthermore, most traditional methods are done manually, which are time-consuming, hard sledding and less efficient.
This thesis focuses on the studies of real-time automatic measuring methods of multi-parameters and comprehensive subgrade settlement. In our research, a new real-time automatic system was realized to meet the requirement of rapid development of railway in China, which can measure many kinds of settlements accurately.
The main innovations of this thesis consist of:
1) A novel method to measure the surface settlement is proposed and a device has been developed. The device mainly contains a point light source and a point-position measurement device that uses a linear CCD to detect the position change of the point light's image. Any position change of the point light source can be measured and the settlement for one point can be obtained remotely. The multi-point settlements can be obtained by using a series of such devices. Some methods such as self-calibration of the magnification, automatic background subtractions etc. have been adopted to enhance the stability, adaptability and accuracy of the measurement system.
2) A new method to automatically measure subgrade layered settlement and lateral displacement and another new method to automatically measure transverse section settlement are proposed in this paper, both of which are based on inclinometers. There are one or two step motors used to make the vertical or horizontal inclinometer move along the PVC pipe in the subgrade, and in this way, the scanning and measuring the subgrade settlement can be realized. The measuring principle, system configuration and design of software and hardware were given in the paper, and the stability and reliability of the system were verified by the laboratory experiments and field experiments.
3) A remote automatic monitoring system for subgrade settlement is researched and developed, which includes surface settlement measurement subsystem, layered settlement and lateral displacement measurement subsystem, transverse section settlement measurement subsystem and wireless data transformation subsystem. The long-term, comprehensive, remote automatic monitoring of subgrade settlement has been realized. By field experiments the feasibility and practicality of this system is validated.
引文
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