生态资本及其运营的理论与实践
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摘要
本研究针对生态环境优良而经济发展滞后地区如何实现经济社会发展与生态环境建设的和谐统一问题,按照“问题判明→症结诊断→实证研究→理论创新→问题解决”的思路,界定了“生态资本”的概念,构建了生态资本运营的理论框架,并结合北京市密云县的案例进行实证研究。
生态资本(Ecological Capital)是在一个边界相对清晰的“生态—经济—社会”复合系统内,具有生态服务价值或者生产支持功能的生态环境质量要素的存量、结构和趋势的总称。生态资本的价值体现为三个层面:自身存在价值、其功能和服务的服务价值、实现货币转化后的货币价值。生态资本具有三重属性:生态环境的自然属性、一般资本的经济属性、自然生态系统与社会经济系统相互作用产生的新生属性。生态资本具有整体增值、功能伴生、竞争使用、开放融合、不动逃逸、相对所有六个特征。
生态资本的价值流向包括提供公共品、系统内使用、系统外使用和系统间转移使用四个方面。其中系统内使用的生态资本是生态资本运营的主要对象。生态资本运营是指以生态资本的货币转化为核心,实现生态资本保值和增值的一系列行为和措施。主要有四条途径:高生态质量附加值产品开发、高生态品位需求产业支撑功能开发、高端休闲功能开发、生态资本整体或部分“打包出售”。生态资本运营的过程是生态与经济体系实现良性互动和循环的过程——“生态资本货币化→生态环境质量要素建设→生态资本进一步货币化→……”,这一循环的开始需要有启动子。生态资本运营启动子是指实现生态资本货币化的各种前期投入。
本研究运用环境质量分析法和测算生态系统服务价值对生态资本进行价值评估分析。由于连续多年的生态保育,密云县生态环境质量良好,生态资本雄厚,但受到水源涵养和水资源严格保护的约束,经济发展乏力。经计算,密云生态系统服务中潜在的货币价值2004年为72.47亿元人民币,其中通过提供农林水等产品实现的货币价值仅占13.96%。无法实现生态资本的货币价值是导致该县农业(村)经济乃至总体经济相对滞后于京郊其他区县的主要原因。密云的生态环境和经济社会发展状况以及北京对其生态涵养发展区的新定位,都决定了密云县中长期经济社会发展须以运营生态资本为核心。其生态资本运营的良性循环过程应为:“本县加强生态环境建设(系统内部进行生态补偿)→推动县域整体协调发展→获得北京市的政策和资金支持(来自更高一级系统的生态补偿)→环境更好→经济更强→……”。系统内部进行生态补偿是密云县生态资本运营的启动子。
生态资本是对自然资本概念的深化和拓展,是对资本概念的补充和发展。生态资本运营为生态补偿理论提供了新的依据,为类似密云县这样生态资本雄厚且具有特定经济地理区位优势的地区实现生态与经济双赢的发展目标提供了新的思路。需要完善和继续重点深入研究的内容包括:界定生态资本的指标和方法、生态资本价值转化的描述和计算、生态资本运营理论框架的充实完善及操作流程的设计等。
The world, especially the developing countries, is facing with a fairly tough challenge, i.e. how to gain economical, social and ecological development harmoniously and coincidently. This paper gives a new way by bring up a new concept of Ecological Capital (abbreviated EC). According to a procedure of demand analysis-identification-case studying-new theory innovation-application, the concept of EC is thoroughly defined, and its attributes are summarized. An EC Operation theory is designed and applied into Miyun County case study.EC is a complex consists of elements, their structure and trends of environment quality within a relative boundary-clear ecological-economical-social integrated system, which have ecological services value or abilities to support social production. The value of Ecological Capital presents in three levels, existing value, service value in ecological services, and currency value after transformed. There are triplex attributes, i.e. natural attributes form ecological environment, economic attributes as common capital, new attributes from the interaction of nature and society, and six characteristics, increment in a integrated system, function combination, function competition, opening and inosculating, still but escaping, relative ownership in Ecological Capital.The value of Ecological Capital goes to four direction: public goods, serving inside the system, serving outside the system and serving transferred between inside and outside. The Ecological Capital whose value serving inside the system is the main one operated. Ecological Capital Operation is a series of actions to defend and increase Ecological Capital mainly through transform it into currency. There are four roads to transform, e.g., high environment quality affixed products, to tap high environment quality demanded industry, to bloom lofty ecological touring and to sale in form of integrated package or parts. The process of Operation is a positive feedback circle: transforming into currency- building up Ecological Capital- further transforming. The circle starts up by an input.The theories are applied in Miyun County as a case study. Analysis results show that the county is of better environment quality, rich in Ecological Capital, great in ecological services potential and widespread in Ecological Capital Operation. However, those potentials are waiting for exploitation. A strategy based on ecological agriculture, organic farming, ecological touring, ecological industry and ecological architecture and real estate is accordingly set up, based on the abundant bio-production environmental capital, landscape eco-capital and integrated environmental capital. And the local government already accepts the strategy.Ecological Capital Operation do not necessary work in everywhere. But it does work in specific areas that are rich of Ecological Capital and have relevant markets, just like Miyun County. The concept of Ecological Capital is a complementary to the theory of Natural Capital, and further extended of the concept of general Capital. Ecological Capital Operation can lead a consciousness and initiative of masses to maintain environment, also provides a new evidence for the concept of ecological compensation. Further work need to do in setting up indicators and standards to identify a kind of Ecological Capital, and to calculate the value of Ecological Capital, as well as its transforming. And the Ecological Capital Operation theory can be improved in future study.
生态资本(Ecological Capital)是在一个边界相对清晰的“生态—经济—社会”复合系统内,具有生态服务价值或者生产支持功能的生态环境质量要素的存量、结构和趋势的总称。生态资本的价值体现为三个层面:自身存在价值、其功能和服务的服务价值、实现货币转化后的货币价值。生态资本具有三重属性:生态环境的自然属性、一般资本的经济属性、自然生态系统与社会经济系统相互作用产生的新生属性。生态资本具有整体增值、功能伴生、竞争使用、开放融合、不动逃逸、相对所有六个特征。
生态资本的价值流向包括提供公共品、系统内使用、系统外使用和系统间转移使用四个方面。其中系统内使用的生态资本是生态资本运营的主要对象。生态资本运营是指以生态资本的货币转化为核心,实现生态资本保值和增值的一系列行为和措施。主要有四条途径:高生态质量附加值产品开发、高生态品位需求产业支撑功能开发、高端休闲功能开发、生态资本整体或部分“打包出售”。生态资本运营的过程是生态与经济体系实现良性互动和循环的过程——“生态资本货币化→生态环境质量要素建设→生态资本进一步货币化→……”,这一循环的开始需要有启动子。生态资本运营启动子是指实现生态资本货币化的各种前期投入。
本研究运用环境质量分析法和测算生态系统服务价值对生态资本进行价值评估分析。由于连续多年的生态保育,密云县生态环境质量良好,生态资本雄厚,但受到水源涵养和水资源严格保护的约束,经济发展乏力。经计算,密云生态系统服务中潜在的货币价值2004年为72.47亿元人民币,其中通过提供农林水等产品实现的货币价值仅占13.96%。无法实现生态资本的货币价值是导致该县农业(村)经济乃至总体经济相对滞后于京郊其他区县的主要原因。密云的生态环境和经济社会发展状况以及北京对其生态涵养发展区的新定位,都决定了密云县中长期经济社会发展须以运营生态资本为核心。其生态资本运营的良性循环过程应为:“本县加强生态环境建设(系统内部进行生态补偿)→推动县域整体协调发展→获得北京市的政策和资金支持(来自更高一级系统的生态补偿)→环境更好→经济更强→……”。系统内部进行生态补偿是密云县生态资本运营的启动子。
生态资本是对自然资本概念的深化和拓展,是对资本概念的补充和发展。生态资本运营为生态补偿理论提供了新的依据,为类似密云县这样生态资本雄厚且具有特定经济地理区位优势的地区实现生态与经济双赢的发展目标提供了新的思路。需要完善和继续重点深入研究的内容包括:界定生态资本的指标和方法、生态资本价值转化的描述和计算、生态资本运营理论框架的充实完善及操作流程的设计等。
The world, especially the developing countries, is facing with a fairly tough challenge, i.e. how to gain economical, social and ecological development harmoniously and coincidently. This paper gives a new way by bring up a new concept of Ecological Capital (abbreviated EC). According to a procedure of demand analysis-identification-case studying-new theory innovation-application, the concept of EC is thoroughly defined, and its attributes are summarized. An EC Operation theory is designed and applied into Miyun County case study.EC is a complex consists of elements, their structure and trends of environment quality within a relative boundary-clear ecological-economical-social integrated system, which have ecological services value or abilities to support social production. The value of Ecological Capital presents in three levels, existing value, service value in ecological services, and currency value after transformed. There are triplex attributes, i.e. natural attributes form ecological environment, economic attributes as common capital, new attributes from the interaction of nature and society, and six characteristics, increment in a integrated system, function combination, function competition, opening and inosculating, still but escaping, relative ownership in Ecological Capital.The value of Ecological Capital goes to four direction: public goods, serving inside the system, serving outside the system and serving transferred between inside and outside. The Ecological Capital whose value serving inside the system is the main one operated. Ecological Capital Operation is a series of actions to defend and increase Ecological Capital mainly through transform it into currency. There are four roads to transform, e.g., high environment quality affixed products, to tap high environment quality demanded industry, to bloom lofty ecological touring and to sale in form of integrated package or parts. The process of Operation is a positive feedback circle: transforming into currency- building up Ecological Capital- further transforming. The circle starts up by an input.The theories are applied in Miyun County as a case study. Analysis results show that the county is of better environment quality, rich in Ecological Capital, great in ecological services potential and widespread in Ecological Capital Operation. However, those potentials are waiting for exploitation. A strategy based on ecological agriculture, organic farming, ecological touring, ecological industry and ecological architecture and real estate is accordingly set up, based on the abundant bio-production environmental capital, landscape eco-capital and integrated environmental capital. And the local government already accepts the strategy.Ecological Capital Operation do not necessary work in everywhere. But it does work in specific areas that are rich of Ecological Capital and have relevant markets, just like Miyun County. The concept of Ecological Capital is a complementary to the theory of Natural Capital, and further extended of the concept of general Capital. Ecological Capital Operation can lead a consciousness and initiative of masses to maintain environment, also provides a new evidence for the concept of ecological compensation. Further work need to do in setting up indicators and standards to identify a kind of Ecological Capital, and to calculate the value of Ecological Capital, as well as its transforming. And the Ecological Capital Operation theory can be improved in future study.
引文
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