基于GIS的应急避难场所适宜性评价
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摘要
随着我国城市现代化建设进程的加快,灾害性事件的威胁日益严重,虽然在城市规划和建设中,采取了加强建筑物和构筑物抗震性能等保护国家财产和居民人身安全的一系列措施,但是城市的整体防震减灾能力仍远远落后于城市现代化建设发展,而且问题日益突出。通过对近年来频繁发生的城市地震灾害进行分析,逐渐认识到建设城市应急避难场所已成为我国城市防灾减灾的一项紧迫任务。
城市应急避难场所是在城市突发灾害中为人类提供安全避难、基本生活保障及救援、指挥的场所。目前,国内外已经建立了大量应急避难场所,这些场所多为城市绿地与公园,在城市发生地震灾害时发挥着重大作用。实际上,城市灾害种类多样,除了地震,城市还面临洪水、台风等自然灾害,不同的灾害,对于城市应急避难场所的要求也就不相同,因此,有必要对已有城市应急避难场所以及规划中的应急避难场所针对不同的灾害进行适宜性评价。
本文在城市基础地理数据及各种专题数据基础上,根据不同灾害的特性,选取、分析应急避难场所适宜性评价指标,建立适宜性评价指标体系,研究适宜性评价方法,运用灰色关联法与熵值权重法,对应急避难场所进行适宜性评价,为规划者在城市应急避难场所规划时提供建设性参考意见,补充完善现有城市规划中应急避难场所规划方式的不足,从而避免灾害发生时应急避难场所无法发挥相应的避难功能。
本研究对深圳市14处地震应急避难场所适宜性评价的结果进行分析,发现在进行应急避难场所的规划与建设过程中,除了应该考虑应急避难场所的功能与区位条件外,还应考虑应急避难场所针对不同灾害是否能够发挥相应的避难功能。
Accompanying the quickened progress of the modernized construction of Chinese cities is the increasingly worsening threats from disastrous events. Although a series of measures have been used in urban planning and construction to reinforce the anti-seismic performance of buildings and structures to protect state’s assets and residents’personal safety, the integral anti-seismic and disaster-resisting capacity of cities is far behind the development of urban modernization. Moreover, this gap is enlarging. Analyses on the frequent earthquakes occurring in cities recently has gradually made us know that an urgent task for China’s cities to resist disasters and reduce losses is to build emergency shelters. Emergency shelters are some places in cities to provide residents with safe residence, life necessities, succor and command etc. in case of disastrous accidents.
Currently a great number of emergency shelters have been constructed home and abroad. Most of them are grass lots and parks in cities. They played an important role on cases of earthquakes and other disasters. There are a variety of urban disasters, such as natural disasters including earthquake, flood, and typhoon etc. Different disasters put different demand on emergency shelters in cities. Therefore, emergency shelters existing or under planning in cities shall undergo assessment on their appropriateness to different disasters.
Based on basic geographic data and various special databases of a city, this paper selected and analyzed indices for the assessment on the suitability of emergency shelters, established index system for appropriateness assessment, probed into measures for appropriateness assessment, and made appropriateness assessment on emergency shelters using gray correlation method and entropy method. Constructive advices were presented to planners for planning emergency shelters in cities and amending the deficiencies within the existing approach for emergency shelter planning in cities. The purpose is to secure the proper functioning of emergency shelters on cases of disasters.
In this paper, an analysis into the results from the appropriateness assessment on 14 emergency (earthquake) shelters of Shenzhen City discovered that during the planning and construction of emergency shelters, planners should consider whether emergency shelters are able to perform their pertinent functions on cases of disasters in addition to an consideration on the functions and locations of emergency shelters.
城市应急避难场所是在城市突发灾害中为人类提供安全避难、基本生活保障及救援、指挥的场所。目前,国内外已经建立了大量应急避难场所,这些场所多为城市绿地与公园,在城市发生地震灾害时发挥着重大作用。实际上,城市灾害种类多样,除了地震,城市还面临洪水、台风等自然灾害,不同的灾害,对于城市应急避难场所的要求也就不相同,因此,有必要对已有城市应急避难场所以及规划中的应急避难场所针对不同的灾害进行适宜性评价。
本文在城市基础地理数据及各种专题数据基础上,根据不同灾害的特性,选取、分析应急避难场所适宜性评价指标,建立适宜性评价指标体系,研究适宜性评价方法,运用灰色关联法与熵值权重法,对应急避难场所进行适宜性评价,为规划者在城市应急避难场所规划时提供建设性参考意见,补充完善现有城市规划中应急避难场所规划方式的不足,从而避免灾害发生时应急避难场所无法发挥相应的避难功能。
本研究对深圳市14处地震应急避难场所适宜性评价的结果进行分析,发现在进行应急避难场所的规划与建设过程中,除了应该考虑应急避难场所的功能与区位条件外,还应考虑应急避难场所针对不同灾害是否能够发挥相应的避难功能。
Accompanying the quickened progress of the modernized construction of Chinese cities is the increasingly worsening threats from disastrous events. Although a series of measures have been used in urban planning and construction to reinforce the anti-seismic performance of buildings and structures to protect state’s assets and residents’personal safety, the integral anti-seismic and disaster-resisting capacity of cities is far behind the development of urban modernization. Moreover, this gap is enlarging. Analyses on the frequent earthquakes occurring in cities recently has gradually made us know that an urgent task for China’s cities to resist disasters and reduce losses is to build emergency shelters. Emergency shelters are some places in cities to provide residents with safe residence, life necessities, succor and command etc. in case of disastrous accidents.
Currently a great number of emergency shelters have been constructed home and abroad. Most of them are grass lots and parks in cities. They played an important role on cases of earthquakes and other disasters. There are a variety of urban disasters, such as natural disasters including earthquake, flood, and typhoon etc. Different disasters put different demand on emergency shelters in cities. Therefore, emergency shelters existing or under planning in cities shall undergo assessment on their appropriateness to different disasters.
Based on basic geographic data and various special databases of a city, this paper selected and analyzed indices for the assessment on the suitability of emergency shelters, established index system for appropriateness assessment, probed into measures for appropriateness assessment, and made appropriateness assessment on emergency shelters using gray correlation method and entropy method. Constructive advices were presented to planners for planning emergency shelters in cities and amending the deficiencies within the existing approach for emergency shelter planning in cities. The purpose is to secure the proper functioning of emergency shelters on cases of disasters.
In this paper, an analysis into the results from the appropriateness assessment on 14 emergency (earthquake) shelters of Shenzhen City discovered that during the planning and construction of emergency shelters, planners should consider whether emergency shelters are able to perform their pertinent functions on cases of disasters in addition to an consideration on the functions and locations of emergency shelters.
引文
Andrew S. Edmonds, 2005. A GIS-based suitability model for an emergency animal shelter
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Luo W, Wang F. Measures of special accessibility to healthcare in a GIS environment : Synthesis and a case study in Chicago region[J]. Environment Planning B: Planning and Design,2003,30:865-884
Marc Lefebvre, 2004, Using GIS and Spatial Statistics to Explore and Model Demand for Emergency Medical Services
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Radke J ,Mu L. Special decomposition, modeling and mapping service region to predict access to social programs[J]. Geographic Information Sciences , 2006(6):105-112
Ronald R. Yager. An approach to ordinal decision making[J]. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning , 1995,Vol.12:237-261
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陈苏诞,张晓锋,王蕾.浅析太原市地震应急疏散与避难场所的安全性,2006,中国地震学会第11次学术会议
邓聚龙.灰色关联系统基本方法.武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1987.3-29
段进,李志明.论防范城市灾害的城市形态优化[J].城市规划,2003,27(7):61-63
杜栋,庞庆华,吴炎.现代综合评价方法与案例精选.北京:清华大学出版社,2008.111-139
高素平,陈其兵,谢玉常.成都中心城区绿地系统景观格局现状分析[J].中国园林,2005,(7):49-52
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顾林生,陈志芬.避难场所与城市安全[J].中国减灾,2007,10:28-29
郭显光.改进的熵值法及其在经济效益评价中的应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,1998.18(12):98-102
韩淑云.北京19处应急避难场所将于年底建成[J].城市与减灾,2004,4:47-48
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李吉顺.什么是城市灾害[J].中国减灾,1996,2:55-57
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李延涛,苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.城市防灾公园的规划思想[J].城市规划.2004,28:71-73
梁燕平,刘兴权,刘越等.基于GIS的城市总体规划用地适宜性评价探讨[J].地质与勘探.2001,37(3):64-67
林晨,许彦曦,佟庆.城市应急避难场所规划研究—以深圳市龙岗区为例[J].规划师,2007,23(2):58-60
卢秀梅,薛振林,赵志刚.城市防灾公园规划问题[J].河北理工学院学报,2006(11):135-139
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马亚杰,苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.城市防灾公园的安全评价[J].安全与环境工程,2005,12(1):50-52
潘世兵,王忠静,孙江涛.基于GIS的黄河三角洲地下水开发适宜性评价模型.水文地质工程地质.2001.No.6:41-43
彭锐,刘皆宜.日本避难场所规划及其启示[J].重建思考,2009.2:102-106
齐瑜.北京避难场所建设与规划[J].中国减灾,2005,3:34-35
苏群,钱新强,杨朝辉.GIS技术在城市避难场所规划空间配置中的应用[J].规划评论,2008,30(2):42-44
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唐进群,刘冬梅,贾建中.城市安全与我国城市绿地规划建设[J].中国园林,2008(9):76-83
王霞,吴沈辉,基于AHP法的城市灾害应急能力评价[J].山西能源与节能,2009,2:42-46
徐波,郭竹梅.城市绿地的避灾功能及其规划设计研究[J].中国园林,2008(12):33-39
徐建华.现代地理学中的数学方法.北京:高等教育出版社,2002.338-368
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BRANDEAU ML, CHIU S . An overview of representative problems in location research [J] .Management Science, 1989(35): 645-674
Hall.D. Altogether Misguided and Dangerous—a Review of Newman and Ken worthy. Town and Country Planning.1989,60(11):350-351
Hwang Ching-lai, K. Paul Yoon. Multiple attribute decision making: methods and applications. Springer-Verlag. 1981,(12):121-140
Luo W, Wang F. Measures of special accessibility to healthcare in a GIS environment : Synthesis and a case study in Chicago region[J]. Environment Planning B: Planning and Design,2003,30:865-884
Marc Lefebvre, 2004, Using GIS and Spatial Statistics to Explore and Model Demand for Emergency Medical Services
Papadimitriou C H. Worst case and probabilistic analysis of a geometric location problem [J ].Journal of Computing,1981 (10) : 542-547
Radke J ,Mu L. Special decomposition, modeling and mapping service region to predict access to social programs[J]. Geographic Information Sciences , 2006(6):105-112
Ronald R. Yager. An approach to ordinal decision making[J]. International Journal of Approximate Reasoning , 1995,Vol.12:237-261
白伟岚,韩笑,朱爱珍.落实城市公园在城市防灾体系中的作用北京曙光防灾公园设计方案为例[J].中国园林,2006,22(9):31-35
包升平,2005.都市防灾避难据点适宜性评估之研究-以嘉义市为例.台湾国立成功大学都市计划研究所硕士论文
陈苏诞,张晓锋,王蕾.浅析太原市地震应急疏散与避难场所的安全性,2006,中国地震学会第11次学术会议
邓聚龙.灰色关联系统基本方法.武汉:华中理工大学出版社,1987.3-29
段进,李志明.论防范城市灾害的城市形态优化[J].城市规划,2003,27(7):61-63
杜栋,庞庆华,吴炎.现代综合评价方法与案例精选.北京:清华大学出版社,2008.111-139
高素平,陈其兵,谢玉常.成都中心城区绿地系统景观格局现状分析[J].中国园林,2005,(7):49-52
关贤军,徐波,尤建新.城市灾害风险的基本构成要素[A].灾害风险管理与空间信息技术防灾减灾应用研讨交流会论文集[C],2007
顾林生,陈志芬.避难场所与城市安全[J].中国减灾,2007,10:28-29
郭显光.改进的熵值法及其在经济效益评价中的应用[J].系统工程理论与实践,1998.18(12):98-102
韩淑云.北京19处应急避难场所将于年底建成[J].城市与减灾,2004,4:47-48
洪金祥,崔雅君.城市园林绿化与抗震防灾[J].中国园林,1999,15(3):57-58
李传贵,张晓锋.城市灾害与应急避难场所规划问题分析[J].安全.2006(5):34-36
李刚,马东辉,苏经宇. 2006.基于加权Voronoi图的城市地震应急避难场所责任区的划分.建筑科学. Vol.22, No.3: 55-59
李吉顺.什么是城市灾害[J].中国减灾,1996,2:55-57
李静,张浪,陈艾洁.城市应急避难场所与城市绿地建设结合途径的探讨[J].中国园林,2007,23(5):26-29
李延涛,苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.城市防灾公园的规划思想[J].城市规划.2004,28:71-73
梁燕平,刘兴权,刘越等.基于GIS的城市总体规划用地适宜性评价探讨[J].地质与勘探.2001,37(3):64-67
林晨,许彦曦,佟庆.城市应急避难场所规划研究—以深圳市龙岗区为例[J].规划师,2007,23(2):58-60
卢秀梅,薛振林,赵志刚.城市防灾公园规划问题[J].河北理工学院学报,2006(11):135-139
刘海燕,武志东.基于GIS的城市防灾公园规划研究——以西安市为例[J].规划师,2006,20(22):55-58
金磊.城市灾害学原理概论[J].新建筑,1998,2:63-65
马亚杰,苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.城市防灾公园的安全评价[J].安全与环境工程,2005,12(1):50-52
潘世兵,王忠静,孙江涛.基于GIS的黄河三角洲地下水开发适宜性评价模型.水文地质工程地质.2001.No.6:41-43
彭锐,刘皆宜.日本避难场所规划及其启示[J].重建思考,2009.2:102-106
齐瑜.北京避难场所建设与规划[J].中国减灾,2005,3:34-35
苏群,钱新强,杨朝辉.GIS技术在城市避难场所规划空间配置中的应用[J].规划评论,2008,30(2):42-44
苏幼坡,马亚杰,初建宇,等.日本防灾公园类型、作用与配置原则[J].世界地震工程,2004(4):27-29
苏幼坡,刘瑞兴.城市地震灾害紧急救援的时序特性分析[J].灾害学,2000,15(2):33-37
唐进群,刘冬梅,贾建中.城市安全与我国城市绿地规划建设[J].中国园林,2008(9):76-83
王霞,吴沈辉,基于AHP法的城市灾害应急能力评价[J].山西能源与节能,2009,2:42-46
徐波,郭竹梅.城市绿地的避灾功能及其规划设计研究[J].中国园林,2008(12):33-39
徐建华.现代地理学中的数学方法.北京:高等教育出版社,2002.338-368
谢军飞,李延明,李树华.北京城市公园绿地避险功能布局研究[J].中国园林,2007,7:44-47
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