物流快速反应的能力评价与实现研究
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摘要
现代物流区别于传统物流的显著特征在于其快速反应。物流快速反应为了满足多品种、小批量、多频次的生产需求和顾客需求,可以最大程度地优化从制造商到消费者之间的物流活动和信息分配,利用信息技术和专业物流能力尽可能地减少商品库存、降低物流费用、加快交货时间并提高客户服务水平。因此,立足于当前物流快速反应的应用背景,在该领域内进行物流快速反应的研究具有重要意义。
综合国内外研究现状,发现当前文献主要是对快速反应与物流管理分别进行研究,未将两者结合起来,也缺乏系统性,尚未形成理论体系。鉴于这些理论难以有效指导物流快速反应的实践活动,因此有必要基于现有的快速反应、供应链管理与物流管理、绩效评价等理论对物流快速反应进行研究。通过对物流快速反应的分析,其研究拟体现在两个方面：一是如何基于供应链管理与物流系统工程论对物流快速反应能力实施评价,进而为企业找出自身不足、实施物流快速反应提供决策依据；二是如何形成系统的物流快速反应的实现方法,以有效提高物流快速反应能力,协助实现物流快速反应。
为此,论文以物流快速反应的能力评价与实现为重点研究对象,通过分析和整理国内外有关快速反应和物流评价及实现的研究成果,结合物流快速反应的特点,旨在确立物流快速反应能力的评价指标体系,构建评价模型；对物流快速反应进行深入分析,综合提出物流快速反应的实现方法；并对海尔集团物流快速反应进行案例分析。论文的主要工作和创新如下：
1.通过梳理和总结物流基本理论的物流价值理论、物流服务中心理论和物流战略理论,系统工程理论基础中的系统论、控制论、信息论和运筹学等,以及供应链管理理论中关于物流快速反应实现的相关论述和思想,理清了物流快速反应实现的理论脉络。提出了物流快速反应的实现必须立足于从物流基本理论、系统工程理论和供应链管理理论中寻求理论指导,为物流快速反应的实现提供解决思路和实际运作方向。
2.提出了分析物流快速反应能力影响因素的原则,并运用鱼骨头管理工具集中总结了诸项影响因素,通过Delphi法确定了影响因素的重要度模糊集,得出了影响物流快速反应能力的因素及其排序。同时,论证了基于物流快速反应能力影响因素构建物流快速反应能力评价指标体系的合理性,针对目前物流快速反应能力评价指标体系不完善的现状,通过大量问卷调查和统计分析,对初步提出的物流快速反应能力评价指标体系进行了信度分析、因子分析和效度分析,最后确立了物流快速反应能力评价指标体系,为物流快速反应能力的评价提供了基础。
3.通过比较常用的评价方法,结合物流快速反应能力评价指标体系,针对物流快速反应能力评价这一类包含定性和定量指标的多指标评价问题,并以模糊积分评价方法为基础以及结合语意变量和模糊数的群决策方法,构建了物流快速反应能力评价模型；通过算例分析,表明了所构建的物流快速反应能力评价模型可较好地评价物流快速反应的能力。
4.运用层次分析法对物流快速反应能力影响因子进行了分析,根据各个因子的权重提取影响物流快速反应实现的关键因子,构建了物流快速反应实现的关键因子结构,并据此从信息技术、供应链管理、成本控制、物流硬件和人员素质等五个方面,分别提出了实现物流快速反应的具体方法。
5.依据提出的物流快速反应能力评价指标体系和评价模型,对海尔集团的物流快速反应能力进行了评价,并与其它10家物流公司的物流快速反应能力评价结果进行了比较,验证了所提出的物流快速反应能力评价指标体系和评价模型的合理性和实用性。同时,以海尔集团实施物流快速反应为例,表明了所提出的物流快速反应实现方法的可行性。
The difference between modern logistics and traditional logistics lies in its quick response capability. Logistics quick response can satisfy the typical multi-variety, small lot requirement from the manufacturers and customers, and thus lower inventory level,save logistics cost, shorten delivery time and improve customer service through means of optimizing logistics activities and information distribution between manufacturers and customers and of utilizing information technology. Therefore, it is significant to do some studies on logistics quick response.
Book review reveals that researches have been done separately and unsystematically on quick response and logistics management. This makes it urgent and important to comprehensively study logistics quick response based on theories of quick response, supply chain management and logistics management. Initial analysis directs the study to two areas: one is to assess logistics quick response capability based on supply chain management and logistics system engineering to provide data for decision making process, the other is to build up a set of means for logistics quick response capability realization to improve the performance.
As a result, this paper focuses on the research subject of logistics quick response assessment and realization based on analysis and understanding of assessment and realization of quick response and logistics performance. The study aims at building up the assessment index architecture and the assessment model;proposing a set of means for logistics quick response capability realization; and a case study on Haier logistics quick response verifying the study results. The study achieves the following results and innovations:
1.Logistics quick response realization thoughts were collected from basic logistics theory composed of sub-theories of logistics value, logistics service and logistics strategy, system engineering theory composed of sub-theories of system, controlling, information and operations research, supply chain management theory to collaboratively provide theory support of our study. Studies on logistics quick response have to be based on basic logistics theory, system engineering theory and supply chain management theory.
2.A set of rules of analyzing logistics quick response capability was proposed, and a series of factors was summarized by fish bone chart. The Delphi methodology was applied to the factors to calculate the importance fuzzy set to draw the importance sequence based on which an initial assessment index architecture was formed to justify logistics quick response capability, after the reliability of relating the factors to the assessment index being verified. Data were collected from a variety of interviewees at different levels through designed questionnaires for SPSS reliability, component, and validity analysis to clarify the logistics quick response capability assessment index architecture.
3.Considering many quanlitative and qualitative indexes, fuzzy integral was applied to build an assessment model to judge logistics quick response capability, after comparing some regular assessment methods. The actual calculation procedure was analyzed and a calculation example is introduced in the paper to clarify the detailed assessment process, and thus, testifying that the built model can well do logistics quick response capability assessment.
4.Analytic hierarchy process was applied to study the factors affecting logistics quick response capability to construct the key factor architecture based on the weights, which helped propose the realization means for logistics quick response, falling into 5 areas:information technology, supply chain management, cost controlling, logistics hardware, and human resources.Detailed realization ways were proposed for each specific area.
5.The logistics quick response capability assessment index architecture and the model were applied to Haier logistics and some other 10 logistics companies, and the calculation results testified the research results, verifying the reliability and usability. Analysis of Haier logistics quick response realization ways also vertified the feasibility of the proposed realization means for logistics quick response.
综合国内外研究现状,发现当前文献主要是对快速反应与物流管理分别进行研究,未将两者结合起来,也缺乏系统性,尚未形成理论体系。鉴于这些理论难以有效指导物流快速反应的实践活动,因此有必要基于现有的快速反应、供应链管理与物流管理、绩效评价等理论对物流快速反应进行研究。通过对物流快速反应的分析,其研究拟体现在两个方面：一是如何基于供应链管理与物流系统工程论对物流快速反应能力实施评价,进而为企业找出自身不足、实施物流快速反应提供决策依据；二是如何形成系统的物流快速反应的实现方法,以有效提高物流快速反应能力,协助实现物流快速反应。
为此,论文以物流快速反应的能力评价与实现为重点研究对象,通过分析和整理国内外有关快速反应和物流评价及实现的研究成果,结合物流快速反应的特点,旨在确立物流快速反应能力的评价指标体系,构建评价模型；对物流快速反应进行深入分析,综合提出物流快速反应的实现方法；并对海尔集团物流快速反应进行案例分析。论文的主要工作和创新如下：
1.通过梳理和总结物流基本理论的物流价值理论、物流服务中心理论和物流战略理论,系统工程理论基础中的系统论、控制论、信息论和运筹学等,以及供应链管理理论中关于物流快速反应实现的相关论述和思想,理清了物流快速反应实现的理论脉络。提出了物流快速反应的实现必须立足于从物流基本理论、系统工程理论和供应链管理理论中寻求理论指导,为物流快速反应的实现提供解决思路和实际运作方向。
2.提出了分析物流快速反应能力影响因素的原则,并运用鱼骨头管理工具集中总结了诸项影响因素,通过Delphi法确定了影响因素的重要度模糊集,得出了影响物流快速反应能力的因素及其排序。同时,论证了基于物流快速反应能力影响因素构建物流快速反应能力评价指标体系的合理性,针对目前物流快速反应能力评价指标体系不完善的现状,通过大量问卷调查和统计分析,对初步提出的物流快速反应能力评价指标体系进行了信度分析、因子分析和效度分析,最后确立了物流快速反应能力评价指标体系,为物流快速反应能力的评价提供了基础。
3.通过比较常用的评价方法,结合物流快速反应能力评价指标体系,针对物流快速反应能力评价这一类包含定性和定量指标的多指标评价问题,并以模糊积分评价方法为基础以及结合语意变量和模糊数的群决策方法,构建了物流快速反应能力评价模型；通过算例分析,表明了所构建的物流快速反应能力评价模型可较好地评价物流快速反应的能力。
4.运用层次分析法对物流快速反应能力影响因子进行了分析,根据各个因子的权重提取影响物流快速反应实现的关键因子,构建了物流快速反应实现的关键因子结构,并据此从信息技术、供应链管理、成本控制、物流硬件和人员素质等五个方面,分别提出了实现物流快速反应的具体方法。
5.依据提出的物流快速反应能力评价指标体系和评价模型,对海尔集团的物流快速反应能力进行了评价,并与其它10家物流公司的物流快速反应能力评价结果进行了比较,验证了所提出的物流快速反应能力评价指标体系和评价模型的合理性和实用性。同时,以海尔集团实施物流快速反应为例,表明了所提出的物流快速反应实现方法的可行性。
The difference between modern logistics and traditional logistics lies in its quick response capability. Logistics quick response can satisfy the typical multi-variety, small lot requirement from the manufacturers and customers, and thus lower inventory level,save logistics cost, shorten delivery time and improve customer service through means of optimizing logistics activities and information distribution between manufacturers and customers and of utilizing information technology. Therefore, it is significant to do some studies on logistics quick response.
Book review reveals that researches have been done separately and unsystematically on quick response and logistics management. This makes it urgent and important to comprehensively study logistics quick response based on theories of quick response, supply chain management and logistics management. Initial analysis directs the study to two areas: one is to assess logistics quick response capability based on supply chain management and logistics system engineering to provide data for decision making process, the other is to build up a set of means for logistics quick response capability realization to improve the performance.
As a result, this paper focuses on the research subject of logistics quick response assessment and realization based on analysis and understanding of assessment and realization of quick response and logistics performance. The study aims at building up the assessment index architecture and the assessment model;proposing a set of means for logistics quick response capability realization; and a case study on Haier logistics quick response verifying the study results. The study achieves the following results and innovations:
1.Logistics quick response realization thoughts were collected from basic logistics theory composed of sub-theories of logistics value, logistics service and logistics strategy, system engineering theory composed of sub-theories of system, controlling, information and operations research, supply chain management theory to collaboratively provide theory support of our study. Studies on logistics quick response have to be based on basic logistics theory, system engineering theory and supply chain management theory.
2.A set of rules of analyzing logistics quick response capability was proposed, and a series of factors was summarized by fish bone chart. The Delphi methodology was applied to the factors to calculate the importance fuzzy set to draw the importance sequence based on which an initial assessment index architecture was formed to justify logistics quick response capability, after the reliability of relating the factors to the assessment index being verified. Data were collected from a variety of interviewees at different levels through designed questionnaires for SPSS reliability, component, and validity analysis to clarify the logistics quick response capability assessment index architecture.
3.Considering many quanlitative and qualitative indexes, fuzzy integral was applied to build an assessment model to judge logistics quick response capability, after comparing some regular assessment methods. The actual calculation procedure was analyzed and a calculation example is introduced in the paper to clarify the detailed assessment process, and thus, testifying that the built model can well do logistics quick response capability assessment.
4.Analytic hierarchy process was applied to study the factors affecting logistics quick response capability to construct the key factor architecture based on the weights, which helped propose the realization means for logistics quick response, falling into 5 areas:information technology, supply chain management, cost controlling, logistics hardware, and human resources.Detailed realization ways were proposed for each specific area.
5.The logistics quick response capability assessment index architecture and the model were applied to Haier logistics and some other 10 logistics companies, and the calculation results testified the research results, verifying the reliability and usability. Analysis of Haier logistics quick response realization ways also vertified the feasibility of the proposed realization means for logistics quick response.
引文
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