ZnO/Cu复合材料的制备工艺与性能的研究
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摘要
目前颗粒增强铜基复合材料的研究中增强相主要集中在两类:硬质合金(钢颗粒、钨颗粒等)和金属陶瓷(Al2O3、SiC、TiN、AlN、TiB2、ZrO2、WC等),其中Al2O3和SiC研究的较多。ZnO是一种宽带隙Ⅱ-Ⅵ族化合物半导体材料,具有优良的光学和电学性质,并且价格便宜、无毒。现在已经有其增强银的复合材料的报道,但国内外对ZnO增强铜基的复合材料的研究较少,本研究对ZnO/Cu复合材料的制备工艺与性能进行了初步探索。考察它们对铜的增强效果,以期获得具有良好的导电性与强度统一的新型的铜基复合材料。
本文采用粉末冶金法制备了含不同质量ZnO的铜基复合材料,在复合材料的制备与工艺优化过程中,采用四因素三水平正交回归实验设计;对并制得的含不同质量ZnO的ZnO/Cu复合材料进行了显微组织观察与分析、相结构鉴定以及基本的物理和力学性能检测,包括对密度、硬度和电导率、压缩、弯曲和磨损以及腐蚀等进行了考察。结果表明:
1. X射线衍射分析表明,本实验所制备的ZnO/Cu复合材料中没有其它物相生成。
2.通过扫描电镜对试样进行形貌观察和微区成分分析,结果表明在ZnO/Cu复合材料中, Cu和ZnO两相存在明显的界面,产生相互扩散,两相结合良好,且Cu的扩散能力大于ZnO。
3.与相同工艺制备的紫铜相比,复合材料的硬度有了很大程度的提高,而电导率降低不明显。随着ZnO质量分数的增加,材料的密度和电导率都呈下降趋势,而硬度先增大后减小。当ZnO质量百分含量为10%时,复合材料具有最好的综合性能,密度达98%以上、硬度、电导率分别HV98和41.5MS/m。
4. ZnO/Cu复合材料的耐磨性优于同条件下制备的纯铜样品。在ZnO含量较少时ZnO/Cu复合材料的磨损机制为粘着磨损;随ZnO含量的增多,复合材料的磨损机制转变为粘着磨损和疲劳剥层磨损相结合,随ZnO含量的增多还会出现了磨料磨损。
Current researches on the reinforcements used in particulate-reinforced composites mainly focus on two categories, hard alloys and cermets. The former includes particulates of steel and tungsten etc, while the latter incudes Al2O3, SiC, TiN, AlN, TiB2, ZrO2 and WC etc. Among them, ZnO is a kind ofⅡ-Ⅵcompound semiconductor with a broadband gap. It possesses excellent optical and electrical properties in addition to its low cost and innocuity. ZnO reinforced silver-matrix composites have been reported by previous researchers. While studies on the ZnO reinforced Cu-matrix composites have not been found at literatures as yet. The present study took a preliminary exploration on the fabrication and properties of a ZnO / Cu composite with the aim to find a novel Cu-matrix composite with a combination of high electrical conductivity and high strength.
In the present study, a powder metallurgy technique is used to fabricate the composite with various mass fraction of ZnO. Four factors and three levels orthogonal experiment is adopted in the optimization of fabrication technics. The microstructures, phase structures as well as the physical and mechanical properties of the resultant composite have been investigated, including the researches on density, hardness, electrical conductivity, and the properties of compression, bending, wear and corrosion. It is found as follows:
1. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that there is no other phases in the resultant composite in addition to Cu and ZnO.
2. Observation of SEM and micro-area chemical analysis show a distict interface between Cu and ZnO. There exists diffusion between the two phases, and the diffusivity of Cu is greater than that of ZnO.
3. Compared with the pure Cu fabricated by using the same method, the hardness of the composite has been marked elevated, while decrease of the electrical conductivity is indistinguishable. With increasing the mass fraction of ZnO, the density and electrical conductivity of the composites decrease, while the hardness shows a nonmonotonous change, i.e. hardness firtly increases until reaches a maximum then decreases monotonously. The composite with a 10% mass fraction of ZnO possesses the best general properties, density is higher than 98%, and the hardness and electrical conductivity are HV98 and 41.5MS/m, respectively.
4. The wear resistance of the composite is superior to that of the pure Cu fabricated by using the same method. When the content of ZnO is relatively low, an adhesive wear plays a dominant role. With increasing the content of ZnO, the wear mechanism changes into the combination of adhesive wear and fatigue wear. On continued increasing the content of ZnO, an abrasive wear will also appear.
本文采用粉末冶金法制备了含不同质量ZnO的铜基复合材料,在复合材料的制备与工艺优化过程中,采用四因素三水平正交回归实验设计;对并制得的含不同质量ZnO的ZnO/Cu复合材料进行了显微组织观察与分析、相结构鉴定以及基本的物理和力学性能检测,包括对密度、硬度和电导率、压缩、弯曲和磨损以及腐蚀等进行了考察。结果表明:
1. X射线衍射分析表明,本实验所制备的ZnO/Cu复合材料中没有其它物相生成。
2.通过扫描电镜对试样进行形貌观察和微区成分分析,结果表明在ZnO/Cu复合材料中, Cu和ZnO两相存在明显的界面,产生相互扩散,两相结合良好,且Cu的扩散能力大于ZnO。
3.与相同工艺制备的紫铜相比,复合材料的硬度有了很大程度的提高,而电导率降低不明显。随着ZnO质量分数的增加,材料的密度和电导率都呈下降趋势,而硬度先增大后减小。当ZnO质量百分含量为10%时,复合材料具有最好的综合性能,密度达98%以上、硬度、电导率分别HV98和41.5MS/m。
4. ZnO/Cu复合材料的耐磨性优于同条件下制备的纯铜样品。在ZnO含量较少时ZnO/Cu复合材料的磨损机制为粘着磨损;随ZnO含量的增多,复合材料的磨损机制转变为粘着磨损和疲劳剥层磨损相结合,随ZnO含量的增多还会出现了磨料磨损。
Current researches on the reinforcements used in particulate-reinforced composites mainly focus on two categories, hard alloys and cermets. The former includes particulates of steel and tungsten etc, while the latter incudes Al2O3, SiC, TiN, AlN, TiB2, ZrO2 and WC etc. Among them, ZnO is a kind ofⅡ-Ⅵcompound semiconductor with a broadband gap. It possesses excellent optical and electrical properties in addition to its low cost and innocuity. ZnO reinforced silver-matrix composites have been reported by previous researchers. While studies on the ZnO reinforced Cu-matrix composites have not been found at literatures as yet. The present study took a preliminary exploration on the fabrication and properties of a ZnO / Cu composite with the aim to find a novel Cu-matrix composite with a combination of high electrical conductivity and high strength.
In the present study, a powder metallurgy technique is used to fabricate the composite with various mass fraction of ZnO. Four factors and three levels orthogonal experiment is adopted in the optimization of fabrication technics. The microstructures, phase structures as well as the physical and mechanical properties of the resultant composite have been investigated, including the researches on density, hardness, electrical conductivity, and the properties of compression, bending, wear and corrosion. It is found as follows:
1. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that there is no other phases in the resultant composite in addition to Cu and ZnO.
2. Observation of SEM and micro-area chemical analysis show a distict interface between Cu and ZnO. There exists diffusion between the two phases, and the diffusivity of Cu is greater than that of ZnO.
3. Compared with the pure Cu fabricated by using the same method, the hardness of the composite has been marked elevated, while decrease of the electrical conductivity is indistinguishable. With increasing the mass fraction of ZnO, the density and electrical conductivity of the composites decrease, while the hardness shows a nonmonotonous change, i.e. hardness firtly increases until reaches a maximum then decreases monotonously. The composite with a 10% mass fraction of ZnO possesses the best general properties, density is higher than 98%, and the hardness and electrical conductivity are HV98 and 41.5MS/m, respectively.
4. The wear resistance of the composite is superior to that of the pure Cu fabricated by using the same method. When the content of ZnO is relatively low, an adhesive wear plays a dominant role. With increasing the content of ZnO, the wear mechanism changes into the combination of adhesive wear and fatigue wear. On continued increasing the content of ZnO, an abrasive wear will also appear.
引文
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