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中国股票市场非竞争均衡与制度变迁研究
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摘要
本文研究中国股票市场的非竞争均衡及制度变迁问题。
    文章首先提出中国股票市场非均衡运行的本质特征是非竞争均衡,其表现为非市场因素和非竞
    争因素极大地影响着股票市场的运行。非竞争因素和非市场因素导致了非竞争性收益的存在,非竞
    争收益的存在使得市场信号扭曲。在此基础上本文提出了制度矫正均衡理论假说。制度矫正均衡理
    论假说是在综合了自由竞争均衡、政府干预均衡和制度供求均衡三种理论基础上建立起来的,强调
    制度与竞争的相互联系,追求制度与竞争之间的均衡(第二章)。
    以制度矫正均衡假说为基础,论文从如下一些方面研究了中国股票市场的非均衡问题:
    第一,通过对股票市场制度结构的典型问题棗“逆向选择”和“道德危险”问题及其缓解
    机制的讨论,强调了制度设计在实现股票市场从非竞争均衡到制度矫正均衡中的重要性(第三
    章)。
    第二,分别用计量经济学方法和统计分析方法研究中国股票市场价格的信息吸收效率和资本要
    素配置效率,揭示了我国股票市场非竞争均衡特性。分析表明,从市场机制看,在1994年初我
    国股票市场开始进入弱式有效区间,此后一直处于弱式有效状态(第四章);从公司看,尽管上
    市公司总体而言是同行业佼佼者,但上市后频频出现业绩下滑,表明股票市场未能促进企业生产效
    率的持续提高,弱化了股票市场优化资源配置功能(第五章)。
    第三,尝试用制度经济学分析方法解释中国股票市场非竞争均衡与非竞争收益存在的原因,指
    出资产所有权不明晰和股票市场二元结构特征,是滋生市场非竞争均衡和非竞争收益的制度土壤。
    在股票市场上,不在公开市场流通的国有股与法人股协议转让以及相应的公司控制权转移,是市场
    操纵者谋求超额“非竞争收益”的主要手段。超额“非竞争收益”的存在,扭曲了股票市场价
    格信号,导致了资本要素低效率配置(第六章)。
    第四,从制度安排与变迁的角度,结合公共选择理论和博弈论方法,分析中国股票市场非竞
    争均衡的深层根源。文章指出,制度及其变迁是影响制度矫正均衡的内生变量,并且是一个集体
    决策过程,是政府在和市场博弈中实现的(第七章)。
    在理论分析的基础上,论文最后两章提出了促进实现股票市场强式有效的政策建议。既然非竞
    争均衡的原因在于制度变迁,则需要从制度安排上寻找实现均衡和强式有效市场的有效方法与途径,
    包括制度变迁路径的设计和具体的制度安排。第八章指出,在制度变迁路径上应该同时使用强制性
    制度变迁和诱致性制度变迁,但侧重点各有不同:以强制性制度变迁打破路径依赖,并为诱致性
    制度变迁制造合适的制度环境;以诱致性制度变迁促进股票市场的市场化。在确定了制度变迁的路
    
    
    一
    径后,第九章针对中国股票市场中存在的制度缺陷,从制度安排上提出了具体改进措施。
     论文有以下几个方面的创新:
     第一,论文提出了“制度矫正均衡假说”,并在这一假说框架下研究中国股票市场非竟争均
    衡和非竞争收益同股票市场制度设计间的关系。论文认为,“制度矫正均衡”是动态的、现实的
    市场均衡,而不是静态的、不可实现的理想状态的为衡,其核心是竞争均衡,是有合适的制度设
    计加以保障的均衡。在制度矫正均衡状态下,政府干预是通过制度安排实现的,而不是人为的随
    意干预。
     第二,论文指出,中国股票市场显著存在的超额非正常收益,是一种非竞争的制度性收益,
    它是制度设计非均衡的结果。理论上,在制度矫正均衡状态下,通过制度设计实现制度供求均衡,
    这种非竞争的制度性收益将归于消失。
     第三,论文在提出“制度矫正均衡假说”的基础上,采用计量经济学方法对中国股票市场效
    率进行实证检验,并对季节效应(月份效应)和小公司效应进行实证研究,不仅创新了经验研究
    的方法,更重要的是支持了中国股票市场非竞争均衡的制度分析理论。
     第四,论文用统计分析方法较为全面地考察了中国股票市场资本要素配置效率,得出了资本要
    素低效率配置的结论,进一步说明了中国股票市场是一个弱式有效的市场。在此基础上,论文在
    “制度矫正均衡假说”框架下,重点考察了中国股票市场非竞争均衡以及存在超额非竟争收益的制
    度原因,并探讨了中国股票市场走向“制度矫正均衡”的路径及其制度设计建议。
     第五,论文认为,不明晰的资产所有权、双重委托一代理结构和股票市场二元结构特征,是
    滋生非竟争均衡和超额非竞争收益的制度土壤。
This thesis studies non-competitive equilibrium and institutional change at stock market in China.
    It is claimed that stock market unequilibrium in China is essentially non-competitive equilibrium,in which non-market factors and non-competition factors extremely influence activities of stock market. Non-competitive and non-market factors create non-market return,which distorts market signal. Based on this claim,the hypothesis of institution-correction equilibrium is developed. It is built up through combining theories of freely competitive equilibrium,government intervention equilibrium and equilibrium of institution supply and demand. And it emphasizes links between institutions and competition and seeks balance of institution and competition.
    Based on hypothesis of institution-correction equilibrium,this thesis analyzes unequilibrium of stock market in China as following:
    First,by discussing adverse selection and moral hazard in stock market,this thesis emphasizes the importance of institutional design in turning of non-competitive equilibrium of stock market into institution-correction equilibrium (the third chapter).
    Second,by applying econometrics and statistics to the study of signal assimilation efficiency and allocation efficiency of capital factors,this thesis discloses the unequilibrium features of stock market in China. This analysis produces two results:as far as market mechanism is concerned,stock market in China has stepped into the zone of weak form efficient market since 1994;as far as listed companies are concerned,the worsening performance of listed companies after listing indicates that stock market does not create continuous increase in productive efficiency and hence weakens stock market's function of optimizing resource allocation (the fifth chapter).
    Third,this thesis tries to explain why non-competitive equilibrium and non-competitive return exist by institutional economics and suggests that indefinite capital ownership and dual structure of stock market are the institutional basis of non-competitive equilibrium and non-competitive return. The negotiation transfer of state owned stock and legal person owned stock,which can not be traded in stock market,and the transfer of corporate control are main methods for market manipulator to seek super non-market return. And the existence of non-competitive return distorts signal at stock market,which results in inefficient allocation of capital factors (the sixth chapter).
    Fourth,applying approach of public choice and game theory at an angle of institutional arrangement and institutional change,this thesis analyzes the root of non-competitive equilibrium at stock market in China. It is indicated that institution and its change are endogenous variables influencing institution-correction equilibrium and they also are a process of collective decision,which the government makes by playing game against market participants (the seventh chapter).
    Supported by the theoretical analysis,the last two chapters suggest policies which help achieve strong form efficient market. Since institution unequilibrium is caused by institutional change,we need to find efficient way and workable path via institutional arrangement,which includes designing the path of institutional change and
    
    
    concrete institutional arrangement,to carry out institution-correct equilibrium and strong form efficient market. The eighth chapter indicates that we make use of forced institutional change and induced institutional change simultaneously but with different focuses:forced institutional change is used to broke path dependence and to provide appropriate institutional environment for induced institutional change;and induced institutional change to enhance marketization of our stock market. After the path of institutional change is fixed,the ninth chapter makes some specific practical suggestions to improve institutional arrangements and correct institutional failure at stock market in China.
    Innovations in this thesis include:
    First,by combining freely competitive equil
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    76. 张宽海著, 《信息经济理论与案例分析》,西南财经大学出版社,2000;
    77. 胡章宏著, 《金融可持续发展论》,中国金融出版社,1998;
    78. 饯荣堃,马君潞主编, 《国际金融市场与制度创新》,南开大学出版社,1998;
    79. (美)格利(Gurley,J.G.)著, 《金融理论中的货币》,三联书店,1994;
    80. (美)戚廉·F·夏普(William.F.Sharpe)著, 《投资学》,中国人民大学出版社,1998:
    81. 范从来编著, 《现代金融制度》,南京大学出版社,1994;
    82. 卢可群著, 《市场经济中的宏观金融调控》,经济科学出版社,1995;
    83. 周延军编著, 《西方金融理论》,中信出版社,1992;
    84. 王明华著, 《金融工程与金融效率相关问题研究》,中国经济出版社,2001;
    85. 王爱俭著, 《金融创新工具交易》,天津大学出版社,1997;
    86. 膊旭等著, 《金融理论前沿课题》,中国金融出版社,1999;
    87. 宁威编著, 《金融数学模型》,华南理工大学出版社,1999;
    88. 钱小安著, 《金融创新因果》,中国金融出版社,1999;
    89. 李健著, 《金融创新与发展》,中国经济出版社,1998;
    90. (美)戈德史密斯(Goldsmith,R.W.)著,周朔等译, 《金融结构与金融发展》,三联书店,1994;
    91. 生柳荣著, 《当代金融创新》,中国发展出版社,1998;
    92. (英)迈哈伊·马图著,林涛等译, 《结构化衍生工具手册,经济科学出版社,2000;
    93. 邱兆祥著, 《经济金融理沦探索集》,经济科学出版社,2000;
    94. 陆洋峰著, 《金融创新与法律变革》,法律出版社,2000;
    95. 朱保华著, 《新经济增长理论》,上海财经大学出版社,1999;
    96. (美)丹尼斯·米都斯著,李宝恒译, 《增长的极限:罗马俱乐部关于人类困境的报告》,吉林 人民出版社,1997;
    97. (波兰)卡莱斯基著,符钢战译, 《社会主义经济增长理论导论》,三联书店,1994;
    98. 郭克莎著, 《中国:改革中的经济增长与结构变动》,上海人民出版社,1996:
    99. 梁苦顺著, 《低代价经济增长理论》,人民出版社,1999;
    100. 李坤望著; 《经济增长理论与经济增长的差异性》,山西经济出版社,1998;
    101. 仉建涛、刘玉柯著, 《经济增长模式比较》,经济科学出版社,1999;
    102. 周成名、贺修铭、易培强著, 《经济增长论:当代中吲经济增长的途径和方式探索》,湖南出 版社,1998:
    
    
    103. (美)索洛(Solow,R.M.)著, 《经济增长理论: 一种解说》,三联书店,1994;
    104. 郭金龙著, 《经济增长方式转变的国际比较》,中国发展出版社,2000;
    105. 姜作培著, 《经济增长方式转变的政策选择》,中国经济出版社,2000;
    106. (美)刘易斯(Lewis,W.A.)著,梁小民译, 《经济增长理论》,三联书店,1994;
    107. 张军洲著, 《中国区域金融分析》,中国经济出版社,1995:
    108. 刘涤源,谭崇台著, 《当代西方经济学说》,武汉大学出版社,1990;
    109. 谭崇台著, 《西方经济发展思想史》,武汉大学出版社,1993;
    110. (美)格利(Gurley.J.G.),肖(Shaw.E.S.)著,贝多广译, 《金融理论中的货币》,三联书店, 1994:
    111. 曹水刚等编著, 《现代金融风险:国际金融创新的趋利与避害》,中国金融出版社,2000;
    112. 戴金平著, 《国际金融前沿发展:理论与实证方法》,天津人民出版社,2000:
    113. (美)R·L·麦金农著,卢骢译, 《经济发展中的货币与资本》,三联书店,1988;
    114. (英)杰拉尔德·M·迈耶(Geralld.M.Meier)著, 《发展经济学的先驱理论》,谭崇台等译,云 南人民出版社,1995:
    115. 谭崇台主编, 《发展经济学的新发展》,武汉大学出版社,1999;
    116. 刘光杰主编, 《中国经济发展理论研究》,武汉大学出版社,1995:
    117. 陈广汉著, 《增长与分配:发展中经济面临的选择》,武汉大学出版社,1995;
    118. (美)杰克·赫什莱佛(Jack Hirshleifer),约翰·G·赖利(John G.Riley)著,刘广灵;李绍 荣译, 《不确定性与信息分析》,中国社会科学出版社,2000;
    119. (美)布鲁斯·金格马(Bruce R.Kingma)著,马费成,袁红译, 《信息经济学:信息工作者的 成本-收益分析指南》,山西经济出版社,1 999;
    120. (美)科斯等著, 《财产权利与制度变迁:产权学派与新制度学派译文集》,三联书店,1994:
    121. 潘振民,罗首初著, 《社会注意微观经济均衡论》,三联书店,1995:
    122. 陈健军著, 《中国高速增长地域的经济发展:关于江浙模式的研究》,三联书店,2000:
    123. 武剑著, 《货币政策与经济增长:中国货币政策发展取向研究》三联书店,2000;
    124. (美)詹女母斯·A·道,史迪夫·H·汉科,(英)阿兰·A·瓦尔特斯编著,黄祖辉、蒋文华译, 《发腱经济学的革命》,上海人民出版社, 三联书店,2000;
    125. (美)范里安著,费方城等译, 《微观经济学:现代观点》,上海人民出版社,1994第2版;
    126. 张维迎著, 《博弈论与信息经济学》,三联书店,1996:
    127. 洪文金,林志军等译, 《货币、银行与经济》,(美)梅耶(Mzyer,T.)著,三联书店,1994;
    128. (美)钱纳里(chenery,H.)等著,吴奇等译, 《工业化和经济增长比较研究》,三联书店, 1995:
    
    
    129. (美)詹姆斯·托宾(J.Tobin)、斯蒂芬·S·戈卢布(S.S.Golub)著,张杰,陈未译,《货币、 信贷与资本》,尔北财经大学出版社,2000;
    130. (美)詹姆斯·C·范霍恩(James C.Van horne)著,赵智文,余良标译, 《金融市场利率与流 量》,第5版东北财经大学出版社,2000;
    131. (美)安东尼·M·桑托莫罗(Anthony M.Santomero),戴维·F·巴贝尔(David F.Babbel)著, 郭斌译, 《金融市场、工具与机构》,东北财经大学出版社,2000;
    132. 陈学林著, 《宏观金融博弈分》,上海财经出版社,1998;
    133. 戴根有著, 《中央银行宏观经济分析若干理论和方法问题》,中国金融出版社,1995;
    134. 王晓芬著, 《证券投资的理论分析与发展研究》,中国经济出版社,1997;
    135. 张邦辉主编, 《金融衍生品市场全书》,中国物质出版社,1999;
    136. 妾纬编著, 《金融衍生市场投资:理论与实务》,复旦大学出版社,1996;
    137. (美)J·C·赫尔(John C.Hull)著,张陶伟弈, 《期权、期货和衍生证券》,华夏出版社, 1997;
    138. 胡怀邦著, 《金融发展中的衍生市场研究》,中国经济出版社,2000;
    139. 戴国强,吴林祥著, 《金融市场的微观结构理论》,上海财经出版社,1999;
    140. 贝多广主编, 《证券金融理论》,上海人民出版社,1995;
    141. (英)大卫·福特(David Ford)著,吴林祥译, 《股票衍生产品:关于市场、应用及风险的进 阶指南》,上海财经出版社,1999;
    142. (美)本杰明·格雷厄姆(Benjamin Graham),戴维·多德(David Dodd)著,邱巍译, 《证券分 析》,海南出版社,1999;
    143. (荷)尼尔斯·赫米斯(Niels Hermes),罗伯特·伦辛克(Robert Lensink)主编,余昌淼等译, 《金融发展与经济增长:发展中国家(地区)的理论与经验》,经济科学出版社,2001;
    144. (巴西)阿赫塔尔·霍赛恩,阿尼斯·乔杜里主编,陈延军,汪文件译, 《发展中国家的货币与 金融政策:增长与稳定》,经济科学出版社,2001;
    145. 邹恒甫著, 《财政、经济增长和动态经济分析》,北京大学出版社,2000;
    146. (德)于尔根·艾希贝格尔(Jurgen Eichberger),(澳)伊恩·哈珀(Ian R.Harper)著,刘锡良 等译, 《金融经济学》,西南财经大学出版社,2000;
    147. (美)哈维尔·弗雷克斯(Xavier Freixas),让·夏尔·罗歇(Jean-Charles Rochet)著,刘锡 良等译, 《微观经济学》,西南财经大学出版社,2000;
    148. 杨云红著, 《金融经济学》,武汉大学出版社,2000;
    149. 李德宣著《金融经济学新论》,中国金融出版社,1993;
    
    
    150. 毛有碧著, 《货币、汇率与宏观经济》,贵州人民出版社,2000;
    151. 萧瑞主编, 《新世纪金融热点_:前沿问题德多方位探索》,中国审计出版社,2000;
    152. 李杨,王松奇主编, 《中国金融理论前沿》,社会科学文献出版社,2000;
    153. 杜恂诚著, 《经济转型中的金融创新》,立信会计出版社,1996;
    154. 董晓时著, 《金融结构的基础与发展》,尔北财经大学出版社,1999;
    155. 王一鸣编著, 《数理金融经济学》,北京大学出版社,2000;
    156. 黄先开著, 《金融数学模型:多维动态货币供求建模研究》,世界图书出版公司,2000:
    157. 施兵超著, 《经济发展中的货币与金融:若干金融发展模型研究》,上海财经大学出版社, 1997:
    158. 雍炯敏,(法)Rama Cont编, 《数学金融学:理论与实践》,高等教育出版社,2000:
    159. (美)埃德加·E·彼得斯(Edgar E.Peters)著,王小东译, 《资本市场的混沌与秩序: 一个关 于商业循环、价格和市场变动的新视点》,经济科学出版社,1999;
    160. 张杰, 《中国金融制度的结构与变迁》,山西经济出版社,1998:
    161. [美]G·J·施蒂格勒, 《产业组织与政府管制》,上海人民出版社和上海三联书店,1996年4 月第1版。
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