分布式光纤传感技术在结构应变及开裂监测中的应用研究
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摘要
分布式光纤传感技术引入国内已有近十年时间,已在相当工程中得以应用,并取得了许多成果。然而,在实际工程应用中分布式传感光纤的布设技术和工艺扮演着重要角色,布设过程中必须考虑光纤的存活率,过多线路修复会明显增加线路的光纤损耗,从而造成监测网络稳定性降低甚至失效。特别是大型新建结构监测,施工过程铺设的分布式传感光纤极易受其它工种破坏,将其埋入结构内部可为传感光纤提供稳定工作环境。BOTDA作为一种分布式监测技术,通过合理地设计监测网络可实现结构整体性能的监测,但构件的局部相关性能如结构开裂,同样也是影响结构安全性、适用性及耐久性的关键指标。
本文围绕BOTDA技术应用于结构应变和开裂监测中的关键技术,通过理论分析和试验研究完善了分布式传感光纤在混凝土内部的布设工艺,同时进行了分布式光纤监测结构开裂的试验研究,作为结构整体健康监测的重要补充。
本文主要的研究工作归纳如下：
(1)采用气吹-灌浆技术进行混凝土内部光纤布设工艺的研究和完善：依据三步骤布设传感光纤,首先通过研制的微管固定装置在结构内部布设微管,再采用气吹技术将传感光纤吹入微管,最后采用灌浆技术固定传感光纤。并通过室内模拟试验,比选传感光纤类型、微管连接方式、一次性布设长度等,完善布设工艺；
(2)分布式光纤传感器应变传递性能分析和研究：通过理论分析和试验研究对埋入式及表面式光纤传感器的应变传递性能进行系统研究,分析不同管径、光纤类型、粘结剂对测量精度的影响,为适应于不同结构的传感器优化设计提供指导；
(3)依托隧道健康监测项目,进行了气吹-灌浆工艺铺设传感光纤的工程应用,实现了混凝土内部应变的分布式监测。将光纤时变应力场监测结果与施工初期埋入的传统传感器初始应力场叠加,得到隧道二衬的长期真实应力水平。通过Labview软件编制了数据处理及评估软件,通过光开关等硬件设备集成了隧道健康监测系统；
(4)研究利用BOTDA技术对历史文物进行了保护监测,考虑到文物具有历史价值高、损伤监测范围大、美观要求高等特点,设计了合理的光纤布设方式和全过程监测方案。并将其运用在某独木舟出土全过程监测中,监测数据表明,采用的文物保护、加固措施非常有效,可保证独木舟出土、保护、馆藏过程中的安全,同时也证实了分布式光纤传感技术在文物保护中具有实践意义；
(5)结合BOTDA和光纤光栅(FBG)监测技术,对某砖混结构的托换梁改造加固进行了检测,为圈梁托换成框架梁的整个过程进行安全监测。一方面保证了托换过程的安全性,另一方面为所设计的托换方式的有效性和工作性能研究提供了数据支持,为后续托换梁优化设计提供参考；
(6)进行了BOTDA技术在结构开裂监测中的应用研究,采用标定试验和斜交光纤组的方式监测裂缝的宽度及走向,建立了光纤应变和裂缝宽度、夹角间的关系。并采用室内模拟及加速锈蚀的方式,研究其应用于钢筋锈蚀监测中的可行性和有效性；
(7)在大量工程应用和室内试验的基础上,总结了使用BOTDA技术过程中的问题及解决方法,为解决分布式光纤传感技术应用于结构健康监测的关键技术提供了参考。
Distributed optical fiber sensor based on brilliouin scattering(BOTDA/R) has been imported into China for nearly ten years, it has been adopted in several projects by other researchers; meanwhile some remarkable achievements are reported in literature. However, the embedding method of distributed optical fiber sensor plays as a key technology while applying BOTDA in on-site project, because several factors such as fiber rupture, obvious bending would induce the failure of sensing route. Speically for the large-scale foundation engineering under constructing, the optical fiber embedded on the surface of structure would be destroyed by other cross activities. Embedding the optical fiber into concrete not only provides a safe circumstance but also record the inner strain field. BOTDA is a kind of distributed sensing technology; therefore reasonable sensing net design would achieve full-scale monitoring of structure. On the other hand, structural local performance like cracking is another significant factor affects the safety, serviceability, durability. Cracking monitoring based on BOTDA would play as an important complementarity for structural health monitoring.
The main research contents in this thesis are as following:
1. A new optical fiber sensor embedded method based on air-blowing and vacuum grouting is introduced which can lay the long distance distributed optical fiber (LEOFS) into the structure in a short time. The monitoring sensor nets are firstly designed to meet the objectives of structural health monitoring. Then tubes are fixed to formwork or steel bars before concrete casting. Finally air-blowing and vacuum grouting techniques are used for laying the distributed optical fibers and fixing them inside the tubes to form the LEOFS. However, special techniques are required when applying air-blowing technique to install distributed optical fiber sensors in civil engineering. The resistance like loss of air pressure and unevenness between tubes caused by the connectors will increase the difficulty of air-blowing. Therefore simulation experiment is carried out to estimate the maximum length for the LEOFS's installation.
2. Accuracy of strain measurement is an important issue to ensure the efficiency of structural diagnosing and evaluation. Test accuracy not only depends on the performance of equipment, but also influences by strain transferring capability of distributed optical fiber sensor which used to receive structural strain signal. The performance of strain transferring is mainly affected by the characteristics of optical fiber, physical properties of binder and configuration of sensor. The influence of above parameters to strain measuring sensitivity is studied by theoretical analysis, and their quantitative relation is obtained by calibration experiments. The results of theoretical and experimental analysis can be used for guiding optimization design of distributed optical fiber sensor.
3. Based on tunnel health monitoring project, the application of LEOFS has be put into practice. The long distance distributed optical fibers are embedded into concrete of secondary lining by air-blowing and vacuum grouting. In order to achieve life-cycle health monitoring, the initial stress field and time-varying stress field are established respectively of secondary lining established by using traditional sensors and finite element analysis, and by monitoring strain of distributed optical fibers. The long-term true stress field which used to diagnose secondary lining is calculated by adding initial stress field to time-varying stress field. At last, a structural health monitoring software based on Labview and optical switch is developed to deal with monitored data.
4. Security detection has always been the most complicated but significant task in the preservation of cultural relics. To ensure the structural safety of a canoe with thousands of year's history during its excavation, a whole-process monitoring method based on the technique of distributed optical fiber sensor is presented. Considering the situation of the project, the layout of optical fiber sensor is determined. By analyzing the monitoring data, the influences have been evaluated in the process of reinforcement and reversal of the canoe. Monitoring results show that the distributed optical fiber sensing technology can effectively capture the changes of structural response in each process. And the analysis results show that the hull is still in safety under the cultural relic's protection. The effectiveness of this technique is also proved by practical application in construction.
5. Due to the change of structural function, one teaching building had to be retrofitted to a large-space office building. The underpinning technology had been adopted to transform this brick-concrete structure to a frame structure. In order to ensure its safety operation, fiber Bragg grating technology (FBG) and distributed optical fiber sensor (BOTDA) had been used to monitor structural stress and strain during the whole period of construction. The test results shows that the designed underpin system performances well and can provide sufficient bearing capacity for this new retrofitted structure.
6. Cracking monitoring provides an important way to evaluate structural safety. Cracking monitoring method based on distributed optical fiber sensor can effectively avoid undetected phenomenon existed in point-wise test method, and it can run automatically. A theoretical model of cracking monitoring based on obliquely intersected fibers and Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) is introduced, and the numerical equation among fiber strain, crack width and crack angle is established by the calibration experiment. The experiments are also carried out to study the performance of different kinds of cracking sensors with different gauge length and pretension. The cracking simulation test proved that this new method can effectively record the width and the angle of cracks during the whole cracking process. Finally, the feasibility of corrosion monitoring based on BOTDA is considered by accelerated corrosion test.
7. In this theis, several on-site projects and in-door experiments based on BOTDA are presented. The summarization of this research would figure out some key technology while applying BOTDA.
本文围绕BOTDA技术应用于结构应变和开裂监测中的关键技术,通过理论分析和试验研究完善了分布式传感光纤在混凝土内部的布设工艺,同时进行了分布式光纤监测结构开裂的试验研究,作为结构整体健康监测的重要补充。
本文主要的研究工作归纳如下：
(1)采用气吹-灌浆技术进行混凝土内部光纤布设工艺的研究和完善：依据三步骤布设传感光纤,首先通过研制的微管固定装置在结构内部布设微管,再采用气吹技术将传感光纤吹入微管,最后采用灌浆技术固定传感光纤。并通过室内模拟试验,比选传感光纤类型、微管连接方式、一次性布设长度等,完善布设工艺；
(2)分布式光纤传感器应变传递性能分析和研究：通过理论分析和试验研究对埋入式及表面式光纤传感器的应变传递性能进行系统研究,分析不同管径、光纤类型、粘结剂对测量精度的影响,为适应于不同结构的传感器优化设计提供指导；
(3)依托隧道健康监测项目,进行了气吹-灌浆工艺铺设传感光纤的工程应用,实现了混凝土内部应变的分布式监测。将光纤时变应力场监测结果与施工初期埋入的传统传感器初始应力场叠加,得到隧道二衬的长期真实应力水平。通过Labview软件编制了数据处理及评估软件,通过光开关等硬件设备集成了隧道健康监测系统；
(4)研究利用BOTDA技术对历史文物进行了保护监测,考虑到文物具有历史价值高、损伤监测范围大、美观要求高等特点,设计了合理的光纤布设方式和全过程监测方案。并将其运用在某独木舟出土全过程监测中,监测数据表明,采用的文物保护、加固措施非常有效,可保证独木舟出土、保护、馆藏过程中的安全,同时也证实了分布式光纤传感技术在文物保护中具有实践意义；
(5)结合BOTDA和光纤光栅(FBG)监测技术,对某砖混结构的托换梁改造加固进行了检测,为圈梁托换成框架梁的整个过程进行安全监测。一方面保证了托换过程的安全性,另一方面为所设计的托换方式的有效性和工作性能研究提供了数据支持,为后续托换梁优化设计提供参考；
(6)进行了BOTDA技术在结构开裂监测中的应用研究,采用标定试验和斜交光纤组的方式监测裂缝的宽度及走向,建立了光纤应变和裂缝宽度、夹角间的关系。并采用室内模拟及加速锈蚀的方式,研究其应用于钢筋锈蚀监测中的可行性和有效性；
(7)在大量工程应用和室内试验的基础上,总结了使用BOTDA技术过程中的问题及解决方法,为解决分布式光纤传感技术应用于结构健康监测的关键技术提供了参考。
Distributed optical fiber sensor based on brilliouin scattering(BOTDA/R) has been imported into China for nearly ten years, it has been adopted in several projects by other researchers; meanwhile some remarkable achievements are reported in literature. However, the embedding method of distributed optical fiber sensor plays as a key technology while applying BOTDA in on-site project, because several factors such as fiber rupture, obvious bending would induce the failure of sensing route. Speically for the large-scale foundation engineering under constructing, the optical fiber embedded on the surface of structure would be destroyed by other cross activities. Embedding the optical fiber into concrete not only provides a safe circumstance but also record the inner strain field. BOTDA is a kind of distributed sensing technology; therefore reasonable sensing net design would achieve full-scale monitoring of structure. On the other hand, structural local performance like cracking is another significant factor affects the safety, serviceability, durability. Cracking monitoring based on BOTDA would play as an important complementarity for structural health monitoring.
The main research contents in this thesis are as following:
1. A new optical fiber sensor embedded method based on air-blowing and vacuum grouting is introduced which can lay the long distance distributed optical fiber (LEOFS) into the structure in a short time. The monitoring sensor nets are firstly designed to meet the objectives of structural health monitoring. Then tubes are fixed to formwork or steel bars before concrete casting. Finally air-blowing and vacuum grouting techniques are used for laying the distributed optical fibers and fixing them inside the tubes to form the LEOFS. However, special techniques are required when applying air-blowing technique to install distributed optical fiber sensors in civil engineering. The resistance like loss of air pressure and unevenness between tubes caused by the connectors will increase the difficulty of air-blowing. Therefore simulation experiment is carried out to estimate the maximum length for the LEOFS's installation.
2. Accuracy of strain measurement is an important issue to ensure the efficiency of structural diagnosing and evaluation. Test accuracy not only depends on the performance of equipment, but also influences by strain transferring capability of distributed optical fiber sensor which used to receive structural strain signal. The performance of strain transferring is mainly affected by the characteristics of optical fiber, physical properties of binder and configuration of sensor. The influence of above parameters to strain measuring sensitivity is studied by theoretical analysis, and their quantitative relation is obtained by calibration experiments. The results of theoretical and experimental analysis can be used for guiding optimization design of distributed optical fiber sensor.
3. Based on tunnel health monitoring project, the application of LEOFS has be put into practice. The long distance distributed optical fibers are embedded into concrete of secondary lining by air-blowing and vacuum grouting. In order to achieve life-cycle health monitoring, the initial stress field and time-varying stress field are established respectively of secondary lining established by using traditional sensors and finite element analysis, and by monitoring strain of distributed optical fibers. The long-term true stress field which used to diagnose secondary lining is calculated by adding initial stress field to time-varying stress field. At last, a structural health monitoring software based on Labview and optical switch is developed to deal with monitored data.
4. Security detection has always been the most complicated but significant task in the preservation of cultural relics. To ensure the structural safety of a canoe with thousands of year's history during its excavation, a whole-process monitoring method based on the technique of distributed optical fiber sensor is presented. Considering the situation of the project, the layout of optical fiber sensor is determined. By analyzing the monitoring data, the influences have been evaluated in the process of reinforcement and reversal of the canoe. Monitoring results show that the distributed optical fiber sensing technology can effectively capture the changes of structural response in each process. And the analysis results show that the hull is still in safety under the cultural relic's protection. The effectiveness of this technique is also proved by practical application in construction.
5. Due to the change of structural function, one teaching building had to be retrofitted to a large-space office building. The underpinning technology had been adopted to transform this brick-concrete structure to a frame structure. In order to ensure its safety operation, fiber Bragg grating technology (FBG) and distributed optical fiber sensor (BOTDA) had been used to monitor structural stress and strain during the whole period of construction. The test results shows that the designed underpin system performances well and can provide sufficient bearing capacity for this new retrofitted structure.
6. Cracking monitoring provides an important way to evaluate structural safety. Cracking monitoring method based on distributed optical fiber sensor can effectively avoid undetected phenomenon existed in point-wise test method, and it can run automatically. A theoretical model of cracking monitoring based on obliquely intersected fibers and Brillouin Optical Time Domain Analysis (BOTDA) is introduced, and the numerical equation among fiber strain, crack width and crack angle is established by the calibration experiment. The experiments are also carried out to study the performance of different kinds of cracking sensors with different gauge length and pretension. The cracking simulation test proved that this new method can effectively record the width and the angle of cracks during the whole cracking process. Finally, the feasibility of corrosion monitoring based on BOTDA is considered by accelerated corrosion test.
7. In this theis, several on-site projects and in-door experiments based on BOTDA are presented. The summarization of this research would figure out some key technology while applying BOTDA.
引文
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