复杂条件下颗粒物料管道水力输送机理试验研究
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摘要
本文以长距离管道输送和深海采矿等实际工程条件为研究背景,系统总结分析了前人的研究成果,通过自行设计的管道输送模拟试验系统对复杂空间形态、复杂组成物料两种复杂条件下的速度问题、浓度问题和阻力损失问题进行了研究。本文的研究工作不仅有助于长距离高浓度管道输送技术的发展,而且对固液两相流体力学理论的完善和发展亦会产生一定的推动作用。研究成果包括：
(1)基于前人的研究成果,通过试验研究对固体粗颗粒在复杂空间形态管道中的运动状态进行了探讨。根据本文的研究条件,粗颗粒在复杂空间形态管道中的运动状态表现出不同的特点：对于水平管道,滑动推移是其主要运动形式；对于倾斜管道,滑动推移和悬移是其主要的运动形式。同时,粗颗粒出现悬移运动要求极高的输送速度,属于一种高能耗的运动方式,而滚动推移是低流速状态下出现的不稳定态,颗粒介于运动与静止之间,且管道输送量小,经济效益较差。因此最终确定滑动推移是粗颗粒管道输送的主要运动形式。
(2)从粗颗粒受力的角度分析了其在复杂空间形态管道中的运动状态与颗粒受力的关系,得出颗粒的运动形态与颗粒粒径、固液两相的密度以及管道倾角等物理量有关。基于试验结果,提出粗颗粒在复杂空间形态管道中安全输送的临界条件为粗颗粒由滚动推移向滑动推移转变时的条件,通常以临界流速表征,并提出了粗颗粒在复杂空间形态管道中临界流速的计算公式,可为管道输送系统参数设计提供依据。
(3)针对复杂组成物料的流变特性问题,通过研究粉煤灰、水煤浆(中国)Ⅰ等非粘性颗粒在不同体积浓度条件下剪切速率与切应力的关系,三种物料在各浓度条件下均符合宾汉体的流变特征,可用宾汉体的流变方程给予描述。同时,针对影响流变特性最敏感的两个因子,分别得到了浓度和粒径对屈服应力和粘度系数的影响规律,提出了临界浓度和相对粘度系数的计算公式。
(4)临界浓度是判定浆体向膏体转变的重要标准,当浓度低于这一临界浓度,流变参数随浓度的变化不大,而高于这一临界浓度,流变参数随着浓度的增加急剧增加。基于此,浆体是指体积浓度低于临界浓度,试验物料的屈服应力和粘度系数变化极小,且物料具有极好的流动性,而其可塑性较差；膏体是指体积浓度高于临界浓度,试验物料的屈服应力和粘度系数急剧增加,且物料可塑性越来越强,而流动性越来越差,呈现牙膏状的特点。对于产生这一现象的原因,本文从颗粒表面的物理化学性质、颗粒间摩擦碰撞以及颗粒与水分的相互作用等微观角度进行了分析和验证。
(5)本文采用自行设计的管道输送模拟系统,研究了水平管道中水力坡度与平均流速、体积浓度、颗粒粒径等因素的关系,并基于能量理论,考虑颗粒间的相互碰撞作用,提出了水平管道中粗颗粒水力坡度的计算公式；同时,基于前人的研究成果,分析了倾斜管道水力坡度的变化规律,重点研究了倾角的影响,认为当固液两相流的流向与水平面夹角为正时,水力坡度随着管道倾角的增大而增大,当流向与水平面的夹角为负时,水力坡度随着倾角的增加而减小,且相同角度的情况下,水力坡度因角度的正负而对称,并提出了不同角度下水力坡度的计算公式。
对于上述提出的各经验计算公式,本文通过实测数据和计算结果的对比和分析,误差均小于10%。
This thesis took the long distance pipeline transportation and the deep sea mining as a background, basing on the systematical analysis of the previous achievements designed a pipe transport system for experiments concentrated on the velocity, concentration and friction loss under three complex conditions, such as complex space form, complex fluid properties and complex granular composition especially the coarse particles. This research can not only contribute to the development of the technology of long distance pipeline transportation, but also promote to perfect and develop the theory of hydromechanics. The achievements are the following:
(1) Based on the previous achievements, we discussed the coarse particles move patterns in the pipes of complex space forms through experiments. As the results of this research, the motion state of the coarse particles in pipes of complex space forms are:1) to horizontal pipes, bed-lead is the major flow,2) to inclined pipes, bed-lead and suspension are the major forms. The suspension of coarse granule requires an extremely high flow velocity that needs high energy consumption. While, rolling flow is an unstable state between movement and static under low velocity that conveying capacity and efficient are low. Therefore, sliding flow is the main form of coarse particles pipe conveyance.
(2) We analysed the previous results and proposed that the critical flow velocity of fine particles is homogeneous slurry. The states of flows and the stresses of coarse particles in different pipes were also studied. It can be concluded that the state of particles movement is relative to the grade, the density of solid-liquid and the inclination of pipes. The experiments proved that the critical condition of safe transport of coarse particles in different pipes is the same as the condition of the transfer from rolling to sliding, usually marked by critical velocity, and computational equations of coarse particles in complex space forms were also proposed in this part that can be reference for the pipe transport system parameters design.
(3) To consider the point of the fine particles fluid properties, we researched the relationship between shearing rate and shearing stress of the different sizes of fly ash, pulverized coal I (China) under different mass concentrations. It is concluded that, in the study area of our research, the flow curves reveals that all of the three materials have the rheological properties of Binghan body and can be described by the Binghan body rheological equation.
(4) We concluded that criticle concentration is the most important criterion to define slurry transfers to paste. When the concentration is lower than this critical concentration, rheological parameter lightly changes, but it will change much sharply when higher than the critical concentration. Thus, Slurry is defined that when the volumetric concentration is lower than the criticle concentration, the yield stress and viscosity coefficient of experimental materials change hardly, and it is more mobilizable but poorer plasticity and when it's higher, the yield stress and viscosity coefficient of experimental materials change sharply, poorer mobility but more plastic like toothpaste, which is defined as Paste. We analysed the reasons from the perspectives of the physical and chemical features of the superficial of the particles, collision between the particles and the interaction between particle and water.
(5) The relationship among the hydraulic gradient, mean velocity, and volumetric concentration and particle size in the horizontal pipes were studied through the self-design pipe transport system. And taking collision into consideration, computational formulations of coarse hydraulic gradient in horizontal pipes were worked out basing on the theory of energy. Meanwhile, we also analysed the change rules of the hydraulic gradient of inclined pipes, and found that the hydraulic gradient increases with the rise of the angle value, or vice versa of the decrease situation, and the values of the hydraulic gradient are symmetrical horizontal lines, then further established an equation for different angles calculation.
The errors of the new experimental data and the results from the computational equations of the critical velocity, the hydraulic gradient, and evaluation of the parameters of grain size, mean velocity and volume concentration proposed in this thesis are all lower than20%that in the acceptable range.
(1)基于前人的研究成果,通过试验研究对固体粗颗粒在复杂空间形态管道中的运动状态进行了探讨。根据本文的研究条件,粗颗粒在复杂空间形态管道中的运动状态表现出不同的特点：对于水平管道,滑动推移是其主要运动形式；对于倾斜管道,滑动推移和悬移是其主要的运动形式。同时,粗颗粒出现悬移运动要求极高的输送速度,属于一种高能耗的运动方式,而滚动推移是低流速状态下出现的不稳定态,颗粒介于运动与静止之间,且管道输送量小,经济效益较差。因此最终确定滑动推移是粗颗粒管道输送的主要运动形式。
(2)从粗颗粒受力的角度分析了其在复杂空间形态管道中的运动状态与颗粒受力的关系,得出颗粒的运动形态与颗粒粒径、固液两相的密度以及管道倾角等物理量有关。基于试验结果,提出粗颗粒在复杂空间形态管道中安全输送的临界条件为粗颗粒由滚动推移向滑动推移转变时的条件,通常以临界流速表征,并提出了粗颗粒在复杂空间形态管道中临界流速的计算公式,可为管道输送系统参数设计提供依据。
(3)针对复杂组成物料的流变特性问题,通过研究粉煤灰、水煤浆(中国)Ⅰ等非粘性颗粒在不同体积浓度条件下剪切速率与切应力的关系,三种物料在各浓度条件下均符合宾汉体的流变特征,可用宾汉体的流变方程给予描述。同时,针对影响流变特性最敏感的两个因子,分别得到了浓度和粒径对屈服应力和粘度系数的影响规律,提出了临界浓度和相对粘度系数的计算公式。
(4)临界浓度是判定浆体向膏体转变的重要标准,当浓度低于这一临界浓度,流变参数随浓度的变化不大,而高于这一临界浓度,流变参数随着浓度的增加急剧增加。基于此,浆体是指体积浓度低于临界浓度,试验物料的屈服应力和粘度系数变化极小,且物料具有极好的流动性,而其可塑性较差；膏体是指体积浓度高于临界浓度,试验物料的屈服应力和粘度系数急剧增加,且物料可塑性越来越强,而流动性越来越差,呈现牙膏状的特点。对于产生这一现象的原因,本文从颗粒表面的物理化学性质、颗粒间摩擦碰撞以及颗粒与水分的相互作用等微观角度进行了分析和验证。
(5)本文采用自行设计的管道输送模拟系统,研究了水平管道中水力坡度与平均流速、体积浓度、颗粒粒径等因素的关系,并基于能量理论,考虑颗粒间的相互碰撞作用,提出了水平管道中粗颗粒水力坡度的计算公式；同时,基于前人的研究成果,分析了倾斜管道水力坡度的变化规律,重点研究了倾角的影响,认为当固液两相流的流向与水平面夹角为正时,水力坡度随着管道倾角的增大而增大,当流向与水平面的夹角为负时,水力坡度随着倾角的增加而减小,且相同角度的情况下,水力坡度因角度的正负而对称,并提出了不同角度下水力坡度的计算公式。
对于上述提出的各经验计算公式,本文通过实测数据和计算结果的对比和分析,误差均小于10%。
This thesis took the long distance pipeline transportation and the deep sea mining as a background, basing on the systematical analysis of the previous achievements designed a pipe transport system for experiments concentrated on the velocity, concentration and friction loss under three complex conditions, such as complex space form, complex fluid properties and complex granular composition especially the coarse particles. This research can not only contribute to the development of the technology of long distance pipeline transportation, but also promote to perfect and develop the theory of hydromechanics. The achievements are the following:
(1) Based on the previous achievements, we discussed the coarse particles move patterns in the pipes of complex space forms through experiments. As the results of this research, the motion state of the coarse particles in pipes of complex space forms are:1) to horizontal pipes, bed-lead is the major flow,2) to inclined pipes, bed-lead and suspension are the major forms. The suspension of coarse granule requires an extremely high flow velocity that needs high energy consumption. While, rolling flow is an unstable state between movement and static under low velocity that conveying capacity and efficient are low. Therefore, sliding flow is the main form of coarse particles pipe conveyance.
(2) We analysed the previous results and proposed that the critical flow velocity of fine particles is homogeneous slurry. The states of flows and the stresses of coarse particles in different pipes were also studied. It can be concluded that the state of particles movement is relative to the grade, the density of solid-liquid and the inclination of pipes. The experiments proved that the critical condition of safe transport of coarse particles in different pipes is the same as the condition of the transfer from rolling to sliding, usually marked by critical velocity, and computational equations of coarse particles in complex space forms were also proposed in this part that can be reference for the pipe transport system parameters design.
(3) To consider the point of the fine particles fluid properties, we researched the relationship between shearing rate and shearing stress of the different sizes of fly ash, pulverized coal I (China) under different mass concentrations. It is concluded that, in the study area of our research, the flow curves reveals that all of the three materials have the rheological properties of Binghan body and can be described by the Binghan body rheological equation.
(4) We concluded that criticle concentration is the most important criterion to define slurry transfers to paste. When the concentration is lower than this critical concentration, rheological parameter lightly changes, but it will change much sharply when higher than the critical concentration. Thus, Slurry is defined that when the volumetric concentration is lower than the criticle concentration, the yield stress and viscosity coefficient of experimental materials change hardly, and it is more mobilizable but poorer plasticity and when it's higher, the yield stress and viscosity coefficient of experimental materials change sharply, poorer mobility but more plastic like toothpaste, which is defined as Paste. We analysed the reasons from the perspectives of the physical and chemical features of the superficial of the particles, collision between the particles and the interaction between particle and water.
(5) The relationship among the hydraulic gradient, mean velocity, and volumetric concentration and particle size in the horizontal pipes were studied through the self-design pipe transport system. And taking collision into consideration, computational formulations of coarse hydraulic gradient in horizontal pipes were worked out basing on the theory of energy. Meanwhile, we also analysed the change rules of the hydraulic gradient of inclined pipes, and found that the hydraulic gradient increases with the rise of the angle value, or vice versa of the decrease situation, and the values of the hydraulic gradient are symmetrical horizontal lines, then further established an equation for different angles calculation.
The errors of the new experimental data and the results from the computational equations of the critical velocity, the hydraulic gradient, and evaluation of the parameters of grain size, mean velocity and volume concentration proposed in this thesis are all lower than20%that in the acceptable range.
引文
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