微生物菌剂对矿区复垦土壤的生态效应研究
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摘要
煤炭是我国重要的能源,但煤炭资源开采造成的土地、生态破坏是巨大的。在矿山开发建设的同时,保护矿区的生态环境,加强矿区土地复垦与生态重建是一项具有战略意义的系统工程。土地复垦不仅仅是被破坏或扰动土地的简单恢复利用,更重要的是生态系统功能的恢复和合理结构的构建,而恢复生态系统的功能,必须进行植被的恢复及动植物群落和微生物群落的构建。本文以山西矿区复垦土壤为基质,研究了丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌菌剂的不同组合以及不同底肥条件对豆科植物白三叶草生长状况以及土壤养分、土壤微生物群落的影响,旨在进行矿区复垦地适生菌剂的筛选及菌剂和作物协同修复模式的构建。试验主要得到以下研究结果:
1、有机底肥和无机底肥条件下的三叶草的菌根侵染率和土壤中孢子密度呈现出相同的规律,接种丛枝菌根真菌、根瘤菌、双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌均可以增强三叶草菌根真菌的侵染率和土壤孢子数,其中双接种处理菌根真菌侵染率最高,并且表现出有机底肥双接种＞无机底肥双接种＞有机无机底肥双接种;双接丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌能显著提高三叶草根瘤数、根瘤重、固氮酶活性,有机双接与无机双接三叶草的根瘤数和根瘤重均差异不显著,三叶草的固氮酶活性差异显著,有机底肥条件下三叶草的固氮酶活性高于无机底肥条件。
2、接种丛枝菌根真菌有利于三叶草干物质的积累,且有机底肥双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌对植物的促进作用更加显著。表现为有机底肥双接种＞无机底肥双接种＞有机无机底肥双接种。
3、双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌能活化土壤,显著增加土壤可供植株利用的有效态N、P的含量,对K、Ca、Mg的影响并不显著。双接种(G.m+R)处理显著促进了三叶草对氮的吸收,同时还促进了三叶草地上部对氮的吸收,有机底肥条件下各处理地上部和根部氮含量的比值较高,植株吸氮总量较无机底肥条件高。双接种处理能显著提高植株对磷营养的吸收,有机底肥条件地上部浓度与有机无机底肥条件差异并不显著,较无机底肥条件高,地下部浓度稍有下降。
4、不同的接种处理对矿区复垦土壤中氮、磷、钾的浓度有一定影响,其中尤以对土壤氮磷的影响最为显著,对钾、钙、镁的影响不大;丛枝菌根真菌的侵染提高了植物对土壤养分的有效利用,形成了土壤有效养分的亏缺,降低了土壤养分含量,提高了土壤养分利用效率。无机肥底肥条件下土壤中氮、磷、钙、镁出现较多亏缺,而有机肥底肥条件土壤却并未出现亏缺。
5、植物侵染丛枝菌根真菌后,菌根、根瘤的形成引起植物根系生理代谢活动的变化,从而对植物根际微生物区系产生以养分需求为介导的选择作用,引起根际微生物区系组成和数量的变化。
总之,丛枝菌根真菌、根瘤菌可以和三叶草根系形成一种有益的共生联合体,特别是在以有机肥做底肥,双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌有利于植物根系对营养的吸收,促进了三叶草的生长,有利于提高土壤的微生物数量,提高土壤的生产力。
The coal is important energy, but the damage to land and ecology caused by the exploitation of coal resource are huge. While mine exploiting construction's, it is a systematic project of strategic significance to protect the ecological environment, and strengthen the mining land reclamation and ecology reconstruction. The land reclamation is not only the simply using of destroyed or the perturbation land, but also the restoration of ecosystem functions and reasonable structure of the building; Restoration of the ecosystem function, must carry on the restoration of vegetation and the zoology and botany community and micro flora's construction. This article takes the Shanxi mining area reclamation soil as the matrix, has studied the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium, as well as different combinations of different fertilizer treatments' influence to growth of white clover, soil nutrients and microbial communities. It aims at screening the suitable microbial inoculum and constructing the repair pattern of crops in the mining area. The experiment mainly obtains the following findings.
1st, organic fertilizer and under it inoculated white clover's infection rate of mycorrhizal and density of spore present the same rule. The inoculated mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium can strengthen infection rate of mycorrhizal and the spore number. The double inoculated processing mycorrhizal infected dyes best, and displays dual inoculation of an organic fertilizer> inorganic fertilizer dual inoculation> organic and inorganic fertilizers dual inoculation; the dual inoculation mycorrhiza and rhizobium can obviously enhance the clover's nodule number, nodule weight and nitrogen's activity; the organic dual inoculation and the inorganic dual inoculation clover's nodule number and weight are not remarkable, clover's nitrogen's activity difference is remarkable, the organic fertilizer processing clover's nitrogen fixation enzyme activity is higher than inorganic fertilizer.
2nd, the inoculated mycorrhizal is beneficial to the accumulation of clover dry matter; organic fertilizer dual inoculated mycorrhizal fungi and root nodule bacteria is more remarkable to plant's promoter action.
3rd, the double arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the rhizobium can activate the soil, obviously increases the soil to be possible to supply the adult plant use effective condition N, P content, to K, Ca, the Mg influence is not remarkable. The dual inoculation processes the remarkable promotion clover to the nitrogen absorption, meanwhile promoted the clover upside to the nitrogen absorption, organic fertilizer each processing upside and root nitrogen content ratio is high, the adult plant attracts the nitrogen total quantity inorganic to process high fat. Dual inoculation processing can obviously enhance the adult plant to the phosphorus nutrition absorption, the organic fertilizer processing upside density is higher than inorganic processes, but the density of under part is lower.
4th, different inoculum processing has certain influence on the N, P and K density of the mining area reclamation soil, the influence on N, P of the soil is more remarkable than the potassium, the calcium, the magnesium; The infection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhanced the soil nutrient effective, enlarged the available nutrient lacking, reduced the soil nutrient content, raised the soil nutrient efficiency. Under inorganic fertilizer processing, in the soil the nitrogen, the phosphorus, the calcium and the magnesium appear wane largely, but the organic fertilizer processing soil has not appeared wane.
5th, the plant infected the mycorrhizal fungi, the fungi and nodule's formation causes change of the plant root system , thus causes the Soil microbial quantity and composition changing.
In brief, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the rhizobium may form one kind of beneficial par agenesis unified body with the clover root system, specially dual inoculation mycorrhiza and rhizobium based on the organic fertilizer is advantageous to the plant root system absorption nutrition and promote clover's growth, enhance the soil microbial quantity and the productive forces of soil.
1、有机底肥和无机底肥条件下的三叶草的菌根侵染率和土壤中孢子密度呈现出相同的规律,接种丛枝菌根真菌、根瘤菌、双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌均可以增强三叶草菌根真菌的侵染率和土壤孢子数,其中双接种处理菌根真菌侵染率最高,并且表现出有机底肥双接种＞无机底肥双接种＞有机无机底肥双接种;双接丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌能显著提高三叶草根瘤数、根瘤重、固氮酶活性,有机双接与无机双接三叶草的根瘤数和根瘤重均差异不显著,三叶草的固氮酶活性差异显著,有机底肥条件下三叶草的固氮酶活性高于无机底肥条件。
2、接种丛枝菌根真菌有利于三叶草干物质的积累,且有机底肥双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌对植物的促进作用更加显著。表现为有机底肥双接种＞无机底肥双接种＞有机无机底肥双接种。
3、双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌能活化土壤,显著增加土壤可供植株利用的有效态N、P的含量,对K、Ca、Mg的影响并不显著。双接种(G.m+R)处理显著促进了三叶草对氮的吸收,同时还促进了三叶草地上部对氮的吸收,有机底肥条件下各处理地上部和根部氮含量的比值较高,植株吸氮总量较无机底肥条件高。双接种处理能显著提高植株对磷营养的吸收,有机底肥条件地上部浓度与有机无机底肥条件差异并不显著,较无机底肥条件高,地下部浓度稍有下降。
4、不同的接种处理对矿区复垦土壤中氮、磷、钾的浓度有一定影响,其中尤以对土壤氮磷的影响最为显著,对钾、钙、镁的影响不大;丛枝菌根真菌的侵染提高了植物对土壤养分的有效利用,形成了土壤有效养分的亏缺,降低了土壤养分含量,提高了土壤养分利用效率。无机肥底肥条件下土壤中氮、磷、钙、镁出现较多亏缺,而有机肥底肥条件土壤却并未出现亏缺。
5、植物侵染丛枝菌根真菌后,菌根、根瘤的形成引起植物根系生理代谢活动的变化,从而对植物根际微生物区系产生以养分需求为介导的选择作用,引起根际微生物区系组成和数量的变化。
总之,丛枝菌根真菌、根瘤菌可以和三叶草根系形成一种有益的共生联合体,特别是在以有机肥做底肥,双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌有利于植物根系对营养的吸收,促进了三叶草的生长,有利于提高土壤的微生物数量,提高土壤的生产力。
The coal is important energy, but the damage to land and ecology caused by the exploitation of coal resource are huge. While mine exploiting construction's, it is a systematic project of strategic significance to protect the ecological environment, and strengthen the mining land reclamation and ecology reconstruction. The land reclamation is not only the simply using of destroyed or the perturbation land, but also the restoration of ecosystem functions and reasonable structure of the building; Restoration of the ecosystem function, must carry on the restoration of vegetation and the zoology and botany community and micro flora's construction. This article takes the Shanxi mining area reclamation soil as the matrix, has studied the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium, as well as different combinations of different fertilizer treatments' influence to growth of white clover, soil nutrients and microbial communities. It aims at screening the suitable microbial inoculum and constructing the repair pattern of crops in the mining area. The experiment mainly obtains the following findings.
1st, organic fertilizer and under it inoculated white clover's infection rate of mycorrhizal and density of spore present the same rule. The inoculated mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium can strengthen infection rate of mycorrhizal and the spore number. The double inoculated processing mycorrhizal infected dyes best, and displays dual inoculation of an organic fertilizer> inorganic fertilizer dual inoculation> organic and inorganic fertilizers dual inoculation; the dual inoculation mycorrhiza and rhizobium can obviously enhance the clover's nodule number, nodule weight and nitrogen's activity; the organic dual inoculation and the inorganic dual inoculation clover's nodule number and weight are not remarkable, clover's nitrogen's activity difference is remarkable, the organic fertilizer processing clover's nitrogen fixation enzyme activity is higher than inorganic fertilizer.
2nd, the inoculated mycorrhizal is beneficial to the accumulation of clover dry matter; organic fertilizer dual inoculated mycorrhizal fungi and root nodule bacteria is more remarkable to plant's promoter action.
3rd, the double arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the rhizobium can activate the soil, obviously increases the soil to be possible to supply the adult plant use effective condition N, P content, to K, Ca, the Mg influence is not remarkable. The dual inoculation processes the remarkable promotion clover to the nitrogen absorption, meanwhile promoted the clover upside to the nitrogen absorption, organic fertilizer each processing upside and root nitrogen content ratio is high, the adult plant attracts the nitrogen total quantity inorganic to process high fat. Dual inoculation processing can obviously enhance the adult plant to the phosphorus nutrition absorption, the organic fertilizer processing upside density is higher than inorganic processes, but the density of under part is lower.
4th, different inoculum processing has certain influence on the N, P and K density of the mining area reclamation soil, the influence on N, P of the soil is more remarkable than the potassium, the calcium, the magnesium; The infection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhanced the soil nutrient effective, enlarged the available nutrient lacking, reduced the soil nutrient content, raised the soil nutrient efficiency. Under inorganic fertilizer processing, in the soil the nitrogen, the phosphorus, the calcium and the magnesium appear wane largely, but the organic fertilizer processing soil has not appeared wane.
5th, the plant infected the mycorrhizal fungi, the fungi and nodule's formation causes change of the plant root system , thus causes the Soil microbial quantity and composition changing.
In brief, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the rhizobium may form one kind of beneficial par agenesis unified body with the clover root system, specially dual inoculation mycorrhiza and rhizobium based on the organic fertilizer is advantageous to the plant root system absorption nutrition and promote clover's growth, enhance the soil microbial quantity and the productive forces of soil.
引文
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