中美职业体育俱乐部与城市互动关系的比较研究
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摘要
本研究基于经济学、管理学和社会学的基本理论，结合职业体育和城市发展相关理论和研究成果，综合运用文献资料法、访谈法、比较研究法和数理统计法等科学研究方法，对中美两国城市与职业体育俱乐部互动关系的发展历史进行系统的梳理和总结，并深入比较两国不同制度环境和经济发展水平下两种关系的异同，为新时期构建我国城市和职业体育俱乐部的新型互动关系提出可具操作性的建议。
本研究共分为五个主要部分。第一部分是对国内外相关研究成果的文献综述，并提出研究的设想、研究的框架和研究的方法。
第二部分是对城市与职业体育俱乐部互动关系一般模式的理论研究。通过辨析职业体育俱乐部与其他体育赛事的异同及其与城市关系的差异、职业体育俱乐部与城市的相互影响机制，理论推导出城市与职业体育俱乐部互动关系的一般模型。
第三部分分别对中美两国城市与职业体育俱乐部互动关系发展的历史进行梳理，探讨形成两国职业体育俱乐部与城市关系特征的社会经济、政治和文化背景，寻找两国俱乐部与城市互动的规律。
第四部分重点对目前中美城市与职业体育俱乐部的互动关系进行了比较研究。比较的内容主要包括三个方面，即城市政府与职业体育俱乐部、城市居民与职业体育俱乐部和城市其他社会组织与职业体育俱乐部。围绕这三方面内容，分别从原因、内容和方式等层面进行了较深入全面的对比研究。基本的结论是美国的关系模式相对稳定、成熟，有很多可供借鉴的经验；我国的关系模式相对简单，处于变化阶段，有很多有待改进的方面。这一部分还对中美两国相关典型案例进行整理与介绍。
第五部分主要是结论与建议。首先对整个研究内容进行了总结，结论主要包括：（1）中美职业体育俱乐部都依赖于城市的资源，城市的发展程度和对俱乐部支持与否在很大程度上决定了俱乐部的生存与发展的质量；（2）中美城市都重视对职业体育俱乐部的支持，都积极利用俱乐部的影响力来发展城市经济、满足市民文化娱乐需要，以及提升城市知名度和品牌形象；（3）中美职业体育俱乐部在发展阶段和运行模式等方面有着明显差异；（4）中美城市在发展程度和管理体制等方面有着明显差异，导致中美城市的政府、市民和以企业为代表的等其他社会组织机构对职业体育俱乐部给予的支持在内容、方式和程度上有明显的差异。
在此基础上，提出了我国城市与职业体育俱乐部良性互动关系的理想内容，并提出具有针对性的建议，主要包括：（1）继续按照市场经济体制的要求推进职业体育改革，建立符合现代企业制度的真正意义上的职业体育俱乐部；（2）职业体育俱乐部应改变体制内生存时期遗留的陈旧观念，在加强自身建设的同时重新审视自身与所在城市的关系；（3）城市政府要进一步转变对职业体育俱乐部的行政管理观念，在加强宏观管理的同时，改变单纯的扶持俱乐部生存和发展或者“甩包袱”的思路，重新认识俱乐部对城市经济社会发展的独特作用，从城市发展的战略高度建立与俱乐部新型合作关系。
This study is based on the basic theory of economics andmanagement science, combined with professional sports and urbandevelopment theory and research, comprehensive use of literature,interviews, and mathematical statistics and comparative study on thesubject of Chinese and the United States’ cities with (a) professionalsports club(s) to collate and summarize the history of the development ofprofessional sports club and city interaction between the two systems andcomparing similarities and differences between the two with differentlevels of economic development and institutional environment, providingworkable recommendations for the building of a new type of interactionbetween Chinese cities and professional sports clubs in the new era.
This study is divided into five main parts. The first part is aliterature review of relevant research results, and proposed the idea of thestudy, the research framework and research methods.
The second part is a theoretical study of the general pattern ofinteraction between the city and the professional sports club. Bycomparing the similarities and differences between professional sportsclubs and city and other sporting events, the relationship between city andprofessional sports clubs and between city and other sporting events,professional sports clubs and the city's interaction mechanism, through theoretical derivation, provide the general model of the interactionbetween cities with professional sports clubs.
The third part sort out the history of the development ofinteractive relationship of Sino-US cities and professional sports clubs,and conduct a comparative research, looking for the inherent law.
The fourth part based on the city's management style and level ofdevelopment in Sino-US, comparatively analyzes the similarities anddifferences between the two, to provide the preconditions for in-depthunderstanding of the relationship between the two and also provide abasis for further study. This part also introduces some case studies of thesituations both in China and the United States.
The fifth part mainly draws the conclusions of the entire contents,which include:(1) China and the United States professional sports clubsare heavily dependent on the resources of the city, the degree ofdevelopment of the city and its willingness to support clubs, to a largeextent, determines the survival and the quality of the;(2) Sino-US city,both actively use the club's influence to the development of urbaneconomy, to meet the needs of the public culture and entertainment, aswell as improve urban visibility and brand image;(3) U.S. professionalsports clubs and Chinese ones are at distinctly different stages ofdevelopment and operation modes;(4) China and the U.S. cities are atdistinctly different levels of development and management system, lead to Sino-US city government, citizens and enterprises as the representativeof other social organizations on the content, manner and extent of thesupport given by the professional sports club in significant differences.
Finally, this part also proposed the ideal model for a positiveinteractive relationship to the Chinese cities and professional sports club,and put forward specific recommendations, including:(1) continue topush forward the reform of professional sports in accordance with therequirements of the market economy system, the establishment of modernprofessional sports clubs in the true sense of the system;(2) ProfessionalSports Clubs should be changed to survive without the system left behindby the stereotypes, to re-examine their own relationship with the city;(3)the city government should further transform the management conceptsof the executive of the Professional Sports Clubs and in the same time tostrengthen its macro-management, changing the simple ideas to supportthe club's survival and development, or cast it, re-think the unique rolethat the professional sports clubs are playing on urban economic andsocial development, and from a strategic point of view, to establish newties with the clubs.
本研究共分为五个主要部分。第一部分是对国内外相关研究成果的文献综述，并提出研究的设想、研究的框架和研究的方法。
第二部分是对城市与职业体育俱乐部互动关系一般模式的理论研究。通过辨析职业体育俱乐部与其他体育赛事的异同及其与城市关系的差异、职业体育俱乐部与城市的相互影响机制，理论推导出城市与职业体育俱乐部互动关系的一般模型。
第三部分分别对中美两国城市与职业体育俱乐部互动关系发展的历史进行梳理，探讨形成两国职业体育俱乐部与城市关系特征的社会经济、政治和文化背景，寻找两国俱乐部与城市互动的规律。
第四部分重点对目前中美城市与职业体育俱乐部的互动关系进行了比较研究。比较的内容主要包括三个方面，即城市政府与职业体育俱乐部、城市居民与职业体育俱乐部和城市其他社会组织与职业体育俱乐部。围绕这三方面内容，分别从原因、内容和方式等层面进行了较深入全面的对比研究。基本的结论是美国的关系模式相对稳定、成熟，有很多可供借鉴的经验；我国的关系模式相对简单，处于变化阶段，有很多有待改进的方面。这一部分还对中美两国相关典型案例进行整理与介绍。
第五部分主要是结论与建议。首先对整个研究内容进行了总结，结论主要包括：（1）中美职业体育俱乐部都依赖于城市的资源，城市的发展程度和对俱乐部支持与否在很大程度上决定了俱乐部的生存与发展的质量；（2）中美城市都重视对职业体育俱乐部的支持，都积极利用俱乐部的影响力来发展城市经济、满足市民文化娱乐需要，以及提升城市知名度和品牌形象；（3）中美职业体育俱乐部在发展阶段和运行模式等方面有着明显差异；（4）中美城市在发展程度和管理体制等方面有着明显差异，导致中美城市的政府、市民和以企业为代表的等其他社会组织机构对职业体育俱乐部给予的支持在内容、方式和程度上有明显的差异。
在此基础上，提出了我国城市与职业体育俱乐部良性互动关系的理想内容，并提出具有针对性的建议，主要包括：（1）继续按照市场经济体制的要求推进职业体育改革，建立符合现代企业制度的真正意义上的职业体育俱乐部；（2）职业体育俱乐部应改变体制内生存时期遗留的陈旧观念，在加强自身建设的同时重新审视自身与所在城市的关系；（3）城市政府要进一步转变对职业体育俱乐部的行政管理观念，在加强宏观管理的同时，改变单纯的扶持俱乐部生存和发展或者“甩包袱”的思路，重新认识俱乐部对城市经济社会发展的独特作用，从城市发展的战略高度建立与俱乐部新型合作关系。
This study is based on the basic theory of economics andmanagement science, combined with professional sports and urbandevelopment theory and research, comprehensive use of literature,interviews, and mathematical statistics and comparative study on thesubject of Chinese and the United States’ cities with (a) professionalsports club(s) to collate and summarize the history of the development ofprofessional sports club and city interaction between the two systems andcomparing similarities and differences between the two with differentlevels of economic development and institutional environment, providingworkable recommendations for the building of a new type of interactionbetween Chinese cities and professional sports clubs in the new era.
This study is divided into five main parts. The first part is aliterature review of relevant research results, and proposed the idea of thestudy, the research framework and research methods.
The second part is a theoretical study of the general pattern ofinteraction between the city and the professional sports club. Bycomparing the similarities and differences between professional sportsclubs and city and other sporting events, the relationship between city andprofessional sports clubs and between city and other sporting events,professional sports clubs and the city's interaction mechanism, through theoretical derivation, provide the general model of the interactionbetween cities with professional sports clubs.
The third part sort out the history of the development ofinteractive relationship of Sino-US cities and professional sports clubs,and conduct a comparative research, looking for the inherent law.
The fourth part based on the city's management style and level ofdevelopment in Sino-US, comparatively analyzes the similarities anddifferences between the two, to provide the preconditions for in-depthunderstanding of the relationship between the two and also provide abasis for further study. This part also introduces some case studies of thesituations both in China and the United States.
The fifth part mainly draws the conclusions of the entire contents,which include:(1) China and the United States professional sports clubsare heavily dependent on the resources of the city, the degree ofdevelopment of the city and its willingness to support clubs, to a largeextent, determines the survival and the quality of the;(2) Sino-US city,both actively use the club's influence to the development of urbaneconomy, to meet the needs of the public culture and entertainment, aswell as improve urban visibility and brand image;(3) U.S. professionalsports clubs and Chinese ones are at distinctly different stages ofdevelopment and operation modes;(4) China and the U.S. cities are atdistinctly different levels of development and management system, lead to Sino-US city government, citizens and enterprises as the representativeof other social organizations on the content, manner and extent of thesupport given by the professional sports club in significant differences.
Finally, this part also proposed the ideal model for a positiveinteractive relationship to the Chinese cities and professional sports club,and put forward specific recommendations, including:(1) continue topush forward the reform of professional sports in accordance with therequirements of the market economy system, the establishment of modernprofessional sports clubs in the true sense of the system;(2) ProfessionalSports Clubs should be changed to survive without the system left behindby the stereotypes, to re-examine their own relationship with the city;(3)the city government should further transform the management conceptsof the executive of the Professional Sports Clubs and in the same time tostrengthen its macro-management, changing the simple ideas to supportthe club's survival and development, or cast it, re-think the unique rolethat the professional sports clubs are playing on urban economic andsocial development, and from a strategic point of view, to establish newties with the clubs.
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