树脂基碳纤维智能层的功能特性及其机理研究
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摘要
本课题是在国家自然科学基金项目.“基于核安全壳应力监测的复合敏感层传感机理及成像”的资助下,以大型结构的长期健康监测为目的,开展树脂基碳纤维智能层的功能特性及其机理研究。研究内容包括树脂基碳纤维智能层的一维、二维力阻效应、力阻机理、温敏效应及其机理、以及相关应用研究。主要获得了以下几个方面的研究成果：
(1)通过构造单向应变场,得到了树脂基碳纤维智能层对单向的纵向应变或单向的横向应变的响应,其结果表明这两个方向的应变均能引起树脂基碳纤维智能层电阻的增大,进一步的分析揭示出这两种应变对智能层电阻率的影响系数；在此基础上构建了平面二维应变作用下的力阻效应本构模型,根据偏轴加载的试验结果,采用一剪应变影响因子对该本构模型进行了修正。
(2)建立了树脂基碳纤维智能层的叠层构造,分析了碳纤维叠层中的2种接触界面,即搭接式接触和交叉式接触。通过实验发现了这两种碳纤维接触界面的高力阻灵敏性和良好的稳定性,从而揭示了树脂基碳纤维智能层力阻效应的机理；并对搭接式接触的界面电阻建立电学模型,分析了界面力阻效应的产生机制。
(3)揭示了环氧树脂基碳纤维智能层的温敏效应。树脂基碳纤维智能层在-10℃-25℃表现出NTC效应,在25℃-50℃表现出PTC效应；进一步的实验表明智能层在NTC效应和PTC效应独立表现阶段具有温度传感特性；通过实验揭示了树脂基中碳纤维单丝电阻随温度线性变化的NTC效应和树脂基中碳纤维接触电阻随温度非线性变化的的PTC效应,并在此基础上解释了树脂基碳纤维智能层的温敏响应机制。
(4)通过对被测结构预制缺陷,揭示了树脂基碳纤维智能层对结构损伤的敏感性,基于该敏感性,利用碳纤维智能层有效地监测了混凝土梁结构在单调载荷下作用下损伤产生过程。
(5)阐明了温度对变形检测的影响效应。温度变化对变形检测的影响体现在两方面：一方面温敏效应直接导致电阻的变化；另一方面温度的升高导致智能层灵敏度的上升。此外,在实验中采用差动解耦方式,实现了变形检测中的温度补偿。
The dissertation was supported by the project of National Science Foundation "The mechanism of compound sensitive surface and imaging method of stress monitoring for nuclear safety shells" (No.50878169).Aiming at the long-term health monitoring for large-scale structures, the research on the functional properties and its mechanism of the polymer-matrix carbon fiber smart layer was carried out. The study includes one-dimensional load sensitivity, two-dimensional load sensitivity, mechanism of load sensitivity, temperature sensitivity and its mechanism, and the related applicatons.The following conclusions and innovation can be obtained:
Firstly, by constructing of unidirectional strain field, the responses of polymer-matrix carbon fiber smart layer to the longitudinal or the transverse unidirectional strain were obtained. The result indicated that each of the above strain can induce the resistance increase of the smart layer, and the piezoresistive coefficients were revealed by the further analyses. Based on the piezoresistive coefficients, the two-dimensional load sensitivity constitutive model was built up. The constitutive mode was modified by the result of off-axis experiment.
Secondly, the laminated construction of polymer-matrix carbon fiber smart layer was built up. Two kind of contact interface, the overlapped contact interface and the crossed contact interface were researched. The high gage factors and favorable stabilities of the two contact interfaces were discovered, which revealed the mechanism of load sensitivity for polymer-matrix laminated carbon fiber smart layer. The electrical model was built up for the overlapped contact interface, and the mechanism of its sensitivity was discussed.
Thirdly, the temperature sensitivity of epoxy matrix carbon fiber smart layer was revealed. The epoxy matrix carbon fiber smart layer exhibits NTC effect in-10℃～25℃and exhibits PTC effect in 25℃～50℃. Further experiment demonstrates its sensing properties in the temperature scale in which the NTC effect or PTC effect exhibits individually. The linear NTC effect for the single carbon fiber in the epoxy matrix and the non-linear PTC effect for the contact interface of carbon fiber in the epoxy matrix were revealed. Base on the two effects, the mechanism of the temperature sensitivity for the epoxy matrix carbon fiber smart layer was explained.
The fourth, the damage sensitivity of the smart layer was revealed by the monitoring for a beam with prefabricated defect. Based on its damage sensitivities, the smart layer was effectively applied in the health monitoring for a concrete beam under three-point bending.
Finally, the temperature effect on the deformation detection was clarified. The temperature change influences the deformation detection in two aspects:on one hand, the temperature sensitivity directly causes the resistance change; on the other hand, the temperature increase causes the gage factor increase. In additional, the temperature compensation was realized by the differential voltage method in the experiment.
(1)通过构造单向应变场,得到了树脂基碳纤维智能层对单向的纵向应变或单向的横向应变的响应,其结果表明这两个方向的应变均能引起树脂基碳纤维智能层电阻的增大,进一步的分析揭示出这两种应变对智能层电阻率的影响系数；在此基础上构建了平面二维应变作用下的力阻效应本构模型,根据偏轴加载的试验结果,采用一剪应变影响因子对该本构模型进行了修正。
(2)建立了树脂基碳纤维智能层的叠层构造,分析了碳纤维叠层中的2种接触界面,即搭接式接触和交叉式接触。通过实验发现了这两种碳纤维接触界面的高力阻灵敏性和良好的稳定性,从而揭示了树脂基碳纤维智能层力阻效应的机理；并对搭接式接触的界面电阻建立电学模型,分析了界面力阻效应的产生机制。
(3)揭示了环氧树脂基碳纤维智能层的温敏效应。树脂基碳纤维智能层在-10℃-25℃表现出NTC效应,在25℃-50℃表现出PTC效应；进一步的实验表明智能层在NTC效应和PTC效应独立表现阶段具有温度传感特性；通过实验揭示了树脂基中碳纤维单丝电阻随温度线性变化的NTC效应和树脂基中碳纤维接触电阻随温度非线性变化的的PTC效应,并在此基础上解释了树脂基碳纤维智能层的温敏响应机制。
(4)通过对被测结构预制缺陷,揭示了树脂基碳纤维智能层对结构损伤的敏感性,基于该敏感性,利用碳纤维智能层有效地监测了混凝土梁结构在单调载荷下作用下损伤产生过程。
(5)阐明了温度对变形检测的影响效应。温度变化对变形检测的影响体现在两方面：一方面温敏效应直接导致电阻的变化；另一方面温度的升高导致智能层灵敏度的上升。此外,在实验中采用差动解耦方式,实现了变形检测中的温度补偿。
The dissertation was supported by the project of National Science Foundation "The mechanism of compound sensitive surface and imaging method of stress monitoring for nuclear safety shells" (No.50878169).Aiming at the long-term health monitoring for large-scale structures, the research on the functional properties and its mechanism of the polymer-matrix carbon fiber smart layer was carried out. The study includes one-dimensional load sensitivity, two-dimensional load sensitivity, mechanism of load sensitivity, temperature sensitivity and its mechanism, and the related applicatons.The following conclusions and innovation can be obtained:
Firstly, by constructing of unidirectional strain field, the responses of polymer-matrix carbon fiber smart layer to the longitudinal or the transverse unidirectional strain were obtained. The result indicated that each of the above strain can induce the resistance increase of the smart layer, and the piezoresistive coefficients were revealed by the further analyses. Based on the piezoresistive coefficients, the two-dimensional load sensitivity constitutive model was built up. The constitutive mode was modified by the result of off-axis experiment.
Secondly, the laminated construction of polymer-matrix carbon fiber smart layer was built up. Two kind of contact interface, the overlapped contact interface and the crossed contact interface were researched. The high gage factors and favorable stabilities of the two contact interfaces were discovered, which revealed the mechanism of load sensitivity for polymer-matrix laminated carbon fiber smart layer. The electrical model was built up for the overlapped contact interface, and the mechanism of its sensitivity was discussed.
Thirdly, the temperature sensitivity of epoxy matrix carbon fiber smart layer was revealed. The epoxy matrix carbon fiber smart layer exhibits NTC effect in-10℃～25℃and exhibits PTC effect in 25℃～50℃. Further experiment demonstrates its sensing properties in the temperature scale in which the NTC effect or PTC effect exhibits individually. The linear NTC effect for the single carbon fiber in the epoxy matrix and the non-linear PTC effect for the contact interface of carbon fiber in the epoxy matrix were revealed. Base on the two effects, the mechanism of the temperature sensitivity for the epoxy matrix carbon fiber smart layer was explained.
The fourth, the damage sensitivity of the smart layer was revealed by the monitoring for a beam with prefabricated defect. Based on its damage sensitivities, the smart layer was effectively applied in the health monitoring for a concrete beam under three-point bending.
Finally, the temperature effect on the deformation detection was clarified. The temperature change influences the deformation detection in two aspects:on one hand, the temperature sensitivity directly causes the resistance change; on the other hand, the temperature increase causes the gage factor increase. In additional, the temperature compensation was realized by the differential voltage method in the experiment.
引文
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