鄂尔多斯南缘奥陶纪生物礁及其沉积环境研究
|
摘要
本文以鄂尔多斯南缘奥陶纪生物礁为研究对象,在充分吸收前人研究成果的基础上,实地踏勘野外剖面,收集相关探井资料,并借助地球化学方法对样品测试分析。系统研究了生物礁的分布范围、主要的造礁生物、附礁生物和岩石类型,明确了生物礁发育的沉积环境,分析了生物礁沉积微相及其发育演化,并用碳氧同位素、微量元素等方法进行了生物礁地球化学研究,在此基础上分析了鄂尔多斯南缘晚奥陶世生物礁发育的控制因素并总结了生物礁的成礁模式。
鄂尔多斯南缘生物礁主要分布在渭河以北东起富平、.西至陇县长约250km的范围内,均为晚奥陶世生物礁,在对富平小园-将军山、耀县桃曲坡、淳化铁瓦殿、泾阳徐家山、永寿好峙河以及礼泉东庄生物礁剖面实地踏勘的基础上,认为造礁生物主要由珊瑚、藻类、层孔虫组成；附礁生物主要有头足类、腕足类、腹足类、海百合、三叶虫、牙形石类等；组成生物礁的岩石类型主要有骨架岩、障积岩、粘结岩、内碎屑灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩、藻屑灰岩以及白云岩。生物礁沉积微相主要划分为礁基底、礁核、礁盖层,大部分没有礁核礁翼或者礁前礁后的分别,仅在永寿好峙河生物礁和礼泉东庄生物礁中可划分出礁翼微相。生物礁的发育演化过程多有间断,不连续,生物礁发育具有多层性。
晚奥陶世鄂尔多斯南缘主要发育开阔海台地相、台地边缘礁滩相、台地前缘斜坡相以及深水斜坡-海槽相。研究区生物礁即发育在台地边缘礁滩相之中。
晚奥陶世生物礁大量发育,生物大量吸收轻碳同位素12C,重碳同位素13C在水体中富集而使得晚奥陶世碳酸盐岩呈现δ13C的高值,生物含量丰富的礁相碳酸盐岩δ13C值低于非礁相碳酸盐岩；生物礁发育时海水盐度与此前相比并没有明显的变化,说明盐度并不是本区生物礁发育的主要控制因素；晚奥陶世δ18O值高于早中奥陶世,海水温度有一定程度的增高,温暖的海水更适宜生物的生存,对生物礁的发育有一定的促进作用；锶含量的高值与生物作用关系密切,晚奥陶世研究区大量发育的生物使得礁相灰岩的锶含量明显增高。
鄂尔多斯南缘晚奥陶世生物礁发育主要受到了大地构造条件、古气候条件、造礁生物、基底条件、同生断裂活动、相对海平面变化、海底地形条件、水动力条件以及海水性质等因素的控制,在此基础上形成了自己的成礁模式。
The object of this study is the reef of the Ordovician in the southern margin of Ordos. On the basis of absorbing the outcomes of predecessors, scouting field sections and collecting data of relevant wells, testing the samples with geochemistry methods. The distribution range of reef, the reef building organisms,. the reef attaching organisms and the rock types are defined, the depositional environment of reef is studied, the microfacies and evolution of the reef are analyzed, what's more, the trace element and isotope of C and O are applied to analysis the reef. In the end, the control factors why the reef developed are analyzed and the formative pattern of the reef is summarized.
The reef of the Ordovician in the southern margin of Ordos is distributed to the north of Weihe, east to Fuping, west to Longxian, the extentis about 250 kilometres. On the basis of scouting field sections of Fuping Xiaoyuan-JiangJunshan, Yaoxian TaoQupo, Chunhua TieWadian, Jingyang XuJiashan, Yongshou HaoZhihe and Liquan Dongzhuang, the conclusions are made that the reef building organisms are made up of coral, algae and stromatopora, the reef attaching organisms contain cephalopod, brachiopod, gastropod, crinoid, trilobite, and conodontophoridia, the rock types which make up the reef consist of framestone, bafflestone, bindstone, intralimestone, algal limestone and dolomite. The microfacies consist of reef base,reef core and reef cover, most reefs have not the distinguish between reef core and reef flank, forereef and backreef, the Yongshou HaoZhihe and Liquan Dongzhuang are where the reef flank appears. The process of evolution is discontinuous, the reefs are made up of many layers.
In late Ordovician, the sedimentary facies of the southern margin of Ordos can be divided into open marine platform facies, platform edge reef flat facies, platform front clinothem facies and deep water clinothem-trench facies, the platform edge reef flat facies is where the reef developed.
The organisms absorb the 12C largely, so, the waters consist of abundant 13C, which makes that theδ13C of carbonatite in late Ordovician is high, the 813C of reef carbonatite which contain abundant organisms is lower than the usual carbonatite. The salinity is not the main factor which influences the development of reef, because there is just a little variation when reef occurs. In late Ordovician, theδ18 has a little rise, which accounts for the temperature has a little rise. The warm water is more appropriate for organisms to live, which can promote the development of reef. The content of Sr is related to organism closely, it is the abundant organisms that make the content of Sr has a rise obviously.
The factors which affect the development of reef in the southern margin of Ordos include tectonic structure, geologic climate, reef building organism, foundation conditions, contemporaneous fault, sea-level change, bottom configuration, hydrodynamic force and sea water nature. Finally, we summarize the formative pattern of the reef of the late Ordovician in the southern margin of Ordos.
鄂尔多斯南缘生物礁主要分布在渭河以北东起富平、.西至陇县长约250km的范围内,均为晚奥陶世生物礁,在对富平小园-将军山、耀县桃曲坡、淳化铁瓦殿、泾阳徐家山、永寿好峙河以及礼泉东庄生物礁剖面实地踏勘的基础上,认为造礁生物主要由珊瑚、藻类、层孔虫组成；附礁生物主要有头足类、腕足类、腹足类、海百合、三叶虫、牙形石类等；组成生物礁的岩石类型主要有骨架岩、障积岩、粘结岩、内碎屑灰岩、生物碎屑灰岩、藻屑灰岩以及白云岩。生物礁沉积微相主要划分为礁基底、礁核、礁盖层,大部分没有礁核礁翼或者礁前礁后的分别,仅在永寿好峙河生物礁和礼泉东庄生物礁中可划分出礁翼微相。生物礁的发育演化过程多有间断,不连续,生物礁发育具有多层性。
晚奥陶世鄂尔多斯南缘主要发育开阔海台地相、台地边缘礁滩相、台地前缘斜坡相以及深水斜坡-海槽相。研究区生物礁即发育在台地边缘礁滩相之中。
晚奥陶世生物礁大量发育,生物大量吸收轻碳同位素12C,重碳同位素13C在水体中富集而使得晚奥陶世碳酸盐岩呈现δ13C的高值,生物含量丰富的礁相碳酸盐岩δ13C值低于非礁相碳酸盐岩；生物礁发育时海水盐度与此前相比并没有明显的变化,说明盐度并不是本区生物礁发育的主要控制因素；晚奥陶世δ18O值高于早中奥陶世,海水温度有一定程度的增高,温暖的海水更适宜生物的生存,对生物礁的发育有一定的促进作用；锶含量的高值与生物作用关系密切,晚奥陶世研究区大量发育的生物使得礁相灰岩的锶含量明显增高。
鄂尔多斯南缘晚奥陶世生物礁发育主要受到了大地构造条件、古气候条件、造礁生物、基底条件、同生断裂活动、相对海平面变化、海底地形条件、水动力条件以及海水性质等因素的控制,在此基础上形成了自己的成礁模式。
The object of this study is the reef of the Ordovician in the southern margin of Ordos. On the basis of absorbing the outcomes of predecessors, scouting field sections and collecting data of relevant wells, testing the samples with geochemistry methods. The distribution range of reef, the reef building organisms,. the reef attaching organisms and the rock types are defined, the depositional environment of reef is studied, the microfacies and evolution of the reef are analyzed, what's more, the trace element and isotope of C and O are applied to analysis the reef. In the end, the control factors why the reef developed are analyzed and the formative pattern of the reef is summarized.
The reef of the Ordovician in the southern margin of Ordos is distributed to the north of Weihe, east to Fuping, west to Longxian, the extentis about 250 kilometres. On the basis of scouting field sections of Fuping Xiaoyuan-JiangJunshan, Yaoxian TaoQupo, Chunhua TieWadian, Jingyang XuJiashan, Yongshou HaoZhihe and Liquan Dongzhuang, the conclusions are made that the reef building organisms are made up of coral, algae and stromatopora, the reef attaching organisms contain cephalopod, brachiopod, gastropod, crinoid, trilobite, and conodontophoridia, the rock types which make up the reef consist of framestone, bafflestone, bindstone, intralimestone, algal limestone and dolomite. The microfacies consist of reef base,reef core and reef cover, most reefs have not the distinguish between reef core and reef flank, forereef and backreef, the Yongshou HaoZhihe and Liquan Dongzhuang are where the reef flank appears. The process of evolution is discontinuous, the reefs are made up of many layers.
In late Ordovician, the sedimentary facies of the southern margin of Ordos can be divided into open marine platform facies, platform edge reef flat facies, platform front clinothem facies and deep water clinothem-trench facies, the platform edge reef flat facies is where the reef developed.
The organisms absorb the 12C largely, so, the waters consist of abundant 13C, which makes that theδ13C of carbonatite in late Ordovician is high, the 813C of reef carbonatite which contain abundant organisms is lower than the usual carbonatite. The salinity is not the main factor which influences the development of reef, because there is just a little variation when reef occurs. In late Ordovician, theδ18 has a little rise, which accounts for the temperature has a little rise. The warm water is more appropriate for organisms to live, which can promote the development of reef. The content of Sr is related to organism closely, it is the abundant organisms that make the content of Sr has a rise obviously.
The factors which affect the development of reef in the southern margin of Ordos include tectonic structure, geologic climate, reef building organism, foundation conditions, contemporaneous fault, sea-level change, bottom configuration, hydrodynamic force and sea water nature. Finally, we summarize the formative pattern of the reef of the late Ordovician in the southern margin of Ordos.
引文
1. Borowitzka M A.1982. Mechanisms in algal calcification. Prog.Phycol. Res,1:137-177
2. Camoin G F, Gautret P, Montaggioni L F, Cabioch G.1999. Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds:concepts and categories. Sedimentary Geology,126:271-304
3. D.M. Kennedy, C.D. Woodroffe. Fringing reef growth and morphology:a review. Earth-Science Reviews,2002,57:255-277
4. Hajime Kayanne, Hiroya Yamano, Richard H. Randall. Holocene sea-level changes and barrier reef formation on an oceanic island, Palau Islands, western Pacific. Sedimentary Geology,2002,150: 47-60
5. Keith A L, Weber J N. Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of selected limestone and fossils [J].Geochim et Cosmochim Acta,1964,18:1787-1816
6. Kelly L. Batten, Guy M. Narbonne, Noel P. James. Paleoenvironments and growth of early Neoproterozoic calcimicrobial reefs:platformal Little Dal Group, northwestern Canada. Precambrian Research,2004,133:249-269
7. Lee D, Carpenter S J.2001. Isotopic disequilibrium in marine calcareous algae. Chemical Geology, 172:307-329
8. Lucien F. Montaggioni. History of Indo-Pacific coral reef systems since the last glaciation:Development patterns and controlling factors. Earth-Science Reviews,2005,71:1-75
9. M. KarabVyVkog lu, S. Tuzcu, A. C, iner. Facies and environmental setting of the Miocene coral reefs in the late-orogenic fill of the Antalya Basin, western Taurides, Turkey:implications for tectonic control and sea-level changes. Sedimentary Geology,2005,173:345-371
10. Nicolas Olivier, Bernard Pittet, Winfried Werner. Facies distribution and coral-microbialite reef development on a low-energy carbonate ramp (Chay Peninsula, Kimmeridgian, western France). Sedimentary Geology,2008,205:14-33
11. Oliver Weidlich. Permian reefs re-examined:extrinsic control mechanisms of gradual and abrupt changes during 40 my of reef evolution. Geobios,2002,287-294
12. Rachel Wood. Are reefs and mud mounds really so different?.Sedimentary Geology,2001,145:161-171
13. Robert Riding. Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds:concepts and categories. Earth-Science Reviews,2002,58:163-231
14. Saraswati P K, Seto K, Nomura J, et al. Oxygen and Carbon isotopic variation in coexisting larger foraminifera from a reef flat at Akajima, Okinawa, Japan [J]. Marine Micropaleontology,2004,50: 339-349
15. Steven M. Stanley, Lawrence A. Hardie. Secular oscillations in the carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sediment-producing organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,1998,144:3-19
16. V. Chazottes, J.J.G. Reijmer, E. Cordier. Sediment characteristics in reef areas influenced by eutrophication-related alterations of benthic communities and bioerosion processes. Marine Geology, 2008,250:114-127
17. WANG Hong, Keppens E, Nielsen P, et al. Oxygen and carbon isotope study of the Holocene oyster reefs and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction on the northwest coast of BohaiBay, China [J]. Marine Geology,1995,124:289-302
18. Yue Li, Steve Kershaw, Xinan Mu. Ordovician reef systems and settings in South China before the Late Ordovician mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,2004,205: 235-254
19.陈鹤,巩恩普,关长庆,等.C、O、Sr同位素及微量元素组成在生物礁礁体环境研究中的应用[J].世界地质,2008,27(2)：130-136
20.陈锦石,闻传芬,钟华,等.古生代海洋碳同位素演化[J].地质科学,1995,30(4)：264-271
21.陈子炓,沈安江.川东—鄂西地区二叠纪生物礁成因类型及潜伏礁预测[J].中国区域地质,2000,19(3)：288-296
22.董兆雄,赵敬松,方少仙,等.鄂尔多斯盆地南部奥陶纪末端变陡缓坡沉积模式[J].西南石油学院学报,2002,24(1)：50-52
23.范嘉松.古代生物礁研究中的若干问题,兼论我国西南地区二叠系生物礁的类型[J].石油与天然气地质,1988,9(1)：46-55
24.范嘉松.中国生物礁与油气[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1996
25.范嘉松,吴亚生.我国生物礁研究中的问题及发展方向[J].石油与天然气地质,1992,13(4)：463-464
26.范嘉松,张维.生物礁的基本概念、分类及识别特征[J].岩石学报,1985,1(3)：45-60
27.方国庆,毛曼君.陕西富平上奥陶统遗迹化石及其环境意义[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2007,35(8)：1118-1121
28.冯洪真,刘家润,施贵军.湖北宜昌地区寒武系—下奥陶统的碳氧同位素记录[J].高校地质学报,2000,6(1)：106-115
29.冯增昭,鲍志东,张永生等.鄂尔多斯奥陶纪地层岩石岩相古地理[M].北京：地质出版社,1998
30.冯增昭,陈继新,张吉森.鄂尔多斯地区早古生代岩相古地理[M].北京：地质出版社,1991
31.冯增昭.单因素分析综合作图法—岩相古地理学方法论[J].沉积学报,1992,10(3)：70-77
32.冯增昭.碳酸盐岩岩相古地理学[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1989
33.冯增昭,王英华,张吉森,等.华北地台早古生代岩相古地理[M].北京：地质出版社,1990
34.冯增昭,鲍志东,康祺发,等.鄂尔多斯奥陶纪古构造[J].古地理学报,1999,1(3)：83-94.
35.冯增昭等.中国寒武纪和奥陶纪岩相古地理[M].北京：石油工业出版社,2004
36.付金华,郑聪斌.鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪华北海和祁连海演变及岩相古地理特征[J].古地理学报,2001,39(4)：25-34
37.傅力浦,胡云绪,张子福,等.鄂尔多斯中、晚奥陶世沉积环境的生物标志[J].西北地质科学,1993,14(2)：1-27
38.甘肃省地质矿产局.甘肃省区域地质志.北京：地质出版社,1989
39.甘肃省区域地层表编写组,西北地区区域地层表-甘肃省分册.北京：地质出版社,1980
40.甘玉青,肖传桃,张斌.国内外生物礁油气勘探现状与我国南海生物礁油气勘探前景[J].海相油气地质,2009,14(1)：16-20
41.高振中,罗顺社,何幼斌.鄂尔多斯地区西缘中奥陶世等深流沉积[J].沉积学报,1995,13(4)：16-25
42.龚文平,肖传桃,李艺斌,等.藏北安多—巴青地区侏罗纪生物礁类型及形成条件[J].江汉石油学院学报,2004,26(4)：5-8
43.顾家裕,张兴阳,罗平,等.塔里木盆地奥陶系台地边缘生物礁、滩发育特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(3)：277-283
44.郭福生,彭花明,潘家永,等.浙江江山寒武系碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征及其古环境意义探讨[J].地层学杂志,2003,27(4)：289-297
45.何自新.鄂尔多斯盆地演化与油气[M].石油工业出版社.2003
46.何自新,杨华,袁效奇.鄂尔多斯盆地地质剖面图集[M].北京：石油工业出版社,2004
47.黄思静.上扬子地台区晚古生代海相碳酸盐岩地碳、锶同位素研究[J].地质学报,1997,71(1)：45-53
48.黄思静.上扬子二叠系—三叠系初海相碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成与生物绝灭事件[J].地球化学, 1994,3(1)：36-50
49.黄思静,石和,毛晓冬,等.早古生代海相碳酸盐的成岩蚀变性及其对海水信息的保存性[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2003,30(1)：9-18
50.贾振远.一个碳酸盐沉积古斜坡的基本特征[J].石油与天然气地质,1988,9(2)：171-178
51.江茂生,朱井泉,陈代钊,等.塔里木盆地奥陶纪碳酸盐岩碳、锶同位素特征及其对海平面变化的响应[J].中国科学(D辑),2002,32(1)：36-42
52.蓝先洪.地球化学记录在古温度定量恢复研究中的应用[J].海洋地质动态,2003,19(2)：9-13
53.李任伟,陈锦石,张淑坤.中元古代雾迷山组碳酸盐岩碳和氧同位素组成及海平面变化[J].科学通报,1999,44(16)：1697-1702
54.李儒峰,刘本培.碳氧同位素演化与碳酸盐岩层序地层学关系研究—以黔南马平组为例[J].地球科学,1996,21(3)：261-266
55.李书舜,刘大成.我国生物礁研究的新进展[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1986,6(4)：105-110.
56.李文厚,梅志超,陈景维,等.富平地区中-晚奥陶世沉积的古斜坡与古流向[J].西安地质学院学报,1991,13(2)：36-41
57.李文厚,梅志超,陈景维,等.陕西渭北奥陶系放射虫硅质岩与火山凝灰岩的成因环境[J].中国区域地质,1997,16(11)：422-427
58.李心清,万国江.碳酸盐岩氧、碳稳定同位素地球化研究目前面临的儿个问题[J].地球科学进展,1999,14(3)：262-268
59.李玉成.华南晚二叠世碳酸盐岩碳同位素旋回对海平面变化的响应[J].沉积学报,1998b,16(3)：52-57
60.刘宝宪,闫小雄,白海峰,等.鄂尔多斯盆地南缘中奥陶统平凉组成藏条件分析[J].天然气地球科学,2008,19(5)：657-661
61.刘成鑫,高振中,纪友亮等.鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘奥陶系深水牵引流沉积[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2005,26(2)：31-36
62.刘春燕,林畅松,吴茂炳,等.中国生物礁时空分布特征及其地质意义[J].世界地质,2007,26(1)：44-51
63.刘刚,周东升.微量元素分析在判别沉积环境中的应用[J].石油实验地质,2007,29(3)：307-314
64.柳祖汉.对比日本秋吉生物礁论湖南石炭纪生物成礁条件[J].地质科学,2002,37(1)：39-46
65.陆亚秋,龚一鸣.海相油气区生物礁研究现状、问题与展望[J].地球科学,2007,32(6)：871-878
66.马润华主编.陕西省岩石地层.武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1998
67.马永生.碳酸盐岩微相——分析、解释及应用[M].北京：地质出版社,2006
68.梅志超,陈景维,卢焕勇,等.陕西富平中奥陶统平凉组的深水碳酸盐碎屑流[J].石油与天然气地质,1982,3(1)：49-56
69.梅志超,李文厚.陕西富平中-上奥陶统深水碳酸盐重力流沉积模式[J].沉积学报,1986,4(1)：34-42
70.彭冰霞,王岳军,范蔚茗,等.贵州乐康剖面茅口阶—吴家坪阶碳同位素组成变化及峨眉山大火成岩省的响应[J].地球化学,2006,35(2)：126-132
71.彭花明,郭福生,严兆彬,等.浙江江山震旦系碳同位素异常及其地质意义[J].地球化学,2006,35(6)：577-585
72.彭苏萍,何宏,邵龙义,等.塔里木盆地(?)-O碳酸盐岩碳同位素组成特征[J].中国矿业大学学报,2002,31(4)：353-357
73.蒲仁海,徐怀大.鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系丘形反射的解释及其与礁的关系[J].地质论评,1998,44(5)：522-527
74.齐文同,范嘉松.生物礁生态系统演化历史与地球环境的进化[J].地学前缘,2002,9(3)
75.全国地层委员会.中国区域年代地层(地质年代)表说明书.北京：地质出版社,2002
76.陕西省地质矿产局.陕西省区域地质志.北京：地质出版社,1989
77.陕西省区域地层表编写组.西北地区区域地层表-陕西省分册.北京：地质出版社,1983
78.沈渭洲,方一亭,倪琦生,等.中国东部寒武系与奥陶系界线地层的碳氧同位素研究[J].沉积学报,1997,15(4)：38-42
79.孙肇才,胡显穆.鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘奥陶系的对比划分意见及其对中国西部油气勘探的意义[J].海相油气地质,2002,7(4)：41-58
80.田景春,曾允孚.贵州二叠纪海相碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素地球化学演化规律[J].成都理工学院学报,1995,22(1)：78-82
81.汪啸风等,中国地层典：奥陶系.北京：地质出版社,1996
82.王大锐,白玉雷,贾承造.塔里木中、上奥陶统碳同位素组成正向偏移的石油地质学意义[J].石油勘探与开发,1998,25(4)：15-16
83.王大锐,白玉雷.碳酸盐岩中稳定同位素对古气候的表征[J].石油勘探与开发,1999,26(5)：30-32
84.王大锐,冯晓杰.渤海湾地区下古生界碳、氧同位素地球化学研究[J].地质学报,2002,76(3)：400-408
85.王瑞,焦养泉,吴立群,等.重庆开县上二叠统长兴组红花生物礁成礁模式[J].古地理学报,2009,11(2)：157-166
86.王庆飞,邓军,等.鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪_L_状边缘隆起演化过程及其构造背景[J].现代地质,2006,01
87.王少飞,李振宏,王飞雁.鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系沉积格局及其储层展布.低渗透油气田,2006,11(1)：18-21
88.王学平.鄂尔多斯南缘奥陶纪地层对比分析.陕西地质,2002,20(2)：20-26
89.卫平生,刘全新,张景廉,等.再论生物礁与大油气田的关系[J].石油学报,2006,27(2)：38-42
90.吴胜和,冯增昭.鄂尔多斯地区西缘及南缘中奥陶统平凉组重力流沉积[J].石油与天然气地质,1994,15(3)：226-234
91.吴亚生.生物礁的结构岩石类型和结构相[J].中国科学B辑,1992,(3)：304-310
92.吴亚生.生物礁岩分类方案[J].地质论评,1997,43(3)：281-289
93.吴亚生,范嘉松.生物礁的定义和分类[J].石油与天然气地质,1991,12(3)：346-349
94.夏明军,郑聪斌,毕建霞.鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系生物礁及其天然气勘探前景[J].天然气地球科学,2008,19(2)：178-182
95.谢渊,罗建宁,张哨楠,等.羌塘盆地那底岗日地区中侏罗世碳酸盐岩碳、氧、锶同位素与古海洋沉积环境[J].矿物岩石,2000,20(1)：80-86
96.严兆彬,郭福生,潘家永,等.碳酸盐岩C,O,Sr同位素组成在古气候、古海洋环境研究中的应用[J].地质找矿论丛,2005,20(1)：53-56
97.杨俊杰。鄂尔多斯盆地构造演化与油气分布规律[M].北京：石油工业出版社,2002.
98.杨雨.甘肃省岩石地层[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1997.
99.叶俭,杨友运,许安东,等.鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘奥陶纪生物礁[M].北京：地质出版社,1995
100.尹世胜.我国现代生物礁研究进展[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1989,9(4)：14-28
101.袁卫国.鄂尔多斯盆地南缘中奥陶统火山凝灰岩的研究与意义[J].石油实验地质,1995,17(2)：167-170
102.曾鼎乾.中国各地质历史时期生物礁[M].北京：地质出版社,1988
103.翟光明等.中国石油地质志(长庆油田)[M].北京：石油出版社,1990
104.张二朋,西北地区区域地层[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1998
105.张国伟等.秦岭造山带的形成及其演化[M].西北大学出版社,1988
106.张吉森,费安琦,刘平均.鄂尔多斯西南部中奥陶世环陆架沉积特征[J].石油与天然气地质, 1982,3(4)：3-8
107.张吉森,杨奕华,王少飞,等.鄂尔多斯地区奥陶系沉积及其与天然气的关系[J].天然气工业,1995,15(2)：5-10
108.张廷山,陈晓慧,边立增,等.大地构造对上扬子区志留纪生物礁分布及发育的控制[J].沉积学报,1996,14(4)：84-93
109.张廷山,姜照勇,陈晓慧.四川盆地古生代生物礁滩特征及发育控制因素[J].中国地质,2008,35(5)：1017-1030
110.张同钢,储雪蕾,张启锐,等.陡山沱期古海水的硫和碳同位素变化[J].科学通报,2003,48(8)：850-855
111.张秀莲.碳酸盐岩中氧、碳稳定同位素与古温度、古水温的关系[J].沉积学报,1985,3(4)：17-30
112.赵焕庭.我国生物礁研究的发展[J].第四纪研究,1996,3：253-262
113.赵震,从碳、氧同位素组成看蓟县元古代碳酸盐岩特征[J].沉积学报,1995,13(3)：46-53
114.郑永飞,陈江峰.稳定同位素地球化学[M].北京：科学出版社,2000
115.钟建华,温志峰,李勇,等.生物礁的研究现状与发展趋势[J].地质评论.2005,51(3)：288-300
116.周鼎武等.鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘地质特征及其与秦岭造山带的关系[M].西安：西北大学出版社,1994
117.朱炳泉等.地球科学中同位素体系理论与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,1998
118.朱忠德等.中国早中奥陶世生物礁研究[M].北京：地质出版社,2006
119.左景勋,彭善池,朱学剑.扬子地台寒武系碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成及地质意义[J].地球化学,2008,37(2)：118-128
120.左景勋,童金南,邱海鸥,等.下扬子地区早三叠世碳酸盐岩碳同位素组成的演化特征[J].中国科学(D辑),2006,36(2)：109-122
2. Camoin G F, Gautret P, Montaggioni L F, Cabioch G.1999. Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds:concepts and categories. Sedimentary Geology,126:271-304
3. D.M. Kennedy, C.D. Woodroffe. Fringing reef growth and morphology:a review. Earth-Science Reviews,2002,57:255-277
4. Hajime Kayanne, Hiroya Yamano, Richard H. Randall. Holocene sea-level changes and barrier reef formation on an oceanic island, Palau Islands, western Pacific. Sedimentary Geology,2002,150: 47-60
5. Keith A L, Weber J N. Carbon and oxygen isotopic composition of selected limestone and fossils [J].Geochim et Cosmochim Acta,1964,18:1787-1816
6. Kelly L. Batten, Guy M. Narbonne, Noel P. James. Paleoenvironments and growth of early Neoproterozoic calcimicrobial reefs:platformal Little Dal Group, northwestern Canada. Precambrian Research,2004,133:249-269
7. Lee D, Carpenter S J.2001. Isotopic disequilibrium in marine calcareous algae. Chemical Geology, 172:307-329
8. Lucien F. Montaggioni. History of Indo-Pacific coral reef systems since the last glaciation:Development patterns and controlling factors. Earth-Science Reviews,2005,71:1-75
9. M. KarabVyVkog lu, S. Tuzcu, A. C, iner. Facies and environmental setting of the Miocene coral reefs in the late-orogenic fill of the Antalya Basin, western Taurides, Turkey:implications for tectonic control and sea-level changes. Sedimentary Geology,2005,173:345-371
10. Nicolas Olivier, Bernard Pittet, Winfried Werner. Facies distribution and coral-microbialite reef development on a low-energy carbonate ramp (Chay Peninsula, Kimmeridgian, western France). Sedimentary Geology,2008,205:14-33
11. Oliver Weidlich. Permian reefs re-examined:extrinsic control mechanisms of gradual and abrupt changes during 40 my of reef evolution. Geobios,2002,287-294
12. Rachel Wood. Are reefs and mud mounds really so different?.Sedimentary Geology,2001,145:161-171
13. Robert Riding. Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds:concepts and categories. Earth-Science Reviews,2002,58:163-231
14. Saraswati P K, Seto K, Nomura J, et al. Oxygen and Carbon isotopic variation in coexisting larger foraminifera from a reef flat at Akajima, Okinawa, Japan [J]. Marine Micropaleontology,2004,50: 339-349
15. Steven M. Stanley, Lawrence A. Hardie. Secular oscillations in the carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sediment-producing organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,1998,144:3-19
16. V. Chazottes, J.J.G. Reijmer, E. Cordier. Sediment characteristics in reef areas influenced by eutrophication-related alterations of benthic communities and bioerosion processes. Marine Geology, 2008,250:114-127
17. WANG Hong, Keppens E, Nielsen P, et al. Oxygen and carbon isotope study of the Holocene oyster reefs and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction on the northwest coast of BohaiBay, China [J]. Marine Geology,1995,124:289-302
18. Yue Li, Steve Kershaw, Xinan Mu. Ordovician reef systems and settings in South China before the Late Ordovician mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology,2004,205: 235-254
19.陈鹤,巩恩普,关长庆,等.C、O、Sr同位素及微量元素组成在生物礁礁体环境研究中的应用[J].世界地质,2008,27(2)：130-136
20.陈锦石,闻传芬,钟华,等.古生代海洋碳同位素演化[J].地质科学,1995,30(4)：264-271
21.陈子炓,沈安江.川东—鄂西地区二叠纪生物礁成因类型及潜伏礁预测[J].中国区域地质,2000,19(3)：288-296
22.董兆雄,赵敬松,方少仙,等.鄂尔多斯盆地南部奥陶纪末端变陡缓坡沉积模式[J].西南石油学院学报,2002,24(1)：50-52
23.范嘉松.古代生物礁研究中的若干问题,兼论我国西南地区二叠系生物礁的类型[J].石油与天然气地质,1988,9(1)：46-55
24.范嘉松.中国生物礁与油气[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1996
25.范嘉松,吴亚生.我国生物礁研究中的问题及发展方向[J].石油与天然气地质,1992,13(4)：463-464
26.范嘉松,张维.生物礁的基本概念、分类及识别特征[J].岩石学报,1985,1(3)：45-60
27.方国庆,毛曼君.陕西富平上奥陶统遗迹化石及其环境意义[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2007,35(8)：1118-1121
28.冯洪真,刘家润,施贵军.湖北宜昌地区寒武系—下奥陶统的碳氧同位素记录[J].高校地质学报,2000,6(1)：106-115
29.冯增昭,鲍志东,张永生等.鄂尔多斯奥陶纪地层岩石岩相古地理[M].北京：地质出版社,1998
30.冯增昭,陈继新,张吉森.鄂尔多斯地区早古生代岩相古地理[M].北京：地质出版社,1991
31.冯增昭.单因素分析综合作图法—岩相古地理学方法论[J].沉积学报,1992,10(3)：70-77
32.冯增昭.碳酸盐岩岩相古地理学[M].北京：石油工业出版社,1989
33.冯增昭,王英华,张吉森,等.华北地台早古生代岩相古地理[M].北京：地质出版社,1990
34.冯增昭,鲍志东,康祺发,等.鄂尔多斯奥陶纪古构造[J].古地理学报,1999,1(3)：83-94.
35.冯增昭等.中国寒武纪和奥陶纪岩相古地理[M].北京：石油工业出版社,2004
36.付金华,郑聪斌.鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪华北海和祁连海演变及岩相古地理特征[J].古地理学报,2001,39(4)：25-34
37.傅力浦,胡云绪,张子福,等.鄂尔多斯中、晚奥陶世沉积环境的生物标志[J].西北地质科学,1993,14(2)：1-27
38.甘肃省地质矿产局.甘肃省区域地质志.北京：地质出版社,1989
39.甘肃省区域地层表编写组,西北地区区域地层表-甘肃省分册.北京：地质出版社,1980
40.甘玉青,肖传桃,张斌.国内外生物礁油气勘探现状与我国南海生物礁油气勘探前景[J].海相油气地质,2009,14(1)：16-20
41.高振中,罗顺社,何幼斌.鄂尔多斯地区西缘中奥陶世等深流沉积[J].沉积学报,1995,13(4)：16-25
42.龚文平,肖传桃,李艺斌,等.藏北安多—巴青地区侏罗纪生物礁类型及形成条件[J].江汉石油学院学报,2004,26(4)：5-8
43.顾家裕,张兴阳,罗平,等.塔里木盆地奥陶系台地边缘生物礁、滩发育特征[J].石油与天然气地质,2005,26(3)：277-283
44.郭福生,彭花明,潘家永,等.浙江江山寒武系碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征及其古环境意义探讨[J].地层学杂志,2003,27(4)：289-297
45.何自新.鄂尔多斯盆地演化与油气[M].石油工业出版社.2003
46.何自新,杨华,袁效奇.鄂尔多斯盆地地质剖面图集[M].北京：石油工业出版社,2004
47.黄思静.上扬子地台区晚古生代海相碳酸盐岩地碳、锶同位素研究[J].地质学报,1997,71(1)：45-53
48.黄思静.上扬子二叠系—三叠系初海相碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成与生物绝灭事件[J].地球化学, 1994,3(1)：36-50
49.黄思静,石和,毛晓冬,等.早古生代海相碳酸盐的成岩蚀变性及其对海水信息的保存性[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),2003,30(1)：9-18
50.贾振远.一个碳酸盐沉积古斜坡的基本特征[J].石油与天然气地质,1988,9(2)：171-178
51.江茂生,朱井泉,陈代钊,等.塔里木盆地奥陶纪碳酸盐岩碳、锶同位素特征及其对海平面变化的响应[J].中国科学(D辑),2002,32(1)：36-42
52.蓝先洪.地球化学记录在古温度定量恢复研究中的应用[J].海洋地质动态,2003,19(2)：9-13
53.李任伟,陈锦石,张淑坤.中元古代雾迷山组碳酸盐岩碳和氧同位素组成及海平面变化[J].科学通报,1999,44(16)：1697-1702
54.李儒峰,刘本培.碳氧同位素演化与碳酸盐岩层序地层学关系研究—以黔南马平组为例[J].地球科学,1996,21(3)：261-266
55.李书舜,刘大成.我国生物礁研究的新进展[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1986,6(4)：105-110.
56.李文厚,梅志超,陈景维,等.富平地区中-晚奥陶世沉积的古斜坡与古流向[J].西安地质学院学报,1991,13(2)：36-41
57.李文厚,梅志超,陈景维,等.陕西渭北奥陶系放射虫硅质岩与火山凝灰岩的成因环境[J].中国区域地质,1997,16(11)：422-427
58.李心清,万国江.碳酸盐岩氧、碳稳定同位素地球化研究目前面临的儿个问题[J].地球科学进展,1999,14(3)：262-268
59.李玉成.华南晚二叠世碳酸盐岩碳同位素旋回对海平面变化的响应[J].沉积学报,1998b,16(3)：52-57
60.刘宝宪,闫小雄,白海峰,等.鄂尔多斯盆地南缘中奥陶统平凉组成藏条件分析[J].天然气地球科学,2008,19(5)：657-661
61.刘成鑫,高振中,纪友亮等.鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘奥陶系深水牵引流沉积[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2005,26(2)：31-36
62.刘春燕,林畅松,吴茂炳,等.中国生物礁时空分布特征及其地质意义[J].世界地质,2007,26(1)：44-51
63.刘刚,周东升.微量元素分析在判别沉积环境中的应用[J].石油实验地质,2007,29(3)：307-314
64.柳祖汉.对比日本秋吉生物礁论湖南石炭纪生物成礁条件[J].地质科学,2002,37(1)：39-46
65.陆亚秋,龚一鸣.海相油气区生物礁研究现状、问题与展望[J].地球科学,2007,32(6)：871-878
66.马润华主编.陕西省岩石地层.武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1998
67.马永生.碳酸盐岩微相——分析、解释及应用[M].北京：地质出版社,2006
68.梅志超,陈景维,卢焕勇,等.陕西富平中奥陶统平凉组的深水碳酸盐碎屑流[J].石油与天然气地质,1982,3(1)：49-56
69.梅志超,李文厚.陕西富平中-上奥陶统深水碳酸盐重力流沉积模式[J].沉积学报,1986,4(1)：34-42
70.彭冰霞,王岳军,范蔚茗,等.贵州乐康剖面茅口阶—吴家坪阶碳同位素组成变化及峨眉山大火成岩省的响应[J].地球化学,2006,35(2)：126-132
71.彭花明,郭福生,严兆彬,等.浙江江山震旦系碳同位素异常及其地质意义[J].地球化学,2006,35(6)：577-585
72.彭苏萍,何宏,邵龙义,等.塔里木盆地(?)-O碳酸盐岩碳同位素组成特征[J].中国矿业大学学报,2002,31(4)：353-357
73.蒲仁海,徐怀大.鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系丘形反射的解释及其与礁的关系[J].地质论评,1998,44(5)：522-527
74.齐文同,范嘉松.生物礁生态系统演化历史与地球环境的进化[J].地学前缘,2002,9(3)
75.全国地层委员会.中国区域年代地层(地质年代)表说明书.北京：地质出版社,2002
76.陕西省地质矿产局.陕西省区域地质志.北京：地质出版社,1989
77.陕西省区域地层表编写组.西北地区区域地层表-陕西省分册.北京：地质出版社,1983
78.沈渭洲,方一亭,倪琦生,等.中国东部寒武系与奥陶系界线地层的碳氧同位素研究[J].沉积学报,1997,15(4)：38-42
79.孙肇才,胡显穆.鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘奥陶系的对比划分意见及其对中国西部油气勘探的意义[J].海相油气地质,2002,7(4)：41-58
80.田景春,曾允孚.贵州二叠纪海相碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素地球化学演化规律[J].成都理工学院学报,1995,22(1)：78-82
81.汪啸风等,中国地层典：奥陶系.北京：地质出版社,1996
82.王大锐,白玉雷,贾承造.塔里木中、上奥陶统碳同位素组成正向偏移的石油地质学意义[J].石油勘探与开发,1998,25(4)：15-16
83.王大锐,白玉雷.碳酸盐岩中稳定同位素对古气候的表征[J].石油勘探与开发,1999,26(5)：30-32
84.王大锐,冯晓杰.渤海湾地区下古生界碳、氧同位素地球化学研究[J].地质学报,2002,76(3)：400-408
85.王瑞,焦养泉,吴立群,等.重庆开县上二叠统长兴组红花生物礁成礁模式[J].古地理学报,2009,11(2)：157-166
86.王庆飞,邓军,等.鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪_L_状边缘隆起演化过程及其构造背景[J].现代地质,2006,01
87.王少飞,李振宏,王飞雁.鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系沉积格局及其储层展布.低渗透油气田,2006,11(1)：18-21
88.王学平.鄂尔多斯南缘奥陶纪地层对比分析.陕西地质,2002,20(2)：20-26
89.卫平生,刘全新,张景廉,等.再论生物礁与大油气田的关系[J].石油学报,2006,27(2)：38-42
90.吴胜和,冯增昭.鄂尔多斯地区西缘及南缘中奥陶统平凉组重力流沉积[J].石油与天然气地质,1994,15(3)：226-234
91.吴亚生.生物礁的结构岩石类型和结构相[J].中国科学B辑,1992,(3)：304-310
92.吴亚生.生物礁岩分类方案[J].地质论评,1997,43(3)：281-289
93.吴亚生,范嘉松.生物礁的定义和分类[J].石油与天然气地质,1991,12(3)：346-349
94.夏明军,郑聪斌,毕建霞.鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系生物礁及其天然气勘探前景[J].天然气地球科学,2008,19(2)：178-182
95.谢渊,罗建宁,张哨楠,等.羌塘盆地那底岗日地区中侏罗世碳酸盐岩碳、氧、锶同位素与古海洋沉积环境[J].矿物岩石,2000,20(1)：80-86
96.严兆彬,郭福生,潘家永,等.碳酸盐岩C,O,Sr同位素组成在古气候、古海洋环境研究中的应用[J].地质找矿论丛,2005,20(1)：53-56
97.杨俊杰。鄂尔多斯盆地构造演化与油气分布规律[M].北京：石油工业出版社,2002.
98.杨雨.甘肃省岩石地层[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1997.
99.叶俭,杨友运,许安东,等.鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘奥陶纪生物礁[M].北京：地质出版社,1995
100.尹世胜.我国现代生物礁研究进展[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,1989,9(4)：14-28
101.袁卫国.鄂尔多斯盆地南缘中奥陶统火山凝灰岩的研究与意义[J].石油实验地质,1995,17(2)：167-170
102.曾鼎乾.中国各地质历史时期生物礁[M].北京：地质出版社,1988
103.翟光明等.中国石油地质志(长庆油田)[M].北京：石油出版社,1990
104.张二朋,西北地区区域地层[M].武汉：中国地质大学出版社,1998
105.张国伟等.秦岭造山带的形成及其演化[M].西北大学出版社,1988
106.张吉森,费安琦,刘平均.鄂尔多斯西南部中奥陶世环陆架沉积特征[J].石油与天然气地质, 1982,3(4)：3-8
107.张吉森,杨奕华,王少飞,等.鄂尔多斯地区奥陶系沉积及其与天然气的关系[J].天然气工业,1995,15(2)：5-10
108.张廷山,陈晓慧,边立增,等.大地构造对上扬子区志留纪生物礁分布及发育的控制[J].沉积学报,1996,14(4)：84-93
109.张廷山,姜照勇,陈晓慧.四川盆地古生代生物礁滩特征及发育控制因素[J].中国地质,2008,35(5)：1017-1030
110.张同钢,储雪蕾,张启锐,等.陡山沱期古海水的硫和碳同位素变化[J].科学通报,2003,48(8)：850-855
111.张秀莲.碳酸盐岩中氧、碳稳定同位素与古温度、古水温的关系[J].沉积学报,1985,3(4)：17-30
112.赵焕庭.我国生物礁研究的发展[J].第四纪研究,1996,3：253-262
113.赵震,从碳、氧同位素组成看蓟县元古代碳酸盐岩特征[J].沉积学报,1995,13(3)：46-53
114.郑永飞,陈江峰.稳定同位素地球化学[M].北京：科学出版社,2000
115.钟建华,温志峰,李勇,等.生物礁的研究现状与发展趋势[J].地质评论.2005,51(3)：288-300
116.周鼎武等.鄂尔多斯盆地西南缘地质特征及其与秦岭造山带的关系[M].西安：西北大学出版社,1994
117.朱炳泉等.地球科学中同位素体系理论与应用[M].北京：科学出版社,1998
118.朱忠德等.中国早中奥陶世生物礁研究[M].北京：地质出版社,2006
119.左景勋,彭善池,朱学剑.扬子地台寒武系碳酸盐岩的碳同位素组成及地质意义[J].地球化学,2008,37(2)：118-128
120.左景勋,童金南,邱海鸥,等.下扬子地区早三叠世碳酸盐岩碳同位素组成的演化特征[J].中国科学(D辑),2006,36(2)：109-122