饲粮不同维生素预混料和能量水平对二郎山山地鸡生产性能和肉品质的影响
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摘要
试验一：饲粮不同维生素预混料对二郎山山地鸡生产性能的影响
本试验旨在研究不同维生素预混料对二郎山山地鸡生产性能的影响。采用单因子完全区组设计,设3个不同维生素预混料处理：预混料1(NRC,1994)、预混料2(中国肉鸡生产中维生素平均添加水平)、预混料3(帝斯曼公司推荐的维生素添加水平)。每个处理10个重复(5个重复公鸡,5个重复母鸡),每个重复40只鸡,共用1200只二郎山山地鸡。试验分前期(1-28d)、中期(29-49d)、后期(50-70d)三阶段进行,基础饲粮为玉米-豆粕-菜粕型,颗粒料,鸡自由采食和饮水。结果表明,与预混料2相比,预混料3显著提高了中期的体增重(BWG)(P<0.05)；与预混料1和预混料2相比,预混料3显著提高了全期BWG(P<0.05)；预混料3和预混料2有提高前期和后期BWG的趋势(P>0.05)；饲粮不同维生素预混料对平均采食量(AFI)、料重比(FG)及死亡率无显著影响,但是预混料3和预混料2有提高前期、后期和全期AFI及降低前期、后期和全期FG的趋势(P>0.05)。公鸡各期的BWG、AFI都显著地高于母鸡,并且公鸡各期的FG也显著地低于母鸡(P<0.05)；公鸡与母鸡各期的死亡率无显著差异(P>0.05)；饲粮不同维生素预混料对山地鸡胴体品质无显著影响(P>0.05)。公鸡与母鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率无显著差异(P>0.05)；但公鸡的全净膛率显著地高于母鸡(P<0.05)；而母鸡的胸肌率显著高于公鸡(P<0.05)。饲粮维生素预混料对山地鸡各日龄血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性及28d和49d血清丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著影响70d血清MDA含量,与预混料1相比预混料3显著地降低了70d血清MDA含量(P<0.05)；鸡性别对血清SOD、GSH-Px的活性及MDA含量无显著影响。饲粮维生素预混料种类与鸡性别对生产性能、胴体品质、抗氧化性能均无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。
试验二：饲粮能量水平和维生素预混料种类对二郎山山地鸡生产性能和肉品质的影响
本试验采用2×3因子设计,考察两种饲粮能量(12.55MJ／kg、10.88MJ／kg)和三种维生素预混料(1、2、3)对二郎山山地鸡生产性能和肉品质的影响。预混料1参考NRC(1994)设计、预混料2参照本地肉鸡饲粮中维生素添加水平设计、预混料3参照帝斯曼公司推荐的维生素水平设计。每个处理6个重复,每个重复16只鸡,共用517只1日龄二郎山山地鸡母鸡。试验分前期(1-28d)、中期(29-49d)、后期(50-70d)三阶段进行,基础饲粮为玉米-豆粕-菜粕-麦麸型,粉料,鸡自由采食和饮水。结果表明：与预混料1相比,预混料3显著提高前期、全期的BWG(P<0.05),降低前期、全期的FG(P<0.05)；与预混料2相比,预混料3显著提高中期的BWG(P<0.05),降低中期和全期的FG(P<0.05)；与预混料1相比,预混料2和预混料3显著降低前期及全期的死亡率(P<0.05)；维生素种类对各期的AFI无显著影响(P>0.05)。与低能量水平相比,高能量水平显著提高各期的BWG(P<0.05),降低各期的FG(P<0.05)及中期、后期和全期的AFI(P<0.05)；饲粮高能量水平组腹脂率显著地高于低能量水平组(P<0.05)。能量水平和维生素种类对二郎山山地鸡生产性能、胴体品质无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。能量、维生素预混料种类及二者交互作用对二郎山山地鸡胫骨灰分含量和强度无显著影响(P>0.05)。
与预混料1相比,预混料3显著降低了28d血清MDA含量(P<0.05),预混料2和预混料3有降低49d、70d血清MDA含量的趋势(P>0.05)；高能量水平组28d、49d血清MDA的含量显著高于低能量水平组(P<0.05)；维生素预混料和能量水平对49d血清MDA含量存在一定的交互作用(P=0.08),预混料3将高能饲粮组血清MDA含量降低到低能饲粮组的水平。饲粮维生素预混料对山地鸡免疫器官指数无显著影响(P>0.05),但预混料3和预混料2有提高胸腺指数和法氏囊指数的趋势；饲粮低能量水平组脾脏指数显著地高于高能量水平组(P<0.05)。饲粮维生素预混料对山地鸡十二指肠肠道形态无显著影响(P>0.05)；与低能量水平组相比,高能量水平组有提高了十二指肠绒毛高度和V/C值,降低隐窝深度的趋势(P>0.05)。饲粮能量和维生素预混料对山地鸡免疫器官指数、十二指肠肠道形态无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。
与预混料2相比,预混料3显著地提高胸肌中肌糖原的含量(P<0.05)；能量水平对胸肌中肌糖原含量无影响。预混料2和预混料3有提高肌内脂肪(IMF)含量的趋势(P>0.05)；高能量水平显著提高IMF的含量(P<0.05)。不同维生素预混料和能量水平对肌纤维直径和密度无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮能量水平对胸肌L*值、a*值无显著影响(P>0.05),对b*值影响接近显著(P=0.059)；不同维生素预混料对肉色无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮能量和维生素预混料对山地鸡肉品质无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。
结果表明,提高维生素水平(特别是预混料3)可提高二郎山山地鸡抗氧化、免疫性能及肠道吸收能力,从而改善其生产性能,并在一定程度上改善肉品质；提高饲粮能量水平可改善生产性能,但会增加氧化应激,而在高能饲粮中采用维生素预混料3可缓解高能饲粮导致的氧化应激。
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three vitamin levels (premix 1, premix 2,premix 3) on the growth performance of Erlang Mountain Chicken. A total of 1200 broilers were randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 10 replicates (5 male and 5 female) and 40 birds per replicate. Premix 3 significantly improved the body weight gain (BWG) from 1 to 70d (P<0.05) and premix 3 significantly improved the BWG from 29 to 49d compared with premix 2 (P<0.05). Premix 3 and premix 2 tended to improve the BWG on 28 d,49 d (except premix 2) as well as feed to gain rate (FG) from 1 to 28d,29 to 49d (except premix 2),50 to 70d (P>0.05). Premix 3 or premix 2 also tended to improve the average feed intake (AFI) from 1 to 28d,29 to 49d (except premix 2),50 to 70d, and 1 to 70d (P>0.05). The BWG, AFI of male bird increased and FG of male bird decreased compared with female (P<0.05). There were no significant differences among three vitamin premixs on dead rate, carcass quality and tibia ash and bone breaking strength (P>0.05), but the carcass yield of male was heavier than female and the breast muscle of female was heavier than male(P<0.05). Premix 3 significantly reduced the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) production of 70d compared with NRC (P<0.05), the sex didn't affect the antioxidant ability of broiler. There were no interactions between vitamin premixs and sex on antioxidant activity and growth performance of Erlang Mountain Chicken (P>0.05). Results showed that antioxidant activity and growth performance of the Erlang Mountain Chicken would be improved with the increase of dietary vitamin level especially with premix 3.
Experiment 2:Effects of Dietary Vitamin Premixs and Energy Level on Growth performance and Meat Quality in Erlang Mountain Chicken
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two energy levels (12.55MJ/kg, 10.88MJ/kg) and three vitamin levels(premix 1,2,3) on the growth performance and meat quality of Erlang mountain chicken. A total of 517 one-day-old male birds were randomly allotted to 6 treatments with 6 replicates and 16 birds per replicate. This trial was carried out as starter (1 to 28d), grower (29 to 49d) or finisher (50 to 70d).The basal diet was corn-soybean meal-rapeseed meal-wheat bran diet, birds were fed in cage and free access to feed and water. The results showed that premix 3 significantly improved the body weight gain (BWG) and decreased the feed to gain rate (FG) during 1 to 28d,1 to 70 d and 29 to 49d,1 to 70d compared with NRC and premix 2, respectively(P<0.05). Premix 3 and premix 2 significantly decreased the dead rate at 1 to 28d and 1 to 70d (P<0.05). There were no significant differences among three vitamin premixs on average feed intake (AFI)(P>0.05). High energy level significantly improved the BWG and decreased FG at each period and AFI at 29 to 49d,50 to 70d and 1 to 70 d (P<0.05), high energy level significantly improved the abdominal fat (P<0.05). Vitamin premixs and energy levels didn't affect the tibia ash content and tibia strength (P>0.05). There were no significant interactions between energy levels and vitamin premixs on growth performance, carcass quality, tibia ash content and tibia strength of broiler(P>0.05).
Premix 3 significantly decreased the serum malondialdehyde(MDA) production at 28d compared with NRC(P<.05), premix 3 and premix 2 trend to decreased the serum MDA production at 49d and 70d(P>0.05). High energy level significantly decreased the serum MDA production at 28d,49d (P<0.05). There were partly interactions between energy levels and vitamin premixs on serum MDA production at 49d (.P=0.08), premix 3 in high energy diet decreased the serum MDA production to the level of low energy diet. Vitamin premixs didn't significantly affect the immune organ index, but premix 3 and premix 2 trend to increase the thymus and bursa of fabricius index(P>0.05), the low energy level significantly increased the spleen index compared with high energy level(P<0.05). Vitamin premixs didn't significantly affect the duodenal morphology(P<0.05), but premix 3 and premix 2 increased 22.8% and 2.24% of the V/Cvalue compared with NRC. High evergy level trend to increase the height of villus, V/C value and decrease the crypt depth compared with low energy level(P<0.05). There were no significant interactions between energy level and vitamin premixs on immune organ index and duodenal morphology of broiler(P>0.05).
Premix 3 significantly increased the muscle glycogen of breast compared with premix 2(P<0.05), premix 3 and premix 2 trend to increase the intramuscular fat (IMF) of breast(P>0.05). Energy level didn't affect the muscle glycogen of breast (P>0.05), but high energy level significantly increase the IMF of breast compared with low energy level(P<0.05).There were no significant differences among treatments on muscle fiber and density of breast(P>0.05). Vitamin premixs didn't significantly affect the meat color of breast(P<0.05). Energy levels didn't significantly affect the L* and a* value, but high level almost significantly increased the b* value compared with low energy level (P=0.059). There were no significant interactions between energy levels and vitamin premixs on meat quality of broiler(P>0.05).
Results showed that the growth performance, antioxidant activity, immunity and meat quality of the Erlang Mountain Chicken would be improved with the increase of dietary vitamin level (especially with premix 3), while high energy level improved the growth performance but also increased the oxidative stress of Erlang Mountain Chicken, while using premix 3 in high energy diet could moderate the oxidative stress.
本试验旨在研究不同维生素预混料对二郎山山地鸡生产性能的影响。采用单因子完全区组设计,设3个不同维生素预混料处理：预混料1(NRC,1994)、预混料2(中国肉鸡生产中维生素平均添加水平)、预混料3(帝斯曼公司推荐的维生素添加水平)。每个处理10个重复(5个重复公鸡,5个重复母鸡),每个重复40只鸡,共用1200只二郎山山地鸡。试验分前期(1-28d)、中期(29-49d)、后期(50-70d)三阶段进行,基础饲粮为玉米-豆粕-菜粕型,颗粒料,鸡自由采食和饮水。结果表明,与预混料2相比,预混料3显著提高了中期的体增重(BWG)(P<0.05)；与预混料1和预混料2相比,预混料3显著提高了全期BWG(P<0.05)；预混料3和预混料2有提高前期和后期BWG的趋势(P>0.05)；饲粮不同维生素预混料对平均采食量(AFI)、料重比(FG)及死亡率无显著影响,但是预混料3和预混料2有提高前期、后期和全期AFI及降低前期、后期和全期FG的趋势(P>0.05)。公鸡各期的BWG、AFI都显著地高于母鸡,并且公鸡各期的FG也显著地低于母鸡(P<0.05)；公鸡与母鸡各期的死亡率无显著差异(P>0.05)；饲粮不同维生素预混料对山地鸡胴体品质无显著影响(P>0.05)。公鸡与母鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率无显著差异(P>0.05)；但公鸡的全净膛率显著地高于母鸡(P<0.05)；而母鸡的胸肌率显著高于公鸡(P<0.05)。饲粮维生素预混料对山地鸡各日龄血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性及28d和49d血清丙二醛(MDA)含量无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著影响70d血清MDA含量,与预混料1相比预混料3显著地降低了70d血清MDA含量(P<0.05)；鸡性别对血清SOD、GSH-Px的活性及MDA含量无显著影响。饲粮维生素预混料种类与鸡性别对生产性能、胴体品质、抗氧化性能均无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。
试验二：饲粮能量水平和维生素预混料种类对二郎山山地鸡生产性能和肉品质的影响
本试验采用2×3因子设计,考察两种饲粮能量(12.55MJ／kg、10.88MJ／kg)和三种维生素预混料(1、2、3)对二郎山山地鸡生产性能和肉品质的影响。预混料1参考NRC(1994)设计、预混料2参照本地肉鸡饲粮中维生素添加水平设计、预混料3参照帝斯曼公司推荐的维生素水平设计。每个处理6个重复,每个重复16只鸡,共用517只1日龄二郎山山地鸡母鸡。试验分前期(1-28d)、中期(29-49d)、后期(50-70d)三阶段进行,基础饲粮为玉米-豆粕-菜粕-麦麸型,粉料,鸡自由采食和饮水。结果表明：与预混料1相比,预混料3显著提高前期、全期的BWG(P<0.05),降低前期、全期的FG(P<0.05)；与预混料2相比,预混料3显著提高中期的BWG(P<0.05),降低中期和全期的FG(P<0.05)；与预混料1相比,预混料2和预混料3显著降低前期及全期的死亡率(P<0.05)；维生素种类对各期的AFI无显著影响(P>0.05)。与低能量水平相比,高能量水平显著提高各期的BWG(P<0.05),降低各期的FG(P<0.05)及中期、后期和全期的AFI(P<0.05)；饲粮高能量水平组腹脂率显著地高于低能量水平组(P<0.05)。能量水平和维生素种类对二郎山山地鸡生产性能、胴体品质无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。能量、维生素预混料种类及二者交互作用对二郎山山地鸡胫骨灰分含量和强度无显著影响(P>0.05)。
与预混料1相比,预混料3显著降低了28d血清MDA含量(P<0.05),预混料2和预混料3有降低49d、70d血清MDA含量的趋势(P>0.05)；高能量水平组28d、49d血清MDA的含量显著高于低能量水平组(P<0.05)；维生素预混料和能量水平对49d血清MDA含量存在一定的交互作用(P=0.08),预混料3将高能饲粮组血清MDA含量降低到低能饲粮组的水平。饲粮维生素预混料对山地鸡免疫器官指数无显著影响(P>0.05),但预混料3和预混料2有提高胸腺指数和法氏囊指数的趋势；饲粮低能量水平组脾脏指数显著地高于高能量水平组(P<0.05)。饲粮维生素预混料对山地鸡十二指肠肠道形态无显著影响(P>0.05)；与低能量水平组相比,高能量水平组有提高了十二指肠绒毛高度和V/C值,降低隐窝深度的趋势(P>0.05)。饲粮能量和维生素预混料对山地鸡免疫器官指数、十二指肠肠道形态无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。
与预混料2相比,预混料3显著地提高胸肌中肌糖原的含量(P<0.05)；能量水平对胸肌中肌糖原含量无影响。预混料2和预混料3有提高肌内脂肪(IMF)含量的趋势(P>0.05)；高能量水平显著提高IMF的含量(P<0.05)。不同维生素预混料和能量水平对肌纤维直径和密度无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮能量水平对胸肌L*值、a*值无显著影响(P>0.05),对b*值影响接近显著(P=0.059)；不同维生素预混料对肉色无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲粮能量和维生素预混料对山地鸡肉品质无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。
结果表明,提高维生素水平(特别是预混料3)可提高二郎山山地鸡抗氧化、免疫性能及肠道吸收能力,从而改善其生产性能,并在一定程度上改善肉品质；提高饲粮能量水平可改善生产性能,但会增加氧化应激,而在高能饲粮中采用维生素预混料3可缓解高能饲粮导致的氧化应激。
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three vitamin levels (premix 1, premix 2,premix 3) on the growth performance of Erlang Mountain Chicken. A total of 1200 broilers were randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 10 replicates (5 male and 5 female) and 40 birds per replicate. Premix 3 significantly improved the body weight gain (BWG) from 1 to 70d (P<0.05) and premix 3 significantly improved the BWG from 29 to 49d compared with premix 2 (P<0.05). Premix 3 and premix 2 tended to improve the BWG on 28 d,49 d (except premix 2) as well as feed to gain rate (FG) from 1 to 28d,29 to 49d (except premix 2),50 to 70d (P>0.05). Premix 3 or premix 2 also tended to improve the average feed intake (AFI) from 1 to 28d,29 to 49d (except premix 2),50 to 70d, and 1 to 70d (P>0.05). The BWG, AFI of male bird increased and FG of male bird decreased compared with female (P<0.05). There were no significant differences among three vitamin premixs on dead rate, carcass quality and tibia ash and bone breaking strength (P>0.05), but the carcass yield of male was heavier than female and the breast muscle of female was heavier than male(P<0.05). Premix 3 significantly reduced the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) production of 70d compared with NRC (P<0.05), the sex didn't affect the antioxidant ability of broiler. There were no interactions between vitamin premixs and sex on antioxidant activity and growth performance of Erlang Mountain Chicken (P>0.05). Results showed that antioxidant activity and growth performance of the Erlang Mountain Chicken would be improved with the increase of dietary vitamin level especially with premix 3.
Experiment 2:Effects of Dietary Vitamin Premixs and Energy Level on Growth performance and Meat Quality in Erlang Mountain Chicken
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two energy levels (12.55MJ/kg, 10.88MJ/kg) and three vitamin levels(premix 1,2,3) on the growth performance and meat quality of Erlang mountain chicken. A total of 517 one-day-old male birds were randomly allotted to 6 treatments with 6 replicates and 16 birds per replicate. This trial was carried out as starter (1 to 28d), grower (29 to 49d) or finisher (50 to 70d).The basal diet was corn-soybean meal-rapeseed meal-wheat bran diet, birds were fed in cage and free access to feed and water. The results showed that premix 3 significantly improved the body weight gain (BWG) and decreased the feed to gain rate (FG) during 1 to 28d,1 to 70 d and 29 to 49d,1 to 70d compared with NRC and premix 2, respectively(P<0.05). Premix 3 and premix 2 significantly decreased the dead rate at 1 to 28d and 1 to 70d (P<0.05). There were no significant differences among three vitamin premixs on average feed intake (AFI)(P>0.05). High energy level significantly improved the BWG and decreased FG at each period and AFI at 29 to 49d,50 to 70d and 1 to 70 d (P<0.05), high energy level significantly improved the abdominal fat (P<0.05). Vitamin premixs and energy levels didn't affect the tibia ash content and tibia strength (P>0.05). There were no significant interactions between energy levels and vitamin premixs on growth performance, carcass quality, tibia ash content and tibia strength of broiler(P>0.05).
Premix 3 significantly decreased the serum malondialdehyde(MDA) production at 28d compared with NRC(P<.05), premix 3 and premix 2 trend to decreased the serum MDA production at 49d and 70d(P>0.05). High energy level significantly decreased the serum MDA production at 28d,49d (P<0.05). There were partly interactions between energy levels and vitamin premixs on serum MDA production at 49d (.P=0.08), premix 3 in high energy diet decreased the serum MDA production to the level of low energy diet. Vitamin premixs didn't significantly affect the immune organ index, but premix 3 and premix 2 trend to increase the thymus and bursa of fabricius index(P>0.05), the low energy level significantly increased the spleen index compared with high energy level(P<0.05). Vitamin premixs didn't significantly affect the duodenal morphology(P<0.05), but premix 3 and premix 2 increased 22.8% and 2.24% of the V/Cvalue compared with NRC. High evergy level trend to increase the height of villus, V/C value and decrease the crypt depth compared with low energy level(P<0.05). There were no significant interactions between energy level and vitamin premixs on immune organ index and duodenal morphology of broiler(P>0.05).
Premix 3 significantly increased the muscle glycogen of breast compared with premix 2(P<0.05), premix 3 and premix 2 trend to increase the intramuscular fat (IMF) of breast(P>0.05). Energy level didn't affect the muscle glycogen of breast (P>0.05), but high energy level significantly increase the IMF of breast compared with low energy level(P<0.05).There were no significant differences among treatments on muscle fiber and density of breast(P>0.05). Vitamin premixs didn't significantly affect the meat color of breast(P<0.05). Energy levels didn't significantly affect the L* and a* value, but high level almost significantly increased the b* value compared with low energy level (P=0.059). There were no significant interactions between energy levels and vitamin premixs on meat quality of broiler(P>0.05).
Results showed that the growth performance, antioxidant activity, immunity and meat quality of the Erlang Mountain Chicken would be improved with the increase of dietary vitamin level (especially with premix 3), while high energy level improved the growth performance but also increased the oxidative stress of Erlang Mountain Chicken, while using premix 3 in high energy diet could moderate the oxidative stress.
引文
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