企业人—任务互动的集成模拟研究
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摘要
人一任务互动广泛存在于企业个体与群体的工作行为中,也是管理学的重要研究问题。传统计算机模拟方法无法单独、有效地模拟分析涉及异构系统的人—任务互动问题。因此,在国内外相关理论与研究综述的基础上,从企业人—任务互动的角度,设计一种集成模拟方法,以解决异构系统的集成模拟问题,并将其应用于企业个体与群体行为研究,提出企业人—任务互动的集成模拟原理,分别面向企业中的管理者个体、员工群体和自我管理团队研究管理者—任务互动、员工—任务互动和成员—任务互动的集成模拟,分析企业人—任务互动的规律。
首先,设计集成模拟方法,提出企业人—任务互动的集成模拟原理。分析指出企业个体与群体行为中的人—任务互动问题以及传统模拟方法难以适用于人—任务互动问题分析的不足,讨论了模拟方法集成应用的必要性与意义,采用基于消息传递的通信技术,设计集成模拟方法,提出人—任务互动集成模拟原理。集成模拟方法从技术上克服了模拟方法集成化研究的局限,将两种基于不同模拟方法的模拟程序集成在一起运行,以此模拟人—任务互动的动态变化,为管理学的人—物互动关系研究提供了方法和原理,体现了模拟方法集成化研究的发展趋势。
其次,面向企业管理者个体,基于定性模拟和离散事件模拟研究管理者—任务互动的集成模拟。分析了管理者管理自我效能感的变化过程及因果关系,提出管理者—任务互动问题,并将其分为管理者、任务以及管理者与任务的互动三方面来看待,分别采用定性模拟方法和离散事件模拟方法对管理者管理自我效能感变化和任务处理流程建模、模拟和实现,将两者基于消息传递的通信技术集成,实现了管理者—任务互动的集成模拟。该研究注重对管理者与其任务间互动过程的理解,实现了所提出的人—任务互动集成模拟原理,为管理学的人—物互动关系研究提供了思路,弥补了传统管理者行为模拟研究的不足,所开发的集成模拟系统可作为管理者—任务互动分析的工具。
再次,面向企业员工群体,基于元胞自动机研究员工—任务互动的集成模拟。分析指出员工群体行为中所存在的员工—任务互动过程。将经过改进的元胞自动机与因果推理集成,对员工与任务互动过程建模与模拟,并实现为模拟系统。经过验证与确认的模拟系统被用来对另类员工的数量和元胞规模的影响进行敏感性分析。该研究重视员工—任务互动过程及其对员工和任务的影响,从人—任务互动角度,采用以元胞自动机为主并集成因果推理的集成模拟方法展开研究,对员工群体中的员工—任务互动进行建模和模拟,为企业群体行为的理论研究提供了方法与思路,所开发的集成模拟系统对于员工—任务互动问题具有较强的解释能力且结论合理,可用于企业群体管理的辅助决策。
最后,面向企业自我管理团队,基于多Agent研究成员—任务互动的集成模拟。分析给出了自我管理团队任务过程的步骤,总结出其中所存在的互动关系,以因果关系图描述因素间的联系。在多Agent模型中集成因果推理,对团队有效性进行建模与模拟,并开发了基于Repast的集成模拟系统。经过验证与确认的模拟系统被用来分析任务规模和成员关系波动对团队有效性及任务分配策略的影响。该研究从人—任务互动的角度看待自我管理团队任务过程,以多Agent模拟为主并结合因果推理对自我管理团队的成员—任务互动进行建模和模拟,为团队管理理论的人—物互动关系研究提供了新的思路。所开发的模拟系统可作为自我管理团队行为研究的工具,同时也可用于解决企业自我管理团队管理的实际问题。
The phenomena of human-task interactions exist widely in working behavior of individuals and groups in enterprises. Related Issues about human-task interactions are also significant for management. Traditional approaches of computer simulation can not be singly and effectively used for simulation analysis of human-task interactions involved with heterogeneous systems. Therefore, an integrated simulation approach for human-task interactions is proposed as a solution for the problem of integrated simulation for heterogeneous systems. It can be used in studies on individual and group behavior to analyze the laws of human-task interactions. Based on a review of related theories and literatures, the thesis explores the integrated simulation of interactions of manger-task, employee-task and member-task for individual managers, employee groups and self-managed teams respectively from the perspective of human-task interactions.
Firstly, the theory of integrated simulation for human-task interactions in enterprises is put forward. An analysis points outs the issue of human-task interactions involved and the limitations of traditional simulation approaches for analysis of human-task interactions. Then, after a discussion on necessity and significance of integrating several traditional simulation approaches into one for special applications, the integrated simulation approach is designed based on the communication technique of passing messages. Then, the integrated simulation theory for human-task interactions is proposed. The integrated simulation approach overcomes the limitations of studies on integration of simulation approaches. Two simulation programs based on different simulation approaches are integrated together to simulate the dynamics of human-task interactions. The approach and theory of integration simulation provide a tool for the research on human-thing interactions and reveal the trend of researches on integrated simulation approaches.
Secondly, the integrated simulation for manager-task interactions is explored based on qualitative simulation and discrete event simulation for individual mangers. The dynamics of the manger's managerial self-efficacy and its causalities are discussed. The highlighted problem of manger-task is divided into three aspects including manger, task and the interactions of manager and task. Qualitative simulation and discrete event simulation are employed for modeling, simulation and implementation of the manager's managerial self-efficacy and task flow respectively. Two simulation programs are integrated based on the communication technology of passing messages and the integrated simulation of manager-task interactions is realized finally. The research mentioned above emphasizes the understanding of interaction process of manger and his task, implements the proposed approach of integrated simulation for human-task interactions well, provides new ideas for researches on human-thing interactions in management, and remedies the defect of previous simulation studies on manger behavior. The integrated simulation system developed is a good tool appropriate for analysis of manager-task interactions.
Thirdly, the integrated simulation for employee-task interactions is explored based on cellular automata for employee groups. An analysis reveals employee-task process in group behavior of employees. The approach of upgraded cellular automata integrated with causal reasoning is used for modeling and simulation of employee-task interactions. The model is implemented into a simulation system. Alter verification and validation, the system is employed for sensitivity analysis of the impact of the amount of abnormal employees and group size. The research mentioned above lays great emphasis on employee-task interaction process and its impacts on employees and tasks. A simulation approach of integrating cellular automata (mainly) and causal reasoning is employed in modeling and simulation of employee-task interactions in employee groups. The approach provides new ideas and methodology for theoretical researches on group behavior in enterprises. The integrated simulation system developed is proved to have a good interpretation for employee-task interactions and reasonable results. Therefore, it can be used to support decision-making in group management of enterprises.
Finally, the integrated simulation for member-task interactions is explored based on multi-agent simulation for self-managed teams. An analysis includes the task process of self-managed teams and interaction connections hidden in the process. The relations among factors are described by a causality graph. Causal reasoning is integrated into the multi-agent model and employed in modeling and simulation of team effectiveness. The simulation model is developed into an integrated simulation system based on Repast. After verification and validation, the system is used for analysis of the impact of task size and member relationship fluctuation on team effectiveness and task allocation strategies. The research mentioned above examines the task process of self-managed team from the perspective of human-task interaction, integrates multi-agent simulation and causal reasoning for modeling and simulation of member-task interactions in self-managed teams. The research provide ideas for researches on human-thing interaction in the field of team management and the simulation system as a good platform and tool for researches on self-managed team behavior and solutions of practical problems occurred in enterprises.
首先,设计集成模拟方法,提出企业人—任务互动的集成模拟原理。分析指出企业个体与群体行为中的人—任务互动问题以及传统模拟方法难以适用于人—任务互动问题分析的不足,讨论了模拟方法集成应用的必要性与意义,采用基于消息传递的通信技术,设计集成模拟方法,提出人—任务互动集成模拟原理。集成模拟方法从技术上克服了模拟方法集成化研究的局限,将两种基于不同模拟方法的模拟程序集成在一起运行,以此模拟人—任务互动的动态变化,为管理学的人—物互动关系研究提供了方法和原理,体现了模拟方法集成化研究的发展趋势。
其次,面向企业管理者个体,基于定性模拟和离散事件模拟研究管理者—任务互动的集成模拟。分析了管理者管理自我效能感的变化过程及因果关系,提出管理者—任务互动问题,并将其分为管理者、任务以及管理者与任务的互动三方面来看待,分别采用定性模拟方法和离散事件模拟方法对管理者管理自我效能感变化和任务处理流程建模、模拟和实现,将两者基于消息传递的通信技术集成,实现了管理者—任务互动的集成模拟。该研究注重对管理者与其任务间互动过程的理解,实现了所提出的人—任务互动集成模拟原理,为管理学的人—物互动关系研究提供了思路,弥补了传统管理者行为模拟研究的不足,所开发的集成模拟系统可作为管理者—任务互动分析的工具。
再次,面向企业员工群体,基于元胞自动机研究员工—任务互动的集成模拟。分析指出员工群体行为中所存在的员工—任务互动过程。将经过改进的元胞自动机与因果推理集成,对员工与任务互动过程建模与模拟,并实现为模拟系统。经过验证与确认的模拟系统被用来对另类员工的数量和元胞规模的影响进行敏感性分析。该研究重视员工—任务互动过程及其对员工和任务的影响,从人—任务互动角度,采用以元胞自动机为主并集成因果推理的集成模拟方法展开研究,对员工群体中的员工—任务互动进行建模和模拟,为企业群体行为的理论研究提供了方法与思路,所开发的集成模拟系统对于员工—任务互动问题具有较强的解释能力且结论合理,可用于企业群体管理的辅助决策。
最后,面向企业自我管理团队,基于多Agent研究成员—任务互动的集成模拟。分析给出了自我管理团队任务过程的步骤,总结出其中所存在的互动关系,以因果关系图描述因素间的联系。在多Agent模型中集成因果推理,对团队有效性进行建模与模拟,并开发了基于Repast的集成模拟系统。经过验证与确认的模拟系统被用来分析任务规模和成员关系波动对团队有效性及任务分配策略的影响。该研究从人—任务互动的角度看待自我管理团队任务过程,以多Agent模拟为主并结合因果推理对自我管理团队的成员—任务互动进行建模和模拟,为团队管理理论的人—物互动关系研究提供了新的思路。所开发的模拟系统可作为自我管理团队行为研究的工具,同时也可用于解决企业自我管理团队管理的实际问题。
The phenomena of human-task interactions exist widely in working behavior of individuals and groups in enterprises. Related Issues about human-task interactions are also significant for management. Traditional approaches of computer simulation can not be singly and effectively used for simulation analysis of human-task interactions involved with heterogeneous systems. Therefore, an integrated simulation approach for human-task interactions is proposed as a solution for the problem of integrated simulation for heterogeneous systems. It can be used in studies on individual and group behavior to analyze the laws of human-task interactions. Based on a review of related theories and literatures, the thesis explores the integrated simulation of interactions of manger-task, employee-task and member-task for individual managers, employee groups and self-managed teams respectively from the perspective of human-task interactions.
Firstly, the theory of integrated simulation for human-task interactions in enterprises is put forward. An analysis points outs the issue of human-task interactions involved and the limitations of traditional simulation approaches for analysis of human-task interactions. Then, after a discussion on necessity and significance of integrating several traditional simulation approaches into one for special applications, the integrated simulation approach is designed based on the communication technique of passing messages. Then, the integrated simulation theory for human-task interactions is proposed. The integrated simulation approach overcomes the limitations of studies on integration of simulation approaches. Two simulation programs based on different simulation approaches are integrated together to simulate the dynamics of human-task interactions. The approach and theory of integration simulation provide a tool for the research on human-thing interactions and reveal the trend of researches on integrated simulation approaches.
Secondly, the integrated simulation for manager-task interactions is explored based on qualitative simulation and discrete event simulation for individual mangers. The dynamics of the manger's managerial self-efficacy and its causalities are discussed. The highlighted problem of manger-task is divided into three aspects including manger, task and the interactions of manager and task. Qualitative simulation and discrete event simulation are employed for modeling, simulation and implementation of the manager's managerial self-efficacy and task flow respectively. Two simulation programs are integrated based on the communication technology of passing messages and the integrated simulation of manager-task interactions is realized finally. The research mentioned above emphasizes the understanding of interaction process of manger and his task, implements the proposed approach of integrated simulation for human-task interactions well, provides new ideas for researches on human-thing interactions in management, and remedies the defect of previous simulation studies on manger behavior. The integrated simulation system developed is a good tool appropriate for analysis of manager-task interactions.
Thirdly, the integrated simulation for employee-task interactions is explored based on cellular automata for employee groups. An analysis reveals employee-task process in group behavior of employees. The approach of upgraded cellular automata integrated with causal reasoning is used for modeling and simulation of employee-task interactions. The model is implemented into a simulation system. Alter verification and validation, the system is employed for sensitivity analysis of the impact of the amount of abnormal employees and group size. The research mentioned above lays great emphasis on employee-task interaction process and its impacts on employees and tasks. A simulation approach of integrating cellular automata (mainly) and causal reasoning is employed in modeling and simulation of employee-task interactions in employee groups. The approach provides new ideas and methodology for theoretical researches on group behavior in enterprises. The integrated simulation system developed is proved to have a good interpretation for employee-task interactions and reasonable results. Therefore, it can be used to support decision-making in group management of enterprises.
Finally, the integrated simulation for member-task interactions is explored based on multi-agent simulation for self-managed teams. An analysis includes the task process of self-managed teams and interaction connections hidden in the process. The relations among factors are described by a causality graph. Causal reasoning is integrated into the multi-agent model and employed in modeling and simulation of team effectiveness. The simulation model is developed into an integrated simulation system based on Repast. After verification and validation, the system is used for analysis of the impact of task size and member relationship fluctuation on team effectiveness and task allocation strategies. The research mentioned above examines the task process of self-managed team from the perspective of human-task interaction, integrates multi-agent simulation and causal reasoning for modeling and simulation of member-task interactions in self-managed teams. The research provide ideas for researches on human-thing interaction in the field of team management and the simulation system as a good platform and tool for researches on self-managed team behavior and solutions of practical problems occurred in enterprises.
引文
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