典型二价重金属污染水源水的供水应急控制处理方案
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摘要
本课题模拟水源水分别受到镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)污染,考察了常规混凝-沉淀工艺对原水中该三种重金属的去除效果,并对温度、浊度、混凝剂种类与投加量、pH等可能对重金属去除产生影响的条件进行了研究比较,同时对KMnO_4与粉末活性炭在强化混凝-沉淀工艺对重金属的去除效能进行了研究,并考察了不同超标倍数下和多种重金属复合污染原水的最优去除条件。
水厂现有工艺,对分别受到镍、铅、镉污染的源水均有一定的去除效果,但均无法达标处理。原水的温度对重金属的去除效果无明显影响,在混凝剂PAC、PFS、PAFC投量分别达到80、80、90 mg/L以上时,低温与常温下重金属去除效果差别不大,且浊度对于重金属去除的影响几乎不存在。
综合比较PAC、PFS、PAFC在不同投量下对于镍、铅、镉的去除效果,发现PAC在投加量为90mg/L时去除效果最好,且不产生二次污染,但仍无法将重金属污染处理达标。提高反应的初始pH可以显著提高重金属的去除效果,当反应初始pH分别提升至9.9、8.1、10.2时,受镍、铅、镉污染源水处理后可以达标。
KMnO_4和粉末活性炭对于重金属的去除均有一定的效果,单独使用的去除效果均已经优于常规的混凝-沉淀工艺,联用时对重金属污染去除效果提升显著:镍在KMnO_4、粉末活性炭投加量分别为0.3、20mg/L,pH为9.0时;铅在KMnO_4、粉末活性炭投加量分别为0.3、10mg/L,pH为7.5时;镉在KMnO_4、粉末活性炭投加量分别为0.5、20mg/L,pH为9.3时,可以将三种重金属污染处理达标。采用以上混凝条件为本课题所选工艺的最佳的强化混凝条件。
同时,略提高原水的pH和KMnO_4投量即可以将高超标倍数下与多种重金属的复合污染的原水在之前优选的混凝条件下处理达标出水。
This subject simulated that the source water was polluted by the Nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd),and the effects of removal of the three heavy metals by conventional coagulation - precipitation process on the source of the water were studied. Temperature, turbidity, coagulant type and dosage, pH may affect the removal of three heavy metals,and the author compared the differences. Meanwhile, the removal efficiency of heavy metals by potassium permanganate and powdered activated carbon in the coagulation - precipitation process was studied. When the source water was polluted by different times exceeded heavy metals or kinds of heavy metals, the optimal removal conditions were discussed.
Existing conventional water coagulation - precipitation process had effect on removal of nickel, lead, cadmium three kinds of heavy metal. But they could not meet the standards. The temperature of source water had no significant effect to the removal of heavy metals .When the dosage of PAC, PFS and PAFC reached 80,80,90 mg/L or more, the removal of heavy metals had little difference at low temperature and room temperature. And the turbidity almost had no effect to the removal for heavy metals.
Comprehensive comparing the removal of nickel, lead, cadmium under different dosage of PAC, PFS, PAFC, the author found that the removal was the best in the dosage of PAC 90mg/ L, without secondary pollution. But the water after treatment could not meet the standards.Improving the initial pH in thereaction could significantly improve the removal of heavy metals. when the initial pH during the reaction time was increased to 9.9,8.1,10.2,the source water polluted by nickel, lead, cadmium could meet the standards after treatment.
KMnO_4 and powdered activated carbon had a certain effect for the removal of heavy metals. The removal effect using KMnO_4 or powdered activated carbon alone were already better than the conventional coagulation - precipitation process .And the combination of KMnO_4 and powdered activated carbon could obtain significant effect: the dosage of KMnO_4 and powdered activated carbon were 0.3 mg/L,20 mg/L and pH was 9.0; the dosage of KMnO_4 and powdered activated carbon were 0.3 mg/L,10 mg/L and pH was 7.5; the dosage of KMnO_4 and powdered activated carbon were 0.5mg/L, 20mg/L and pH was 9.3. The above conditions were the best coagulation conditions which could make 5 times standard limit of the heavy metal meet the standards.Under these three conditions the polluted water by three heavy metals could meet the standards after treatment. The above coagulation conditions were the best of enhanced coagulation conditions in this subject.
The slight increase of the pH of the water source and KMnO_4 dosage could make the water that high exceeding and combined polluted by various heavy metals to meet the effluent standards by the optimal coagulation condition above.
水厂现有工艺,对分别受到镍、铅、镉污染的源水均有一定的去除效果,但均无法达标处理。原水的温度对重金属的去除效果无明显影响,在混凝剂PAC、PFS、PAFC投量分别达到80、80、90 mg/L以上时,低温与常温下重金属去除效果差别不大,且浊度对于重金属去除的影响几乎不存在。
综合比较PAC、PFS、PAFC在不同投量下对于镍、铅、镉的去除效果,发现PAC在投加量为90mg/L时去除效果最好,且不产生二次污染,但仍无法将重金属污染处理达标。提高反应的初始pH可以显著提高重金属的去除效果,当反应初始pH分别提升至9.9、8.1、10.2时,受镍、铅、镉污染源水处理后可以达标。
KMnO_4和粉末活性炭对于重金属的去除均有一定的效果,单独使用的去除效果均已经优于常规的混凝-沉淀工艺,联用时对重金属污染去除效果提升显著:镍在KMnO_4、粉末活性炭投加量分别为0.3、20mg/L,pH为9.0时;铅在KMnO_4、粉末活性炭投加量分别为0.3、10mg/L,pH为7.5时;镉在KMnO_4、粉末活性炭投加量分别为0.5、20mg/L,pH为9.3时,可以将三种重金属污染处理达标。采用以上混凝条件为本课题所选工艺的最佳的强化混凝条件。
同时,略提高原水的pH和KMnO_4投量即可以将高超标倍数下与多种重金属的复合污染的原水在之前优选的混凝条件下处理达标出水。
This subject simulated that the source water was polluted by the Nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd),and the effects of removal of the three heavy metals by conventional coagulation - precipitation process on the source of the water were studied. Temperature, turbidity, coagulant type and dosage, pH may affect the removal of three heavy metals,and the author compared the differences. Meanwhile, the removal efficiency of heavy metals by potassium permanganate and powdered activated carbon in the coagulation - precipitation process was studied. When the source water was polluted by different times exceeded heavy metals or kinds of heavy metals, the optimal removal conditions were discussed.
Existing conventional water coagulation - precipitation process had effect on removal of nickel, lead, cadmium three kinds of heavy metal. But they could not meet the standards. The temperature of source water had no significant effect to the removal of heavy metals .When the dosage of PAC, PFS and PAFC reached 80,80,90 mg/L or more, the removal of heavy metals had little difference at low temperature and room temperature. And the turbidity almost had no effect to the removal for heavy metals.
Comprehensive comparing the removal of nickel, lead, cadmium under different dosage of PAC, PFS, PAFC, the author found that the removal was the best in the dosage of PAC 90mg/ L, without secondary pollution. But the water after treatment could not meet the standards.Improving the initial pH in thereaction could significantly improve the removal of heavy metals. when the initial pH during the reaction time was increased to 9.9,8.1,10.2,the source water polluted by nickel, lead, cadmium could meet the standards after treatment.
KMnO_4 and powdered activated carbon had a certain effect for the removal of heavy metals. The removal effect using KMnO_4 or powdered activated carbon alone were already better than the conventional coagulation - precipitation process .And the combination of KMnO_4 and powdered activated carbon could obtain significant effect: the dosage of KMnO_4 and powdered activated carbon were 0.3 mg/L,20 mg/L and pH was 9.0; the dosage of KMnO_4 and powdered activated carbon were 0.3 mg/L,10 mg/L and pH was 7.5; the dosage of KMnO_4 and powdered activated carbon were 0.5mg/L, 20mg/L and pH was 9.3. The above conditions were the best coagulation conditions which could make 5 times standard limit of the heavy metal meet the standards.Under these three conditions the polluted water by three heavy metals could meet the standards after treatment. The above coagulation conditions were the best of enhanced coagulation conditions in this subject.
The slight increase of the pH of the water source and KMnO_4 dosage could make the water that high exceeding and combined polluted by various heavy metals to meet the effluent standards by the optimal coagulation condition above.
引文
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[2]王占生,刘文君.饮用水标准及水环境安全[J].建设科技. 2009(23): 44-46.
[3]许丽丽.饮用水水质安全保障技术浅议[J].西南给排水. 2007, 29(3): 20-23.
[4] Ford T E. Microbiological safety of drinking water: United States and global perspectives.[J]. Environ. Health Persp. 1999, 107(Suppl 1): 191.
[5]何凤华.提高水厂高藻期水处理能力的研究[D].天津大学, 2005.
[6]吴舜泽,夏青,刘鸿亮.中国流域水污染分析[J].环境科学与技术. 2000, 2(1): 6.
[7]郭先华,崔胜辉,赵千钧.城市水源地生态风险评价[J].环境科学研究. 2009, 22(6): 688-694.
[8]朱映川,刘雯,周遗品,等.水体重金属污染现状及其治理方法研究进展[J].广东农业科学. 2008(8): 143-146.
[9]李战,李坤.重金属污染的危害与修复[J].现代农业科技. 2010(16): 268-270.
[10] Lim S R, Schoenung J M. Human health and ecological toxicity potentials due to heavy metal content in waste electronic devices with flat panel displays[J]. J. Hazard. Mater. 2010, 177(1-3): 251-259.
[11]杨生,韩方岸.长江饮用水源水污染事件的调查分析[J].中国实用医药. 2008, 3(9): 157-158.
[12] Nakamura K, Sakamoto M, Uchiyama H, et al. Organomercurial-volatilizing bacteria in the mercury-polluted sediment of Minamata Bay, Japan.[J]. Appl. Environ. Microb. 1990, 56(1): 304.
[13]王艳,黄玉明.我国水环境中重金属污染行为和相关效应的研究进展[J]. 2007, 19(3): 198-201.
[14]周国宏,余淑苑,彭朝琼,等.深圳市饮用水源水中重金属污染物健康风险评价[J]. 2010广东省预防医学会学术年会资料汇编. 2010.
[15] Martin M H, Coughtrey P J. Biological monitoring of heavy metal pollution. Land and air[M]. Applied Science Publishers, 1982:475.
[16] Tyler G. Heavy metal pollution and soil enzymatic activity[J]. Plant Soil. 1974, 41(2): 303-311.
[17]郑礼胜,王士龙,颜世柱.用粉煤灰处理含镍废水的试验研究[J].粉煤灰.1998(6): 15-17.
[18]赵炜,李鹰,刘峙嵘.用聚合磷硫酸铁处理含镍废水的试验研究[J].湿法冶金. 2008, 27(3): 170-172.
[19]余蜀宜,李建华,余蜀兴.用陶土吸附处理含镍废水的研究[J].化工环保. 1998(4): 7-10.
[20] Chashschin V P, Artunina G P, Norseth T. Congenital defects, abortion and other health effects in nickel refinery workers[J]. Sci. Total Environ. 1994, 148(2-3): 287-291.
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