第二松花江干流区域水环境生态风险研究
|
摘要
本文以第二松花江干流为研究对象,收集了丰满大坝坝前段、吉林江段和松原江段的水生生物、沉积物重金属和有机毒物以及常规水质监测数据,运用层次分析法和综合指数法计算各江段的生态风险综合指数,进而对第二松花江干流区域水环境生态风险进行了初步评价:吉林江段和松原江段的平均区域水环境生态风险值分别与第二松花江上游江段(丰满大坝坝址前)区域水环境生态风险值做横向比较,上游江段为保护区,区域水环境基本没有受到污染,比较结果可以透视沿江城市工业化建设给区域水环境带来的潜在生态风险;吉林江段和松原江段区域水环境生态风险值做纵向对比,根据风险值差异分析不同城市建设给区域水环境带来的潜在生态风险,并根据风险值特点提出相应减缓措施,对于今后沿江工业城市建设在减轻区域水环境潜在生态风险方面具有重要意义。
研究表明,吉林江段的潜在生态风险最大,其中对潜在风险贡献最大的是沉积物中的有机毒物和重金属,这主要是因为吉林市以石油、化工行业为主,在发展工业之初环境保护没有得到应有的重视,大量含有机毒物和重金属的废水处理不达标后排入江中,虽然目前由于环保力度加大已经限制甚至杜绝了重金属和有机毒物的排放,但之前的污染物沉入江中难以去除给该江段带来了较大的潜在生态风险;松原江段潜在生态风险略高于丰满坝前段,分析数据中可知,松原江段潜在风险的最大贡献者来自水质污染,这主要是由于城市生活污水特别是沿江村屯生活污水的不合理排放。
In this paper, the mainstream of the Second Songhua River was chosen as the study object. The monitoring data of aquatic organism, heavy metal in sediment, organic poison and regular water quality was collected from Fengman Dam section, Jilin section and Songyuan section of the Second Songhua River. Biodiversity index, Eco-frangibility index of heavy metal and organic poison in sediment and water pollution risk index were calculated by mature method at present. Aggregative index of ecological risks was analyzed by AHP(analytic hierarchy process) to primarily assess the ecological risks of water environment in the mainstream area of the Second Songhua River.
The study showed that, due to the different development directons of cities along the Second Songhua River, the potential ecological risks of regional water environment differed from each other. It mainly reflected that the major contributors of the risks were diverse. The contributor of the potential risk at Jilin section was organic poison and heavy metal in the bottom of the river and at Songyuan section was sanitary sewage. What’s more, the potential ecological risk at Jilin section was distinctly higher than that of at Songyuan section.
研究表明,吉林江段的潜在生态风险最大,其中对潜在风险贡献最大的是沉积物中的有机毒物和重金属,这主要是因为吉林市以石油、化工行业为主,在发展工业之初环境保护没有得到应有的重视,大量含有机毒物和重金属的废水处理不达标后排入江中,虽然目前由于环保力度加大已经限制甚至杜绝了重金属和有机毒物的排放,但之前的污染物沉入江中难以去除给该江段带来了较大的潜在生态风险;松原江段潜在生态风险略高于丰满坝前段,分析数据中可知,松原江段潜在风险的最大贡献者来自水质污染,这主要是由于城市生活污水特别是沿江村屯生活污水的不合理排放。
In this paper, the mainstream of the Second Songhua River was chosen as the study object. The monitoring data of aquatic organism, heavy metal in sediment, organic poison and regular water quality was collected from Fengman Dam section, Jilin section and Songyuan section of the Second Songhua River. Biodiversity index, Eco-frangibility index of heavy metal and organic poison in sediment and water pollution risk index were calculated by mature method at present. Aggregative index of ecological risks was analyzed by AHP(analytic hierarchy process) to primarily assess the ecological risks of water environment in the mainstream area of the Second Songhua River.
The study showed that, due to the different development directons of cities along the Second Songhua River, the potential ecological risks of regional water environment differed from each other. It mainly reflected that the major contributors of the risks were diverse. The contributor of the potential risk at Jilin section was organic poison and heavy metal in the bottom of the river and at Songyuan section was sanitary sewage. What’s more, the potential ecological risk at Jilin section was distinctly higher than that of at Songyuan section.
引文
[1] Barnthouse L W, Suter GWⅡ. Use manual for ecological risk assessment[M]. ORNL, 1988.
[2]杨娟.岛屿生态风险评价的理论与方法[D]:[博士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学资源与环境科学学院,2007.
[3] Norton SB, Rodier DJ, Gentile JH, et al. A framework for ecological risk assessment at the EPA[M] .Environtal Toxi-cology and Chemistry, 1992.
[4] US EPA. EPA/630/R-95/002F Guidelines for ecological risk assessment[s].Washington DC:Risk Assessment forum,1998.
[5] Hunsaker C T,Graham R L,Suter GWⅡ,et al.Assessing ecological risk on a regional scale[J].Environmental Management.1990.
[6] Chapman P M, Mc Donaild B, Lawrence G. Weight-of-evidence issues and frameworks for sediment quality (and other) assessment[J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2002.
[7] Menzie C,Hope-Henning M,Cura J,et al. Special report of the Massachusetts weight-of-evidence workgroup: A weight-of-evidence approach for evaluating ecological risks[J]. Human and ecological Risk Assessment,1996.
[8] Landis W G. The frontier in ecological risk assessment at expanding spatial and temporal scales[J]. Human and ecological Risk Assessment,2003.
[9] Hakanson L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control a sedimentological approach[J]. WaterResearch,1980, 14(8): 975-1001.
[10]李名升,佟连军.辽宁省污灌区土壤重金属污染特征及其潜在生态风险评价[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16:1517-1521.
[11]袁惠民,陈文生.红枫湖沉积物中主要重金属潜在生态危害性评价[J].贵州环保科技,1997,3:39-431.
[12]梁莉莉,王中良,宋柳霆.贵阳市红枫湖水体悬浮物中重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2008,27:119-225.
[13]杨宇,石璇.天津地区土壤中萘的生态风险分析[J].环境科学,2004,25:115-118.
[14]戈峰,曹东风,李典说.我国化学农药使用的生态风险及其减少对策[J].植保技术与展望,1997,17(2):35-37.
[15]石璇,杨宇,徐福留等.天津地区地表水中多环芳烃的生态风险[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(4):619-624.
[16]卢宏玮,曾光明,谢更新等.洞庭湖流域区域生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2003,23(12):2520-2530
[17]薛英,王让会,张慧芝等.塔里木河干流生态风险评价[J].干旱区研究,2008,25,562-567.
[18]陈鹏,潘晓玲.干旱区内陆流域区域景观生态风险分析——以阜康三工河流域为例[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(4):116-120.
[19]王春梅,王金达,刘景双等.东北地区森林资源生态风险评价研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14:863-866.
[20]付在毅,许学工,林辉平.辽河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2001a,21:365-373.
[21]许学工,付在毅,林辉平.黄河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2001,37(1):111-120.
[22]郭先华,崔胜辉,赵千钧.城市水源地生态风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2009,22,688-694.
[22]杨娟.岛屿生态风险评价的理论与方法[D]:[博士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学.2007.
[23]李国旗,安树青,陈兴龙等.生态风险研究述评[J].生态学杂志,1999,18,(4):54-57.
[24]付在毅,许学工.区域生态风险评价[J].地球科学进展,2001,4:265-271.
[25]文军.千岛湖区域生态风险评价研究[D]:[博士学位论文].浙江:中南林学院.2004.
[26] EEA.Environmental Risk Assessment:Approacher,Experiences and Information Sources Environmental issue report No4.European Environment Agency,1998.
[27]沈珍瑶,牛军峰,齐珺等.长江中游典型段水体污染特征及生态风险[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2008,207-220。
[28]殷浩文,赵华清.略论工业化学品的风险评价[J].上海环境科学,1997.16(5):10-12.
[29]殷浩文,水环境生态风险评价程序[J].上海环境科学,1995.14(11):11-14.
[30]原国家环保总局.新化学物质危害评估导则(HJ/T154-2004),2004.
[31]原国家环保总局.建设项目环境风险评价技术导则(HJ/T169-2004),2004.
[32]马喜君,陆兆华,常志华.盐城海滨湿地的生态风险评价方法[J].中国环境监测,2007.23(4):80-84.
[33]曾勇.区域生态风险评价—以呼和浩特市区为例[J].生态学报,2010.30(3):0668—0673.
[34]陈玉成,吕宗清,李章平等.环境数学分析[M].重庆:西南师范大学出版社,1998.
[35]杜栋,庞庆华.现代综合评价方法与案例精选[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[36]焦锋.苏州高新区水环境生态风险评价研究[J].苏州科技学院学报(工程技术版),2009.22(4).13-17.
[37] Wang XL,Tao S, Dawson RW,Xu FL. Characterizing and comparing risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a Tianjin wastewater irrigated area[J]. Environ. Res.,2002,90:201~206.
[38]焦锋.苏州高新区水环境生态风险评价研究[J].苏州科技学院学报(工程技术版),2009.22(4).13-17.
[39] http://hbj.jl.gov.cn/hjjc/.
[40]高磊.淮河流域典型污染物多介质累积特征与生态风险评价[D]:[硕士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学.2008.
[41]张凤英,阎百兴,路永正等.松花江沉积物中PbAsCr的分布及生态风险评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):726-730.
[42]范丽丽.松花江流域底泥沉积物中多氯联苯和多环芳烃的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学.2007.
[43]冯承莲,雷炳莉,中国主要河流中多环芳烃生态风险的初步评价[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(6):583~588.
[44] GB3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》.国家环境保护总局,2002.
[2]杨娟.岛屿生态风险评价的理论与方法[D]:[博士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学资源与环境科学学院,2007.
[3] Norton SB, Rodier DJ, Gentile JH, et al. A framework for ecological risk assessment at the EPA[M] .Environtal Toxi-cology and Chemistry, 1992.
[4] US EPA. EPA/630/R-95/002F Guidelines for ecological risk assessment[s].Washington DC:Risk Assessment forum,1998.
[5] Hunsaker C T,Graham R L,Suter GWⅡ,et al.Assessing ecological risk on a regional scale[J].Environmental Management.1990.
[6] Chapman P M, Mc Donaild B, Lawrence G. Weight-of-evidence issues and frameworks for sediment quality (and other) assessment[J]. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2002.
[7] Menzie C,Hope-Henning M,Cura J,et al. Special report of the Massachusetts weight-of-evidence workgroup: A weight-of-evidence approach for evaluating ecological risks[J]. Human and ecological Risk Assessment,1996.
[8] Landis W G. The frontier in ecological risk assessment at expanding spatial and temporal scales[J]. Human and ecological Risk Assessment,2003.
[9] Hakanson L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control a sedimentological approach[J]. WaterResearch,1980, 14(8): 975-1001.
[10]李名升,佟连军.辽宁省污灌区土壤重金属污染特征及其潜在生态风险评价[J].中国生态农业学报,2008,16:1517-1521.
[11]袁惠民,陈文生.红枫湖沉积物中主要重金属潜在生态危害性评价[J].贵州环保科技,1997,3:39-431.
[12]梁莉莉,王中良,宋柳霆.贵阳市红枫湖水体悬浮物中重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价[J].矿物岩石地球化学通报,2008,27:119-225.
[13]杨宇,石璇.天津地区土壤中萘的生态风险分析[J].环境科学,2004,25:115-118.
[14]戈峰,曹东风,李典说.我国化学农药使用的生态风险及其减少对策[J].植保技术与展望,1997,17(2):35-37.
[15]石璇,杨宇,徐福留等.天津地区地表水中多环芳烃的生态风险[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(4):619-624.
[16]卢宏玮,曾光明,谢更新等.洞庭湖流域区域生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2003,23(12):2520-2530
[17]薛英,王让会,张慧芝等.塔里木河干流生态风险评价[J].干旱区研究,2008,25,562-567.
[18]陈鹏,潘晓玲.干旱区内陆流域区域景观生态风险分析——以阜康三工河流域为例[J].生态学杂志,2003,22(4):116-120.
[19]王春梅,王金达,刘景双等.东北地区森林资源生态风险评价研究[J].应用生态学报,2003,14:863-866.
[20]付在毅,许学工,林辉平.辽河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价[J].生态学报,2001a,21:365-373.
[21]许学工,付在毅,林辉平.黄河三角洲湿地区域生态风险评价[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2001,37(1):111-120.
[22]郭先华,崔胜辉,赵千钧.城市水源地生态风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2009,22,688-694.
[22]杨娟.岛屿生态风险评价的理论与方法[D]:[博士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学.2007.
[23]李国旗,安树青,陈兴龙等.生态风险研究述评[J].生态学杂志,1999,18,(4):54-57.
[24]付在毅,许学工.区域生态风险评价[J].地球科学进展,2001,4:265-271.
[25]文军.千岛湖区域生态风险评价研究[D]:[博士学位论文].浙江:中南林学院.2004.
[26] EEA.Environmental Risk Assessment:Approacher,Experiences and Information Sources Environmental issue report No4.European Environment Agency,1998.
[27]沈珍瑶,牛军峰,齐珺等.长江中游典型段水体污染特征及生态风险[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2008,207-220。
[28]殷浩文,赵华清.略论工业化学品的风险评价[J].上海环境科学,1997.16(5):10-12.
[29]殷浩文,水环境生态风险评价程序[J].上海环境科学,1995.14(11):11-14.
[30]原国家环保总局.新化学物质危害评估导则(HJ/T154-2004),2004.
[31]原国家环保总局.建设项目环境风险评价技术导则(HJ/T169-2004),2004.
[32]马喜君,陆兆华,常志华.盐城海滨湿地的生态风险评价方法[J].中国环境监测,2007.23(4):80-84.
[33]曾勇.区域生态风险评价—以呼和浩特市区为例[J].生态学报,2010.30(3):0668—0673.
[34]陈玉成,吕宗清,李章平等.环境数学分析[M].重庆:西南师范大学出版社,1998.
[35]杜栋,庞庆华.现代综合评价方法与案例精选[M].北京:科学出版社,2005.
[36]焦锋.苏州高新区水环境生态风险评价研究[J].苏州科技学院学报(工程技术版),2009.22(4).13-17.
[37] Wang XL,Tao S, Dawson RW,Xu FL. Characterizing and comparing risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a Tianjin wastewater irrigated area[J]. Environ. Res.,2002,90:201~206.
[38]焦锋.苏州高新区水环境生态风险评价研究[J].苏州科技学院学报(工程技术版),2009.22(4).13-17.
[39] http://hbj.jl.gov.cn/hjjc/.
[40]高磊.淮河流域典型污染物多介质累积特征与生态风险评价[D]:[硕士学位论文].上海:华东师范大学.2008.
[41]张凤英,阎百兴,路永正等.松花江沉积物中PbAsCr的分布及生态风险评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(2):726-730.
[42]范丽丽.松花江流域底泥沉积物中多氯联苯和多环芳烃的研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学.2007.
[43]冯承莲,雷炳莉,中国主要河流中多环芳烃生态风险的初步评价[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(6):583~588.
[44] GB3838-2002《地表水环境质量标准》.国家环境保护总局,2002.