中国直辖市就业结构演进及其空间特征研究
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摘要
1990年以来,随着经济的快速发展,我国四大直辖市就业结构发生了很大的变化。本文从就业结构基本理论出发,分析了就业结构演进机制和四大直辖市就业结构演进的特征,并提出了相应政策思路。
就业结构演进机制和就业结构演进的特征构成了本文的两大中心环节,机制是演进的内在动力,特征是演进的外在表现。劳动需求结构和劳动供给结构决定就业结构,而引起劳动需求结构和劳动供给结构变动的则包括需求变动、技术进步、劳动力素质、相对收入水平等许多因素。在此基础上,本文运用相关性、相对劳动生产率等方法,分一、二、三产业对四大直辖市就业结构的演变特征进行了分析;运用就业构成比、构成比标准化值、聚类等方法,分国民经济二十个行业对四大直辖市就业结构的演变特征进行了分析;分若干行业对四大直辖市中心区、外围区、郊区以及所在城市群就业结构变动的空间特征进行了分析。
研究发现,北京市第三产业内部结构有待优化;天津第二产业比重偏高;上海第三产业比重偏低;重庆则第一产业比重太大。在空间特征上,发现制造业、批发零售业和公共事务业就业人员在向郊区迁移,金融业有向市中心或特定区域集中的趋势,房地产就业的增长极在城市近郊区。针对这些情况,提出了优化就业结构思路,主要包括产业政策和就业政策调整两部分。
Since 1990, along with the fast development of economy, the employment structure of the four large cities under the direct jurisdiction has greatly changed. Based on the evolving theory of employment structure, the current research has performed analysis about the evolving mechanism of the employment structure and the evolving characteristics of the employment structure by the four large cities under the direct jurisdiction, then, some corresponding policies and approaches are proposed.
The current research has mainly been constituted of two parts: the evolving mechanism of the employment structure and the evolving characteristics of the employment structure. The mechanism was the inside motive of the evolution, and the characteristic is the outside performance of evolution. The employment structure is decided by the labour-demanding structure and the labour-supplying structure, both of which can be fluctuateded by the following factors: demanding fluctuation, technique progress, labour diathesis, relative income level etc. In this way, the present thesis has carried on analysis about the evolving characteristics of the employment structure of the tertiary, secondary, primary industry in the four large cities under the direct jurisdiction employing the relativity, comparative productivity methods, about the evolving characteristics of the employment structure of the 20 national economy businesses in the four large cities under the direct jurisdiction with the methods of labor composing ratio, standard value of the composing ratio and clustering analyzing and etc, and also performed analysis about the spacial characteristics of the employment structure fluctuation in the central district outer district, suburban district, surrounding area of the four large cities under the direct jurisdiction.
The research has discovered that the primary industry internal structure in Beijing should be optimized, the secondary industry in Tianjin has occupied a much larger proportion, the primary industry in Shanghai a much lower proportion and the first industry in Chongqing a much larger proportion . Concerning the spacial characteristics, the thesis also discovered that the employees in manufacturing industry are moving toward the suburban area, as well as the employees in wholesale-retail and public affairs businesses are ,the financial industry attempts to concentrate toward city center or particular district, and the growth employees of the real estate is mainly concentrated to the suburb area. In this way, the current thesis mainly proposed the approaches for optimizing the employment structure, including two parts: industry policy and employment policy adjusting.
就业结构演进机制和就业结构演进的特征构成了本文的两大中心环节,机制是演进的内在动力,特征是演进的外在表现。劳动需求结构和劳动供给结构决定就业结构,而引起劳动需求结构和劳动供给结构变动的则包括需求变动、技术进步、劳动力素质、相对收入水平等许多因素。在此基础上,本文运用相关性、相对劳动生产率等方法,分一、二、三产业对四大直辖市就业结构的演变特征进行了分析;运用就业构成比、构成比标准化值、聚类等方法,分国民经济二十个行业对四大直辖市就业结构的演变特征进行了分析;分若干行业对四大直辖市中心区、外围区、郊区以及所在城市群就业结构变动的空间特征进行了分析。
研究发现,北京市第三产业内部结构有待优化;天津第二产业比重偏高;上海第三产业比重偏低;重庆则第一产业比重太大。在空间特征上,发现制造业、批发零售业和公共事务业就业人员在向郊区迁移,金融业有向市中心或特定区域集中的趋势,房地产就业的增长极在城市近郊区。针对这些情况,提出了优化就业结构思路,主要包括产业政策和就业政策调整两部分。
Since 1990, along with the fast development of economy, the employment structure of the four large cities under the direct jurisdiction has greatly changed. Based on the evolving theory of employment structure, the current research has performed analysis about the evolving mechanism of the employment structure and the evolving characteristics of the employment structure by the four large cities under the direct jurisdiction, then, some corresponding policies and approaches are proposed.
The current research has mainly been constituted of two parts: the evolving mechanism of the employment structure and the evolving characteristics of the employment structure. The mechanism was the inside motive of the evolution, and the characteristic is the outside performance of evolution. The employment structure is decided by the labour-demanding structure and the labour-supplying structure, both of which can be fluctuateded by the following factors: demanding fluctuation, technique progress, labour diathesis, relative income level etc. In this way, the present thesis has carried on analysis about the evolving characteristics of the employment structure of the tertiary, secondary, primary industry in the four large cities under the direct jurisdiction employing the relativity, comparative productivity methods, about the evolving characteristics of the employment structure of the 20 national economy businesses in the four large cities under the direct jurisdiction with the methods of labor composing ratio, standard value of the composing ratio and clustering analyzing and etc, and also performed analysis about the spacial characteristics of the employment structure fluctuation in the central district outer district, suburban district, surrounding area of the four large cities under the direct jurisdiction.
The research has discovered that the primary industry internal structure in Beijing should be optimized, the secondary industry in Tianjin has occupied a much larger proportion, the primary industry in Shanghai a much lower proportion and the first industry in Chongqing a much larger proportion . Concerning the spacial characteristics, the thesis also discovered that the employees in manufacturing industry are moving toward the suburban area, as well as the employees in wholesale-retail and public affairs businesses are ,the financial industry attempts to concentrate toward city center or particular district, and the growth employees of the real estate is mainly concentrated to the suburb area. In this way, the current thesis mainly proposed the approaches for optimizing the employment structure, including two parts: industry policy and employment policy adjusting.
引文
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