琼北第四纪火山活动与岩浆演化
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摘要
火山活动是地球上最为壮观的地质现象之一。对于火山，尤其是具有潜在喷发危险的活动火山的研究，不仅具有重大的地学意义，更重要的是为了保护资源环境，实现社会的可持续发展。本论文在琼北新生代火山野外地质考察基础上，运用构造地质学、岩石学、年代学、火山学、地球化学及地球动力学的理论和方法，对火山岩形成的大地构造背景、喷发期次的划分、岩浆的源区特征、演化过程及射气岩浆喷发的动力学机制进行了探讨，取的若干重要进展。
琼北地区是指海南岛北部近东西向的王五—文教断裂以北的陆域部分，在大地构造上属于雷琼坳陷的一部分。区内新生代火山活动十分频繁，表现为多期、多次的活动，并一直持续到全新世。归纳起来，琼北共有近东西向、北东向、北东东向和北西向四组活动断裂。东西向断裂在地壳运动中起主要控制作用，其中的王五—文教断裂是琼北新生代地层和火山活动的主控断裂。第四纪以来，北西向断裂的活动性增强，控制着石山—永兴一带的第四纪火山活动，全新世火山锥清晰地呈北西方向排列。断裂带的走向和性质是由区域构造应力场的发展与演变决定的。本区自中生代以来就受控于近南北向的构造应力场，此时的东西向构造以压性为特征，并由此派生了北东向和北西向构造。新生代期间，由于南海海盆的扩张，近东西向断裂由压性转化为张性，并由此派生东西向的压应力，使北西向的压性和压扭性构造得以加强，成为琼北新生代火山喷发的主要通道。
琼北新生代火山具有多期多次喷发的特点，不同期次喷发的构造背景、喷发强度、岩流的分布及岩浆的性质均有差异。根据地层的接触关系、年代学、火山岩风化程度、地貌特征和岩性特征，将区内的新生代火山岩由老到新分成早第三纪的流沙港期和涠洲期，晚第三纪的下洋期、角尾期、蓬莱期和金牛岭期，第四纪的多文岭期、东英期、道堂期和雷虎岭期。通过石山—永兴全新世火山区野外填图和对航片的判读，发现全新世火山锥往往围绕更新世射气岩浆喷发成因的低平火山口的边缘分布，如围绕儒黄岭低平火山口缘分布的火山锥，浩昌岭等火山锥也是位于早期低平火山口缘上。依据不同的岩性和喷发时序，将琼北全新世火山区划分出4个火山系统，分别是：美社岭—昌道岭—春藏岭—国群岭火山系统、浩昌—儒群火山、雷虎岭火山系统、马鞍岭火山系统系统。位于马鞍岭东南的美社岭—昌道岭—春藏岭—国群岭为弧形分布的火山系统，我们获得美社岭、春藏岭和昌道岭的K-Ar年龄分别为0.94Ma、0.21Ma和0.06Ma，属更新世火山活动，其岩性为碱性橄榄玄武岩，区别于马鞍岭系统的橄榄拉斑玄武岩。其他三个火山系统形成于全新世，本次研究获得两个雷虎岭火山岩中砂岩捕虏体的热释光年龄为1万年左右(分别为9.91ka和10.27ka)，说明雷虎岭火山至少在距今10000年前后有过两次喷发活动。另外在雷虎岭火山锥之下发现更新世射气成因基浪堆积物，以及马鞍岭西侧的两个早期火山口(称眼镜)，表明琼北石山—永兴全新世火山区火山活动具有继承性，多期火山活动造就了石山-永兴全新世现代火山地貌。
琼北更新世火山活动以溢流式岩浆喷发与射气岩浆喷发交替进行为特征。大规模溢流式岩浆喷发主要发生在早—中更新世，形成大面积分布是熔岩被，而射气岩浆喷发主要发生在中—晚更新世，形成区域内众多的大小不一的低平火山口，主要包括：罗经盘、龙凤—龙吉、双池岭、双池岭东、美玉南、雷虎岭—永茂岭和杨花等。另外，在琼西北海边的峨蔓等地也见到典型的低平火山口。火山
口的规模大小不一，直径可以从数十米变化到ZKm以上。这次研究发现，琼北大
规模分布的射气岩浆喷发的基浪堆积物被误作“沉凝灰岩”。事实上，是玄武岩
浆上升遇到地下水发生蒸汽爆炸，并伴随出现基浪，形成基浪堆积物围绕低平火
山口分布。基浪堆积物的特点是具有大型低角度板状层理或交错层理，以及在远
源相基浪堆积物中常见的球粒状或鲡粒状增生火山砾，区别于传统的“沉凝灰
岩’，。为了深入探讨射气岩浆喷发的动力学机制，本文从弹性力学理论出发，设
计了两个简单的力学模型，模拟了射气岩浆喷发过程中各物理量之间的变化关
系，即:发生射气岩浆喷发前洼地的半径越大，形成低平火山口所需的爆破冲击
力越小:当低平火山口的半径和爆炸点的深度一定时，岩浆与地下水的接触面积
越大，则爆炸时产生的爆破冲击力也越大;在给定爆破冲击力和爆炸点面积的条
件下，火山口的半径越大，所对应的爆炸点的深度也越深;当爆破冲击力和火山
口的半径为定值时，爆炸点的深度是随岩浆与水接触面面积的增加而减小的。
全新世雷虎岭亚期碱性橄榄玄武岩和马鞍岭亚期橄榄拉斑玄武岩构成两个
不同的岩区，其主要氧化物5102和MgO存在明显差别，51仇分别为47.50%和50.36
%，MgO分别为9.91%和6.81%。两类玄武岩具有极为相似的同位素、REE和不
相容元素分布模式，且不出现明显的Eu、Sr、Ba负异常，，表明岩浆上升过程中
未发生过明显的斜长石分离结晶作用和地壳混染，即岩浆直接来自同一地慢源区
(>26一3OKm)，没有经历地壳岩浆房结晶分异过程。碱性橄榄玄武岩是较为原始
的岩浆，在地慢条件下，碱性橄榄玄
Volcanic activity is one of the most splendid geological phenomenon on the earth. Studying on volcano, especially on active volcano that has potential danger of eruption, not only has great geological significance, but also has great importance to resource protection and persistent development of society. Based on the field work of Cenozoic volcano in North Hainan Island, this paper uses some new theories and methods, such as tectonics, petrology, chronology, volcanology, geochemistry and geodynamics, to solve several doubtful problems, including the structural background of volcanic rock formation, division of eruption periods, character of magma source and dynamic mechanism of phreatomagmatic eruption. Up to now, we have made some new progresses.
North Hainan Island refers generally to the land area to the north of the EW-trending Wangwu-Wenjiao fault, belonging to tectonically part of Leiqiong depression. High frequency Cenozoic volcanic activity is vivid feature in this region. In this area four groups of active faults can be identified, they are nearly EW-trending, NE-trending, NEE-trending and NW-trending faults. EW- trending faults play an important role in the crustal movement. Furthermore, the EW-trending Wangwu-Wenjiao Fault controled Cenozoic deposition and volcanic activity of North Hainan Island. Since Quaternary, the activity of NW-trending faults has enhanced. They dominated Quaternary volcanic activity in Shishan-Yongxing area. In this area, the arrangement of Holocene volcanic cones is obviously NW-trending. Development and evolvement of regional tectonic stress field controlled the direction and character of faults. Since Mesozoic, North Hainan Island has long been controlled by SN-directing tectonic stress field. In this period, EW-s
tructure was characterized by compressional feature, resulting in the NE-directing and NW- directiin structures. During the period of Cenozoic, the character of nearly EW-directing faults were transformed from compressional to tensional due to the expansion of Nanhai basin. This variation has resulted in EW-directing compressional stress, which strengthened the compressional feature of NW- directing structures. These structures become the main channels of Cenozoic volcanic eruption.
The eruption of Cenozoic volcanoes in North Hainan Island is characterized by multiple activities and periods. Different eruptive period has different tectonic background, eruptive intensity, distribution of lava flow and character of magma. According to several principles, such as stratigraphic relationship, chronology, weathering degree of volcanic rock, landform and lithology, the Cenozoic volcanic rock in this region can be divided into several groups. From old to young, they are Liushagang period and Weizhou period (Eogene), Xiayang period, Jiaowei period, Penglai period and Jinniuling period (Neogene),
Duowenling period, Dongying period, Daotang period and Leihuling period (Quaternary). Field observation reveals that most Holocene volcanic cones are located on the margin of Pleistocene maars. For example, some volcanic cones are distributed around the margin of Ruhuangling maar, and Haochangling volcanic cone is located on the margin of earlier maar. According to different lithology and eruptive sequence, four volcanic systems can be recognized in the Holocene volcanic region, they are Meishe-Changdao-Chuncang-Guoqun, Haochang-Ruqun, Leihuling and Ma' anling volcanic system. Meishe-Changdao-Chuncang-Guoqun volcanic system is located in the southeast of Ma' anling, being an arcuate volcanic system. The K-Ar age of Meisheling, Chuncangling and Changdaoling are dated to be 0. 94Ma, 0.21Ma and 0. 06Ma respectively. It is undoubtful that this volcanic system belongs to Pleistocene according to its K-Ar age, and belongs to alkaline olivine basalt according to its lithology. It is different from olivine tholeiite of Ma' anling volcanic system. The rest volcanic systems were formed in Holocene. The ages of sandstone xenolith from the Leihuling basalt have been dated by TL method to be
琼北地区是指海南岛北部近东西向的王五—文教断裂以北的陆域部分，在大地构造上属于雷琼坳陷的一部分。区内新生代火山活动十分频繁，表现为多期、多次的活动，并一直持续到全新世。归纳起来，琼北共有近东西向、北东向、北东东向和北西向四组活动断裂。东西向断裂在地壳运动中起主要控制作用，其中的王五—文教断裂是琼北新生代地层和火山活动的主控断裂。第四纪以来，北西向断裂的活动性增强，控制着石山—永兴一带的第四纪火山活动，全新世火山锥清晰地呈北西方向排列。断裂带的走向和性质是由区域构造应力场的发展与演变决定的。本区自中生代以来就受控于近南北向的构造应力场，此时的东西向构造以压性为特征，并由此派生了北东向和北西向构造。新生代期间，由于南海海盆的扩张，近东西向断裂由压性转化为张性，并由此派生东西向的压应力，使北西向的压性和压扭性构造得以加强，成为琼北新生代火山喷发的主要通道。
琼北新生代火山具有多期多次喷发的特点，不同期次喷发的构造背景、喷发强度、岩流的分布及岩浆的性质均有差异。根据地层的接触关系、年代学、火山岩风化程度、地貌特征和岩性特征，将区内的新生代火山岩由老到新分成早第三纪的流沙港期和涠洲期，晚第三纪的下洋期、角尾期、蓬莱期和金牛岭期，第四纪的多文岭期、东英期、道堂期和雷虎岭期。通过石山—永兴全新世火山区野外填图和对航片的判读，发现全新世火山锥往往围绕更新世射气岩浆喷发成因的低平火山口的边缘分布，如围绕儒黄岭低平火山口缘分布的火山锥，浩昌岭等火山锥也是位于早期低平火山口缘上。依据不同的岩性和喷发时序，将琼北全新世火山区划分出4个火山系统，分别是：美社岭—昌道岭—春藏岭—国群岭火山系统、浩昌—儒群火山、雷虎岭火山系统、马鞍岭火山系统系统。位于马鞍岭东南的美社岭—昌道岭—春藏岭—国群岭为弧形分布的火山系统，我们获得美社岭、春藏岭和昌道岭的K-Ar年龄分别为0.94Ma、0.21Ma和0.06Ma，属更新世火山活动，其岩性为碱性橄榄玄武岩，区别于马鞍岭系统的橄榄拉斑玄武岩。其他三个火山系统形成于全新世，本次研究获得两个雷虎岭火山岩中砂岩捕虏体的热释光年龄为1万年左右(分别为9.91ka和10.27ka)，说明雷虎岭火山至少在距今10000年前后有过两次喷发活动。另外在雷虎岭火山锥之下发现更新世射气成因基浪堆积物，以及马鞍岭西侧的两个早期火山口(称眼镜)，表明琼北石山—永兴全新世火山区火山活动具有继承性，多期火山活动造就了石山-永兴全新世现代火山地貌。
琼北更新世火山活动以溢流式岩浆喷发与射气岩浆喷发交替进行为特征。大规模溢流式岩浆喷发主要发生在早—中更新世，形成大面积分布是熔岩被，而射气岩浆喷发主要发生在中—晚更新世，形成区域内众多的大小不一的低平火山口，主要包括：罗经盘、龙凤—龙吉、双池岭、双池岭东、美玉南、雷虎岭—永茂岭和杨花等。另外，在琼西北海边的峨蔓等地也见到典型的低平火山口。火山
口的规模大小不一，直径可以从数十米变化到ZKm以上。这次研究发现，琼北大
规模分布的射气岩浆喷发的基浪堆积物被误作“沉凝灰岩”。事实上，是玄武岩
浆上升遇到地下水发生蒸汽爆炸，并伴随出现基浪，形成基浪堆积物围绕低平火
山口分布。基浪堆积物的特点是具有大型低角度板状层理或交错层理，以及在远
源相基浪堆积物中常见的球粒状或鲡粒状增生火山砾，区别于传统的“沉凝灰
岩’，。为了深入探讨射气岩浆喷发的动力学机制，本文从弹性力学理论出发，设
计了两个简单的力学模型，模拟了射气岩浆喷发过程中各物理量之间的变化关
系，即:发生射气岩浆喷发前洼地的半径越大，形成低平火山口所需的爆破冲击
力越小:当低平火山口的半径和爆炸点的深度一定时，岩浆与地下水的接触面积
越大，则爆炸时产生的爆破冲击力也越大;在给定爆破冲击力和爆炸点面积的条
件下，火山口的半径越大，所对应的爆炸点的深度也越深;当爆破冲击力和火山
口的半径为定值时，爆炸点的深度是随岩浆与水接触面面积的增加而减小的。
全新世雷虎岭亚期碱性橄榄玄武岩和马鞍岭亚期橄榄拉斑玄武岩构成两个
不同的岩区，其主要氧化物5102和MgO存在明显差别，51仇分别为47.50%和50.36
%，MgO分别为9.91%和6.81%。两类玄武岩具有极为相似的同位素、REE和不
相容元素分布模式，且不出现明显的Eu、Sr、Ba负异常，，表明岩浆上升过程中
未发生过明显的斜长石分离结晶作用和地壳混染，即岩浆直接来自同一地慢源区
(>26一3OKm)，没有经历地壳岩浆房结晶分异过程。碱性橄榄玄武岩是较为原始
的岩浆，在地慢条件下，碱性橄榄玄
Volcanic activity is one of the most splendid geological phenomenon on the earth. Studying on volcano, especially on active volcano that has potential danger of eruption, not only has great geological significance, but also has great importance to resource protection and persistent development of society. Based on the field work of Cenozoic volcano in North Hainan Island, this paper uses some new theories and methods, such as tectonics, petrology, chronology, volcanology, geochemistry and geodynamics, to solve several doubtful problems, including the structural background of volcanic rock formation, division of eruption periods, character of magma source and dynamic mechanism of phreatomagmatic eruption. Up to now, we have made some new progresses.
North Hainan Island refers generally to the land area to the north of the EW-trending Wangwu-Wenjiao fault, belonging to tectonically part of Leiqiong depression. High frequency Cenozoic volcanic activity is vivid feature in this region. In this area four groups of active faults can be identified, they are nearly EW-trending, NE-trending, NEE-trending and NW-trending faults. EW- trending faults play an important role in the crustal movement. Furthermore, the EW-trending Wangwu-Wenjiao Fault controled Cenozoic deposition and volcanic activity of North Hainan Island. Since Quaternary, the activity of NW-trending faults has enhanced. They dominated Quaternary volcanic activity in Shishan-Yongxing area. In this area, the arrangement of Holocene volcanic cones is obviously NW-trending. Development and evolvement of regional tectonic stress field controlled the direction and character of faults. Since Mesozoic, North Hainan Island has long been controlled by SN-directing tectonic stress field. In this period, EW-s
tructure was characterized by compressional feature, resulting in the NE-directing and NW- directiin structures. During the period of Cenozoic, the character of nearly EW-directing faults were transformed from compressional to tensional due to the expansion of Nanhai basin. This variation has resulted in EW-directing compressional stress, which strengthened the compressional feature of NW- directing structures. These structures become the main channels of Cenozoic volcanic eruption.
The eruption of Cenozoic volcanoes in North Hainan Island is characterized by multiple activities and periods. Different eruptive period has different tectonic background, eruptive intensity, distribution of lava flow and character of magma. According to several principles, such as stratigraphic relationship, chronology, weathering degree of volcanic rock, landform and lithology, the Cenozoic volcanic rock in this region can be divided into several groups. From old to young, they are Liushagang period and Weizhou period (Eogene), Xiayang period, Jiaowei period, Penglai period and Jinniuling period (Neogene),
Duowenling period, Dongying period, Daotang period and Leihuling period (Quaternary). Field observation reveals that most Holocene volcanic cones are located on the margin of Pleistocene maars. For example, some volcanic cones are distributed around the margin of Ruhuangling maar, and Haochangling volcanic cone is located on the margin of earlier maar. According to different lithology and eruptive sequence, four volcanic systems can be recognized in the Holocene volcanic region, they are Meishe-Changdao-Chuncang-Guoqun, Haochang-Ruqun, Leihuling and Ma' anling volcanic system. Meishe-Changdao-Chuncang-Guoqun volcanic system is located in the southeast of Ma' anling, being an arcuate volcanic system. The K-Ar age of Meisheling, Chuncangling and Changdaoling are dated to be 0. 94Ma, 0.21Ma and 0. 06Ma respectively. It is undoubtful that this volcanic system belongs to Pleistocene according to its K-Ar age, and belongs to alkaline olivine basalt according to its lithology. It is different from olivine tholeiite of Ma' anling volcanic system. The rest volcanic systems were formed in Holocene. The ages of sandstone xenolith from the Leihuling basalt have been dated by TL method to be
引文
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蔡福祥．雷州半岛第四纪火山活动的特征及强度(摘要)．桂林冶金地质学院学报，1989，9(1)：12
陈文寄，李齐，李大明等．中、新生代火山岩年龄测定中的几个值得重视的问题．地质评论，1999，(45)：72～80
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