经胸电场仿真对除颤电流分布和导管定位方法的研究
|
摘要
心室颤动(ventricular fibrillation-VF,简称室颤)、心房颤动(atrialdefibrillation-AF,简称房颤)等是临床常见的复杂性心律失常,发作时轻则影响患者生活质量,重则引起脑卒中(stroke,又称中风)、心功能衰竭等恶性并发症,甚至危机患者生命安全,尤其是室颤发作时,如不及时采取有效措施,常常导致患者(相当一部分是中青年患者)的心脏猝死(sudden cardiac death,SCD),给家庭和社会造成重大损失。临床流行病学研究表明,所有心血管病死亡中超过50%患者为SCD,其中绝大部分归因于各类心血管病变基础上发生的一时性恶性室性心律失常,如室颤等;而脑卒中则是房颤最严重的并发症,约15%～20%脑卒中是由房颤引起,美国60岁以下人群中房颤发病率为0.5%,我国普通人群房颤患病率则高达0.7%。
由于室颤、房颤危害的严重性和广泛性,所以,与室颤、房颤等复杂性心律失常的临床防治密切相关电除颤技术(electrical defibrillation-ED,简称除颤)和介入导管技术(interventional catheter)的研究一直以来都受到国内外学者的广泛重视。尤其是近年来随着计算机建模与仿真技术的兴起,与电生理诊疗技术相关的生物电场问题的数值仿真研究正成为的心脏电生理工程领域的前沿课题和热点,也为解决电生理诊疗技术中的诸多难题提供了一套行之有效的解决办法。本文作者将生物电场的数值仿真方法用于室颤的电除颤技术及介入导管术的心内导管定位方法的研究,探讨了体外除颤时放电电流路径的优化和心内导管三维经胸电场定位的位置偏差问题分析。采用本文优化所得的放电电流路径有助于降低除颤能量、改善除颤效果,初步实验结果同时显示本文提出的定位偏差自适应实时补偿新方法具有一定的可行性。
对于室颤的体外电除颤技术研究和心内导管三维经胸电场定位方法研究,本文的主要工作和研究成果包括:
1、针对现有在体实验记录手段有限,而动物实验“猜摸”方式的除颤研究方法又非常盲目,在已有生物电场数值仿真方法的基础上,给出了基于三维真实人体胸腔模型的体外除颤数值仿真研究方法;结合除颤电场的仿真求解结果,建立了一套衡量一次除颤效果好坏的仿真评估指标,并探讨和分析了体外除颤时胸腔电场分布与除颤效果的关系。
2、针对电击除颤时释放的高能电脉冲可能会对患者的皮肤和心脏造成伤害,甚至可能因此而诱发复杂度更高的室颤等问题,提出了降低除颤能量、改善除颤效果的优化放电电流路径方案,包括除颤电极对在胸腔体表高、中、低位的立体贴放模式(“高”位表示该电极位于锁骨和第三肋骨间定义的体表上部区域,“中”位表示第三肋骨和第七肋骨间体表中部区域,“低”表示第七到第十肋骨体表较下区域)、多电极分区除颤模式,以及除颤电极大小和形状的优化。
3、在仿真研究的基础上,设计并开展了体外除颤动物实验,重点测试了除颤电极贴放位置与除颤电量阈值之间的关系。初步实验结果显示:U8-D3位置(右前胸第1到第3肋骨——左腋中线第9肋骨区)的除颤电量阈值最低,优于已有文献报道的M2-M6位置(左胸心前位置—右后背中部位置)。实验结果与仿真结果较好的一致性,在一定程度上说明了仿真结果的正确性和体外除颤仿真研究方法的可行性,相关结论有望用于除颤设备的改进设计和除颤操作方法的理论参考。
4、结合心内导管三维经胸电场定位的基本原理和生物电场的数值仿真方法,提出了采用数值建模和仿真方法分析定位过程中的位置偏差问题,基于定位电场的仿真求解结果,构建了一套衡量导管定位性能的仿真评估方法,并探讨和分析了定位电场分布与导管定位偏差的相互关系,初步量化预估了各相关因素对定位准确度的影响程度2
5、基于定位偏差问题的仿真分析和定位干扰因素的系统认识,提出了解决导管定位偏差问题的分片实时校准补偿新方法,包括静态梯度系数畸变的分片校准思想和动态呼吸伪差的自适应实时补偿,着重探讨了后者的两级自适应滤波算法的实现。
6、设计并开展了基于三维经胸低频电场的心内导管定位方法的系列基础实验,一方面从实验角度进一步分析了心内导管定位过程中的定位偏差问题;同时,通过动物实验对仿真结果和自适应补偿方法的验证,得到了一些初步的结果,这些研究成果有望用于指导心内导管三维经胸电场定位及心内膜标测系统的研制。
本文的研究工作为基于经胸电场的临床电生理诊疗技术的研究与相关医疗仪器系统的改进设计提供了一套可参考的研究方法,开阔了目前体外电除颤及心内导管定位方法的研究思路,具有一定的理论意义;对于改善体外除颤效果、降低导管定位偏差等也具有一定的实际应用价值。本文研究方法可将其扩展到体内电除颤的效果评估及其电极配置模式的优化,以及心电正/逆问题、电阻抗成像等应用领域的相关问题研究。
The most two common complex arrhythmias in clinical practice are ventricular fibrillation(VF) and atrial defibrillation(AF).AF has substantial impact on the property or quality of patients' normal living,and with the severity events may very commonly leads to some associated malignant entities such as stroke,congestive heart failure,even to high morbidity and possible life threaten.Especially during VF,if wihout any effective and immediate treatments has been done to terminate fibrillation,in a few minutes,it will lead to be sudden cardiac death(SCD) of and bring the fatal losing to the family and society.According to the pertinent epidemiologic statistical data,more than 50%cardiovascular death are the incidence of SCD,of which the majority are due to an accidental malignant ventricular arrhythmia,such as VF,etc.Moreover,the stroke is the most serious associated entities of AF,about 15%～20%stroke can ascribe to AF. In the United States,the incidence of AF is about 0.5%for the population of the age lower than 60,and in China,it has a higher level more than 0.7%for the total population.
Due to the ponderance and universality of the complex arrhythmias of VF and AF, the academic and clinical study have being placed much emphasis on the prevention and treatment these arrhythmias.With the improvement of computational modeling and numerical simulation technologies,the numerical simulation and analysis of bioelectric field are gradually attracting more attentions of international cardiac electrophysiologist and clinical biomedical engineering scholar.More importantly,the numerical modeling and simulation give an efficient and feasible method to study and even sovle those difficult problems possibly hampering the progress of the clinical technologies for electrophysiological diagnosis and treatment.In this dissertation,a numerical simulation method are proposed to study the transthoracic electrical defibrillation to analyze the current distribution during defibrillation,of which the main aim is to optimize the defibrillation current pathway within the torso,decrease the delivered electrical energy, eventually obtain more satisfying effecacy of defibrillation.Using the similar way,the method for locating the position of intracardiac catheter based on three orthogonal transthoracic electric-fields has also been studied in detail,of which the main aims are to analyze the locating error and the relationship between the current distribution of transthoracic electric-field and disturbance factors.In this way,a novel adaptive real-time method has been presented to compensate the contraction and respiration artifact,of which the feasibility and practicability has also been validated by a preliminary animal experiments.
The major research works completed in this dissertation include:
1.With the numerical simulation theory of bioelectrieal field,a numerical modeling and simualtion method of transthoracic electric-field under external defibrillation is presented based on three dimensional anatomic torso model.Using the simulation results of current distribution under transthoracic defibrillation,a set of quantitative criterions is constructed to evaluate the defibrillation effecacy.Furthermore, the dependence of defibrillation effecacy on current distribution within the heart is analyzed in detail.
2.For decreasing the delivered electrical energy,reducing the damage of skin or myocardium,and eventually obtaining more satisfying effecaey of defibrillation,the optimum scheme of current pathway of defibrillation is explored,which includes a proposed electrode-pairing pattern in spatially placed on the torso surface,as well as multiple electrode-pairing pattern,and electrode size and electrode shape.
3.In order to experimentally validate the obtained optimum scheme and the proposed simulation method,a series of preliminary experiments on pigs is carried out. The good agreement between the experimental results and the simulation results basically indicate that the simulation method is feasible,and the optimized electrode-pairing displacement of U8-D3(please see page 62 of this dissertation) is confirmed.These research achievements are expected as academic reference for clinical defibrillation and to guide the improvement design of defibrillation electrode and external defibrillator.
4.Based on the principle for locating the position of intracardial catheter using three orthogonal transthoracic electric-fields,the numerical modeling and simulation method of bioelectric field is proposed firstly in this dissertation to analyze the the error and the disturbance factors during locating the position of intracardial catheter.A set of quantitative criterions is also constructed to evaluate the influence of disturbance factors on locating accurately.And then,the reasons of locating errors and the relationship between the current distribution of transthoracic electric-field and disturbance factors are studied and analyzed in detail.
5.A novel solving method to the locating errors is proposed,which is beed defined as the local calibration of nonuniformity of electric-field and adaptive real-time compensation of the contraction and respiration artifacts.For the latter,a two-stages adaptive filter is designed and discussed emphatically.
6.At last,another series of preliminary experiments on pigs is carried out to actually observe the displacment error during locating the position of intracardial catherter.The preliminary experimental results basically validate the simulation results and test the performance of the two-stages adaptive filter to compensate the artifacts. These research achievements are expected to be used in development of three dimensional locating and tracking system of intracardial catheter.
The research works in this dissertation establish the theoretical foundation to numerically simulate and analyze the transthoracic electric-field used by the electrical electrophysiological management of clinical complex arrhythmias.More importantly, these works widen the research thought of external defibrillation and method for locating the position of intracardial catheter,and to some extent,the obtained achievements have practical engineering values to improve the defibrillation effecacy and decrease the locating error.We can image that more luther works based on this reseach may get more possible acheivement on many similar problems in this field about bioelectric field,such as the implantable defibrillation,the forward/inverse of electrocardiogram,and electrical impedance tomography,etc.
由于室颤、房颤危害的严重性和广泛性,所以,与室颤、房颤等复杂性心律失常的临床防治密切相关电除颤技术(electrical defibrillation-ED,简称除颤)和介入导管技术(interventional catheter)的研究一直以来都受到国内外学者的广泛重视。尤其是近年来随着计算机建模与仿真技术的兴起,与电生理诊疗技术相关的生物电场问题的数值仿真研究正成为的心脏电生理工程领域的前沿课题和热点,也为解决电生理诊疗技术中的诸多难题提供了一套行之有效的解决办法。本文作者将生物电场的数值仿真方法用于室颤的电除颤技术及介入导管术的心内导管定位方法的研究,探讨了体外除颤时放电电流路径的优化和心内导管三维经胸电场定位的位置偏差问题分析。采用本文优化所得的放电电流路径有助于降低除颤能量、改善除颤效果,初步实验结果同时显示本文提出的定位偏差自适应实时补偿新方法具有一定的可行性。
对于室颤的体外电除颤技术研究和心内导管三维经胸电场定位方法研究,本文的主要工作和研究成果包括:
1、针对现有在体实验记录手段有限,而动物实验“猜摸”方式的除颤研究方法又非常盲目,在已有生物电场数值仿真方法的基础上,给出了基于三维真实人体胸腔模型的体外除颤数值仿真研究方法;结合除颤电场的仿真求解结果,建立了一套衡量一次除颤效果好坏的仿真评估指标,并探讨和分析了体外除颤时胸腔电场分布与除颤效果的关系。
2、针对电击除颤时释放的高能电脉冲可能会对患者的皮肤和心脏造成伤害,甚至可能因此而诱发复杂度更高的室颤等问题,提出了降低除颤能量、改善除颤效果的优化放电电流路径方案,包括除颤电极对在胸腔体表高、中、低位的立体贴放模式(“高”位表示该电极位于锁骨和第三肋骨间定义的体表上部区域,“中”位表示第三肋骨和第七肋骨间体表中部区域,“低”表示第七到第十肋骨体表较下区域)、多电极分区除颤模式,以及除颤电极大小和形状的优化。
3、在仿真研究的基础上,设计并开展了体外除颤动物实验,重点测试了除颤电极贴放位置与除颤电量阈值之间的关系。初步实验结果显示:U8-D3位置(右前胸第1到第3肋骨——左腋中线第9肋骨区)的除颤电量阈值最低,优于已有文献报道的M2-M6位置(左胸心前位置—右后背中部位置)。实验结果与仿真结果较好的一致性,在一定程度上说明了仿真结果的正确性和体外除颤仿真研究方法的可行性,相关结论有望用于除颤设备的改进设计和除颤操作方法的理论参考。
4、结合心内导管三维经胸电场定位的基本原理和生物电场的数值仿真方法,提出了采用数值建模和仿真方法分析定位过程中的位置偏差问题,基于定位电场的仿真求解结果,构建了一套衡量导管定位性能的仿真评估方法,并探讨和分析了定位电场分布与导管定位偏差的相互关系,初步量化预估了各相关因素对定位准确度的影响程度2
5、基于定位偏差问题的仿真分析和定位干扰因素的系统认识,提出了解决导管定位偏差问题的分片实时校准补偿新方法,包括静态梯度系数畸变的分片校准思想和动态呼吸伪差的自适应实时补偿,着重探讨了后者的两级自适应滤波算法的实现。
6、设计并开展了基于三维经胸低频电场的心内导管定位方法的系列基础实验,一方面从实验角度进一步分析了心内导管定位过程中的定位偏差问题;同时,通过动物实验对仿真结果和自适应补偿方法的验证,得到了一些初步的结果,这些研究成果有望用于指导心内导管三维经胸电场定位及心内膜标测系统的研制。
本文的研究工作为基于经胸电场的临床电生理诊疗技术的研究与相关医疗仪器系统的改进设计提供了一套可参考的研究方法,开阔了目前体外电除颤及心内导管定位方法的研究思路,具有一定的理论意义;对于改善体外除颤效果、降低导管定位偏差等也具有一定的实际应用价值。本文研究方法可将其扩展到体内电除颤的效果评估及其电极配置模式的优化,以及心电正/逆问题、电阻抗成像等应用领域的相关问题研究。
The most two common complex arrhythmias in clinical practice are ventricular fibrillation(VF) and atrial defibrillation(AF).AF has substantial impact on the property or quality of patients' normal living,and with the severity events may very commonly leads to some associated malignant entities such as stroke,congestive heart failure,even to high morbidity and possible life threaten.Especially during VF,if wihout any effective and immediate treatments has been done to terminate fibrillation,in a few minutes,it will lead to be sudden cardiac death(SCD) of and bring the fatal losing to the family and society.According to the pertinent epidemiologic statistical data,more than 50%cardiovascular death are the incidence of SCD,of which the majority are due to an accidental malignant ventricular arrhythmia,such as VF,etc.Moreover,the stroke is the most serious associated entities of AF,about 15%～20%stroke can ascribe to AF. In the United States,the incidence of AF is about 0.5%for the population of the age lower than 60,and in China,it has a higher level more than 0.7%for the total population.
Due to the ponderance and universality of the complex arrhythmias of VF and AF, the academic and clinical study have being placed much emphasis on the prevention and treatment these arrhythmias.With the improvement of computational modeling and numerical simulation technologies,the numerical simulation and analysis of bioelectric field are gradually attracting more attentions of international cardiac electrophysiologist and clinical biomedical engineering scholar.More importantly,the numerical modeling and simulation give an efficient and feasible method to study and even sovle those difficult problems possibly hampering the progress of the clinical technologies for electrophysiological diagnosis and treatment.In this dissertation,a numerical simulation method are proposed to study the transthoracic electrical defibrillation to analyze the current distribution during defibrillation,of which the main aim is to optimize the defibrillation current pathway within the torso,decrease the delivered electrical energy, eventually obtain more satisfying effecacy of defibrillation.Using the similar way,the method for locating the position of intracardiac catheter based on three orthogonal transthoracic electric-fields has also been studied in detail,of which the main aims are to analyze the locating error and the relationship between the current distribution of transthoracic electric-field and disturbance factors.In this way,a novel adaptive real-time method has been presented to compensate the contraction and respiration artifact,of which the feasibility and practicability has also been validated by a preliminary animal experiments.
The major research works completed in this dissertation include:
1.With the numerical simulation theory of bioelectrieal field,a numerical modeling and simualtion method of transthoracic electric-field under external defibrillation is presented based on three dimensional anatomic torso model.Using the simulation results of current distribution under transthoracic defibrillation,a set of quantitative criterions is constructed to evaluate the defibrillation effecacy.Furthermore, the dependence of defibrillation effecacy on current distribution within the heart is analyzed in detail.
2.For decreasing the delivered electrical energy,reducing the damage of skin or myocardium,and eventually obtaining more satisfying effecaey of defibrillation,the optimum scheme of current pathway of defibrillation is explored,which includes a proposed electrode-pairing pattern in spatially placed on the torso surface,as well as multiple electrode-pairing pattern,and electrode size and electrode shape.
3.In order to experimentally validate the obtained optimum scheme and the proposed simulation method,a series of preliminary experiments on pigs is carried out. The good agreement between the experimental results and the simulation results basically indicate that the simulation method is feasible,and the optimized electrode-pairing displacement of U8-D3(please see page 62 of this dissertation) is confirmed.These research achievements are expected as academic reference for clinical defibrillation and to guide the improvement design of defibrillation electrode and external defibrillator.
4.Based on the principle for locating the position of intracardial catheter using three orthogonal transthoracic electric-fields,the numerical modeling and simulation method of bioelectric field is proposed firstly in this dissertation to analyze the the error and the disturbance factors during locating the position of intracardial catheter.A set of quantitative criterions is also constructed to evaluate the influence of disturbance factors on locating accurately.And then,the reasons of locating errors and the relationship between the current distribution of transthoracic electric-field and disturbance factors are studied and analyzed in detail.
5.A novel solving method to the locating errors is proposed,which is beed defined as the local calibration of nonuniformity of electric-field and adaptive real-time compensation of the contraction and respiration artifacts.For the latter,a two-stages adaptive filter is designed and discussed emphatically.
6.At last,another series of preliminary experiments on pigs is carried out to actually observe the displacment error during locating the position of intracardial catherter.The preliminary experimental results basically validate the simulation results and test the performance of the two-stages adaptive filter to compensate the artifacts. These research achievements are expected to be used in development of three dimensional locating and tracking system of intracardial catheter.
The research works in this dissertation establish the theoretical foundation to numerically simulate and analyze the transthoracic electric-field used by the electrical electrophysiological management of clinical complex arrhythmias.More importantly, these works widen the research thought of external defibrillation and method for locating the position of intracardial catheter,and to some extent,the obtained achievements have practical engineering values to improve the defibrillation effecacy and decrease the locating error.We can image that more luther works based on this reseach may get more possible acheivement on many similar problems in this field about bioelectric field,such as the implantable defibrillation,the forward/inverse of electrocardiogram,and electrical impedance tomography,etc.
引文
[1]胡大一.贯彻循征医学的原则,做好我国心血管疾病的预防[A].见:胡大一,马长生.心脏病学实践2007--新进展与临床案例[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2007,8-18.
[2]蒋文平.欧洲2004心脏病年会有关心律失常研究的概况[J].中国心脏起搏与心电生理杂志.2004,18(6):91-92.
[3]Myerburg RJ,Castellanos A.Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death[A].In:Braunwald E.Heart Diease:A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine,6th ed[M],Philadelphia:WB Saunders,2001,890-931.
[4]Zheng ZJ,Croft JB,Giles WH.Sudden cardiac death in the United States,1989 to 1998[J].Circulation.2001,104:2158-2163.
[5]Huikuri HV,Castellanos A,Myerburg RJ.Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias[J].The New England Journal of Medicine.2001,345:1473-1478.
[6]Myerburg RJ.Scieftific gaps in the prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac death[J].Journal of Cariovasc Electrophysiol.2002,13:709-723.
[7]Cobb LA,Werner JA,Trobaugh GB.Sudden cardiac death:Ⅰ.A decade's experience with out-of-hospital resuscitation[J].Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis.1980,49:31.
[8]Zhou XH,Daubert JP,Wolf PD,et al.Epicardial mapping of ventricular defibrillation with monophasic and biphasic shocks in dogs[J].Circulation Research.1993,72:145-160.
[9]Zipes DP,Fischer J,King RM,et al.Termination of ventricular fibrillation in dogs by depolarizing a critical amount of myocardium.[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1975,36:37-44.
[10]Mover MM,Mirowski M,Spear JF,et al.Patterns of ventricular activity during catheter defibrillation[J].Circulation.1974,49:858-861.
[11]Gurvich NL,Yuneiv GS.Restoration of regular rhythm in the management fibrillating heart[J].American Review of Soviet Medicine.1946,3:236-239.
[12]Wiggers CJ.The physiologic basis for cardiac resuscitation from ventricular defrillation:Method for serial defibrillation[J].American Heart Journal.1940,20:413-422.
[13]MacWilliam JA.Some applications of physiology to medicine:Ⅱ Ventricular fibrillation and sudden death[J].British Medical Journal.1923:7-43.
[14]Janse MJ.A Brief History of Sudden Cardiac Death and Its Therapy[J].Pharmacology &Therapeutics.2003,100:89-99.
[15]Haines DE.The biophysics of radiofrequency catheter ablation in the heart[J].PACE.1993,16(3):586-591.
[16]Markides V,Segal OR,ToMato F.et al.Mapping[A].In:Jalife J.Zipes DP.Cardiac electrophysiology:from cell to bedside 4th ed[M],Philadephia:Elsevier Inc.,2004,858-868.
[17]马长生,汤日波.心房颤动的导管消融技术[A].见:胡大一,郭继鸿.中国心律学2008[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2008,447-457.
[18]Quyang F,Ernst S,Chun J,et al.Electrophysiological findings during ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation with electroanatomic mapping and double Lasso catheter technique[J].Circulation.2005,112:3038-3048.
[19]Oral H,Knight BP,Ozaydin M,et al.Segmental ostial ablation to isolate the pulmonary veins during atrial fibrillation:feasibility and mechanistic insights[J].Circulation.2002,106:1256-1262.
[20]Poppone C,Oreto G,Lamberti F,et al.Catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation using a 3D mapping system[J].Circulation.1999,100:1203-1208.
[21]Haissaguerre M,Jais P,Shah DC.Right and left atrial radiofrequency catheter therapy of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J].Journal of Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.1996,7:1132-1144.
[22]Haissaguerre M,Gencel L,Fischer B,et al.Successful catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation[J].Journal of Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.1994,5:1045-1052.
[23]Wolf PA,Benjamin EJ,Belanger AJ,et al.Secular trends in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation:The framingham Study[J].American Heart Journal.1996,131:790-795.
[24]Wolf Pa,Mitchell JB,Baker CS,et al.Impact of atrial fibrillation on mortality,stroke,and medical costs.[J].Archives of Internal Medicine.1998,98:946-952.
[25]沈卫峰.美国2007年心脏病和脑卒中的统计结果概述[A].见:胡大一。马长生.心脏病学实践2007--新进展与临床案例[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2007,19-26.
[26]周自强,胡大一,陈捷等.中国心房颤动现状流行病学研究[J].中华内科学杂志.2004,43(7):491-494.
[27]Van Gelder IC,Hagens VE,Bosker HA,et al.for the rate control versus electrical cardioversions for persistent atrial fibrillation study group.A comparison of rote control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation.[J].The New England Journal of Medicine.2002,347:1834-1840.
[28]Sopher SM,Camm AJ.Atrial fibrillation:Maintenance of sinus rhythm versus rote control[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1996,77:24-37.
[29]胡大一.我国心房颤动治疗的基本策略[A].见:胡大一,郭继鸿.中国心律学2008[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2008,433-435.
[30]Berenfeld O.Mechanisms of Maintenance of atrial fibrillation[A].In:Jalife J.Zipes DP.Cardiac electrophysiology:from cell to bedside 4th ed[M],Philadephia:Elsevier Inc.,2004,363-374.
[31]Nattel S,Ebrlich JR.Atrial fibrillation[A].In:Jalife J.Zipes DP.Cardiac electrophysiology:from cell to bedside 4th ed[M],Philadephia:Elsevier Inc.,2004,512-522.
[32]胡大一,杨进刚.导管消融不宜作为心房颤动的一线治疗(争鸣一)[A].见:胡大一,郭继鸿.中国心律学2008[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2008,478-480.
[33]刘少稳.导管消融可作为心房颤动的一线治疗(争鸣二)[A].见:胡大一,郭继鸿.中国心律学2008[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2008,481-484.
[34]Oral H,Knight BP,Tada H,et al.Pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation[J].Circulation.2002,105:1077-1081.
[35]Natale A,Pisano E,Shewchik J,et al.First human experience with pulmonary vein isolation using a through-the balloon circumferential ultrasound ablation system for recurrent atrial fibrillation[J].Circulation.2000,102:1879-1882.
[36]Pappone C,Rosanio S,Oreto G,et al.Circumferential radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary vein ostia:a new anatomic approach for curing atrial fibrillation[J].Circulaiton.2000,102:2619-2628.
[37]Guerra PG,Lesh MD.The role of nonpharmacologic therapies for the treatment of atrial fibrillation[J].Journal Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.1999,10:450-460.
[38]Haissaguerre M,Jais P,Shah DC,et al.Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats orrignation in the pulmonary veins[J].The New England Journal of Medicine.1998,339:659-666.
[39]杨延宗.心房颤动的导管射频消融治疗--2007年的共识与问题[A].见:胡大一,马长生.心脏病学实践2007--新进展与临床案例[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2007,452-458.
[40]Williams PL,Warwick R.Gray's Anatomy 37th ed.[M].Edinburgh U.K:Churchill Livingstone,1989:1598-1600.
[41]Einthoven W.Weiteres über das Elektrokardiogramm[J].Pfluger's Arch Ges Physiol.1908,122:517-548.
[42]Granit R.Receptors and Sensory Perception[M].New Haven:Yale University Press,1955:369-380.
[43]Malmivuo J,Plonsey R.Bioelectromagnetism:principles and applications of bioelectric and biomagnetic fields[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995.
[44]Hille B.Ionic channels of excitable membranes,3rd ed[M].Sunderland MA.:Sinauer Associates,Inc.,2001:102-108.
[45]李忠成等.临床心脏电生理学[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社,1989:3-67.
[46]Laurita KR,Rosenbaum DS.Restitution,repolarization,and alternans as arrhythmogenic substrates[A].In:Jalife J.Zipes DP.Cardiac electrophysiology:from cell to bedside 4th ed[M],Philadephia:Elsevier Inc.,2004,232-241.
[47]方祖祥.埋植式心脏复律除颤器[J].中国医疗器械信息.2003,9(2):7-11.
[48]Geddes LA,Hamlin R.The first human heart defibrillation[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1983,52:403-405.
[49]Schechter DC.Exploring the Origins of Electrical Cardiac Stimulation[M].Minneapolis,Minn.USA:Medtronic Inc.,1983:150.
[50]Snellen HA.Hisory of Cardiology.[M].Rotterdam:Donker Academic Publications,1984:141.
[51]Waldo AL,Akhtar M,Brugada P et al.NASPE policy statement:the minimally appropriate electropyhsiologic study for the initial assessment of patients with documented sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.1985,8:918.
[52]郭继鸿.新概念心电图(第三版)[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2007:396-448.
[53]Jones JL,Tovar OH.The mechanism of defibrillation and cardioversion[J].Proceedings of the IEEE.1996,84(3):392-403.
[54]Marchlinski FE.External defibrillatiors and emergency external pacemakers[J].Proceedings of the IEEE.1996,84(3):481-499.
[55]Faddy SC.Biphasic and monophasic shocks for transthoracic defibrillation:a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].Resuscitation.2003,58:9-16.
[56]Prevost JL,Batelli.Sur quell ques effects des dechanges electriques sur le coer mammifres[J].Comptes Rendus des Seances de L'Academic des Sciences.1899,129:1267.
[57]Zoll PM.Termination of ventricular fibrillation in man by externally applied electric countershock[J].The New England Journal of Medicine.1956,254(16):727-732.
[58]Lown B.Comparison of alternating current with direct current electroshock across the closed chest[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1962:223-233.
[59]Mirowski M.The automatic implantable cardiovcrter/dcfibrillator:An overview[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1985,6:461.
[60]Feldman A,Klein H,Tchou P.New therapeutic option for patients with time-dependent risk of suddencardiac death[J].Journal of the American College of Cardiology.2002,39:101A.
[61]Marchlinski FE.The automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator:efficacy,complications,and device failures[J].Annals of Internal Medicine.1986,104:481-488.
[62]Munsif AN.Low-energy endocardial defibrillation using dual,triple,and quadruple electrode systems[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1997,79:1632-1639.
[63]Schaumann A.Enhanced detection criteria in implantable cardioverter-defibrillators to avoid inappropriate therapy[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1996,78(suppl 5A):42-50.
[64]Tacker WA.Defibrillation of the Heart:ICDS,AEDs and Manual[M].St.Louis:Mosby-Year Book,1994:1-20.
[65]Andr é MB.Preliminary in-hospital experience with a fully automatic external cardioverter-defibrillator[J].Resuscitation.2004,63:11-16.
[66]Weisfeldt ML,Kerber RE,McGoldrick RP,et al.American Heart Association report on Public Access Defibrillation Conference,December 8-10,1994:Automatic External Defibrillation Task Force.[J].Circulation.1995,92:684-692.
[67]Dudel J,et al.Elektrophysiologische grundiagen der defibrillation und kunstlichen stimulation des herzens[J].Med Klin.1968,63:2089-2091.
[68]Fabiato A,Coumel P,Gourgon R,et al.Le seuil de réponse synchrone des fibres myocardiques.Application a la comparaison expérimentale de l'efficacite des différentes formes de chocs électriques de défibrillation[J].Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss.1967,60:527-544.
[69]Bohumil P.Optimal parameters of electrical impulsed for defibrillation by condenser discharges[J].Circulation Research.1966,ⅩⅧ:10-17.
[70]Wan KY et al.Ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation thresholds in sheep and dogs[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A.1998,121:77-82.
[71]Fotnhi PC,et al.Energy levels for defibrillation:what is of real clinical importance[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1999,83:24-33.
[72]Wharton JM,Wolf PD,Smith WM,et al.Cardiac potential and potential gradient fields generated by single,combined,and sequential shocks during ventricular defibrillation[J].Circulation.1992,85:1510-1523.
[73]Lerman BB,Deale OS.Relation between transcardiac and transthoracic current during defibrillation in humans.[J].Circulation Research.1990,67:1420-1426.
[74]Pagan-Carlo LA,Stone MS,Kerber RE.Nature and determinants of skin burns after transthoracic cardioversion[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1997,79:689-691.
[75]Van Fleet JF,Tracker WA.Cardiac damage from transchest and ICD defibrillator shocks.[A].In:Tracker WA Jr.Defibrillation of the Heart:ICDS,AEDs and Manual[M],St.Louis:Mosby-Year Book,1994,259-298.
[76]Osswald S,Trouton TG,O'Nunain SS,et al.Relation between shock related myocardial injury and defibrillation efficacy of monophasic and biphasic shocks in a canine model[J].Circulation.1994,90:2501-2509.
[77]Walcott GP,et al.Do clinically relevant transthoracic defibrillation energies cause myocardial damage and dysfunction[J].Resuscitation.2003,59:59-70.
[78]Walsh SJ,et al.Efficacy of distinct energy delivery protocols comparing two biphasic defibrillators for cardiac arrest[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.2004,94:378-380.
[79]Ideker RE,Huang J,Walcott GP.Defibrillation Waveforms[A].In:Jalife J.Zipes DP.Cardiac electrophysiology:from cell to bedside 4th ed[M],Philadephia:Elsevier Inc.,2004,426-432.
[80]Calle PA,et al.Equivalence of the standard monophasic waveform shocks delivered by automated external defibrillators?[J].Resuscitation.2002,53:41-46.
[81]Achleitner U,et al.Waveform analysis of biphasic external defibrillators[J].Resuscitation.2001,50:61-70.
[82]Kontos MC,et al.Factors associated with elevated impedance with a nonthoracotomy defibrillation lead system[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1997,79:48-52.
[83]Niemann JT,et al.Transthoracic impedance does not decrease with rapidly repeated countershocks in a swine cardiac arrest model[J].Resuscitation.2003,56:91-95.
[84]Atkins DL,Kerber RE.Pediatric defibrillation:current flow is improved by using "adult"paddle electrodes[J].Pediatrics.1994,94:90-93.
[85]Aubert AE,et al.Defibrillation threshold using different electrode configurations[J].Computers in Cardiology.1995:805-808.
[86]Pagan-Cardo La,Spencer KT,Robertson CE,et al.Transthoracic defibrillation:Importance of avoiding electrode placement directly on the female breast[J].Journal of the American College of Cardiology.1996,27:449-452.
[87]Heames RM,et al.Do doctors position defibrillation paddles correctly? Observational study[J].British Medical Journal.2001,322:1393-1394.
[88]Deakin CD,et al.How often should defibrillation pads be changed?:the effect of evaporative drying[J].Resuscitation.2001,48:157-163.
[89]Karlsson G,et al.Does electrode polarity alter the energy requirements for transthoracic biphasic wavefonn defibrillation? Experimental studies[J].Resuscitation.2001,51:77-81.
[90]American Heart Association guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonay resuccitation and emergency cardac care[J].Circulation.2000,102:1-1.
[91]邬小玫.室颤的电活动规律及除颤方法研究[D].上海:复旦大学,2006.
[92]Anthony SL,et al.Measurement of defibrillation shock potential distributions and activation sequences of the heart in three dimensions[J].Proceedings of the IEEE.1988,76(9):1176-1187.
[93]Trnong JH,et al.Current concepts in electrical defibrillation[J].The Journal of Emergency Medicine.1997,15(3):331-338.
[94]Deals OC,et al.Simplified calibration of single-plunge bipolar electrode array for field measurement during defibrillation[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.2002,49(10):1211-1214.
[95]Yoon RS,et al.Measurement of thoracic current flow in pigs for the study of Defibrillation and Cardioversion[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.2003,50(10):1167-1173.
[96]Pagan-Carlo LA,Allan JJ,Spencer KT,et al.Encircling overlapping multipulse shock waveforms for transthoracie defibrllation[J].The American College of Cardiology.1998,32(7):2065-2071.
[97]Robertson C,Steen P,Adgey J,et al.The 1998 European Resuscitation Council guidelines for adult advanced life support:a statement from the Working Group on Advanced Life Support,and approved by teh executive committee.[J].Resuscitation.1998,37:81-90.
[98]American Heart Association in Collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation.Guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care:international consensus on science.Part 4.The automated external defibrillator:key link in the chain of survival[J].Circulation.2000,102(Suppl I):60-76.
[99]Christakis DA,Rivara FP.Pediatricians' awareness of and attitudes about four clinical ractice guidelines[J].Pediatrics.1998,101:825-830.
[100]Nurmi J,Rosenberg P,Castren M.Adherence to guidelines when positioning the defibrillation electrodes[J].Resuscitation.2004,61:143-147.
[101]Hohnloser SH,Kuck KH,Lilienthal J.for the PIAF investigators:Rhythm of rate control in atrial fibrillation-pharmacological intervention in atrial fibrillation(PIAF):A randomised trial[J].Lancet.2000,356:1789-1794.
[102]The atrial fibrillation follow-up investigation of rhythm management(AFFIRM) investigators:A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].The New England Journal of Medicine.2002,347:1825-1833.
[103]Nattel S.New ideas about atrial fibrillation 50 years on[J].Nature.2002,415:219-226.
[104]Nattel S.Therapeutic implications of atrial fibrillation mechanisms:Can mechanistic insights be used to improve AF management?[J].Cardiovasc Research.2002,54:347-360.
[105]Chen SA,Heieh MH,Tai CT,et al.Initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating from the pulmonary veins:Electrophysiological characteristics,pharmacological respones,and effects of radiofrequency ablation[J].Circulation.1999,100:1879-1996.
[106]Haissaguerre M,Shah DC,Jais P,et al.Electrophysiological breakthroughs from the left to the pulmonary veins[J].Circulation.2000,102:2463-2465.
[107]Kyaykin Y,Marrouche NF,Sliba W,et al.Pulmonary vein antrum isolation for tratement of atrial fibrillation in patients with valvular heart disease of prior open heart surgery[J].Heart Rhythm.2004,1:33-39.
[108]Quyang F,Bansch D,Erest S,et al.Complete isolation of left atrium surrounding the pulmonary veins:new insights from the double-Lasso technique in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J].Circulation.2004,110:2090-2096.
[109]Pappone C.Rosanio S,Oreto G,et al.Atrial electroanatomical remodeling after circumferential radiofrequency pulmonary vein ablation[J].Circulation.2001,104:2539-2544.
[110]Maloney JD,Milner L,Barold S,et al.Two-staged biatrial linear and focal ablation to restore sinus rhythm in patients with refractory chronic atrial fibrillation[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.1998,21:2527-2532.
[111]Cappato R,Calkins H,Chen SA,et al.World wide survey on the methods,efficacy,and safety of catheter ablation for human atrial fibrillation[J].Circulation.2005,111:1100-1105.
[112]Wang NC et al.Optical mapping of ventricular defibrillation in isolated swine right ventricles demonstration of a postshock isoelectric windrow after near-threshold[J].Circulation.2001,104(2):227-233.
[113]Clark DM et al.Optical transmembrane potential recordings during intracardiac defibrillation-strength shocks[J].Journal of interventional cardiac Electrophysiology.1999,3:109-120.
[114]Bayly PV et al.Estimation of conduction velocity vector fields from 504-channel epicardial mapping data[J].IEEE Transction on Biomedical Engeering.1998,45(5):563-571.
[115]Thompson JA et al.A comparison of two interpolation methods for estimation of electrograms within a two-dimensional epieardial plaque[J].Computers in Cardiology.1999,26:293-296.
[116]Eduardo S et al.Nonsurgical transthoracie epicardial catheter ablation to treat recurrent ventricular tachycardia occurring late after myocardial infarction[J].Journal of the American College of Cardiology.2000,35(6):1442-1450.
[117]Nanthakumar K et al.Epicardial organization of human ventricular fibrillation[J].Heart Rhythm.2004,1:14-23.
[118]Bosen DM et al.Electrophysiologic testing[J].Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing.2003,22(1):10-19.
[119]Farre J,Anderson RH,Cabrera JA,et al.Fluoroscopic cardiac anatomy for catheter[J].PACE.2002,25:76-94.
[120]Jsabir Sra,Thomas JM.New techniques for mapping cardiac arrhythmias[J].Indian Heart Journal.2001,53:423-444.
[121]Friedman PA.Novel Mapping techniques for cardiac electrophysiology[J].Heart.2002,87:575-582.
[122]Calkins H.Three dimensional mapping of atrial fibrillation:techniques and necessity[J].Journal of Interventional Caridac Electrophysiology.2005,13:53-59.
[123]Malkin RA,Kramer N,Schnitz B,et al.Advances in electrical and mechanical cardiac mapping[J].Institute of Physics Publishing.2005,26:1-14.
[124]Schilling RJ,Peters NS,Davies DW,et al.Simultaneous endocardial mapping in the human left ventricle using a noncontact catheter:Comparison of contact and reconstructed electrograms during sinus rhythm[J].Circulation.1998,98(887-898).
[125]St.Jude Medical.[EB/OL].St Paul,MN,USA:[2008].http://www.sjm.com.
[126]Asirvatham S,Packer DL.Validation of non-contact mapping to localize the site of simulated pulmonary vein ectopic foci[abstract][J].Circulation.2000,102:0-441.
[127]Hindricks G,Kottkamp H.Simultaneous noncontact mapping of left atrium in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J].Circulation.2001,104:297-303.
[128]Gepstein L,Hayam G,Berrhaim SA,et al.A novel method for nonfluoroscopic catheter-based electroanatomical mapping of the heart:in vitro and in vivo accuracy results[J].Circulation.1997,96(7):1611.
[129]Biosense Webster,Inc.[EB/OL].Diamond Bar,CA,USA:[2008].http://www.biosensewebster.com.
[130]Boston Scientific,Inc.[EB/OL].San Jose,CA,USA:[2008].http://www.bostonscientific.com.
[131]Hoffmann E,Reithmann C,Nimmermann P,et al.Clinical experimence with electroanatomic mapping of ectopic atrial tachycardia[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.2002,25:49-56.
[132]Stevenson WG,Delacretaz E,Friedman PL,et al.Indentification and ablation of macroreentrant venticular tachycarida with the CARTO electroanatomical mapping system[J].PACE.1998,21(7):1448.
[133]Gepstein L,Steven JE.Electroanatomical maaping of the heart:basic concepts and implication for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias[J].PACE.1998,21(6):1268.
[134]Gepstein Lior,Hayam G,Ben-Haim SA.A new method for nonfluoroscopic catheter-based electroanatomical mapping of the heart:in vitro and in vivo accuracy results[J].Circulation.1997,95:1611-1622.
[135]Wittkampf FHM,Wever EFD,Derksen R,et al.LocaLisa:New Technique for Real-Time 3-Dimensional Localization of Regular Intracardiac Electrodes[J].Circulation.1999,99:1312-1317.
[136]Wittkampf FHM,Wever EF,Derksen R,et al.Accuracy of the LocaLisa system in catheter ablation procedures[J].Journal of Electrocardiol.1999,32(suppl):7-12.
[137]Wittkampf FHM.Catheter mapping system and method[P].US Patent:5697377,1997-12-16.
[138]Wittkampf FHM.Catheter location system and method[P].US Patent:5983126,1999-9-9.
[139]Kirchhof P,Loh P,Eckardt L,et al.A novel nonfluoroscopic catheter visualization system(Localisa) to reduce radiation exposure during catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.2002,90:340-343.
[140]Hauck JA,Schweitzer JA,Craven M,et al.Method and apparatus for catheter navigation and location and mapping in the heart[P].US Patent:2004/0254437,2004-12-16.
[141]Sra J,Hauck J,Krum D,et al.Three-dimensional right atrial geometery construction and catheter tracking using cutaneous patches[J].Journal of Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.2003,14:897.
[142]Rotter M,Takahashi Y,Sanders P,et al.Reduction of fluoroscopy exposure and procedure duration during abaltion atrial fibrillation using a novel anatomical navigation system[J]. Journal of Europe Heart.2005,26:1415-1421.
[143]de Groot N,Bootsma M,et al.Three-Dimensional Catheter Positioning During Radiofrequency Ablation in Patients-First Application of a Real-Time Position Management System[J].Journal of Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.2000,11:1183-1192.
[144]Schreieck J,Ndrepepa G,Zrenner B,et al.Radiofrequency ablation of cardiac arrhythmias using a three-dimensional real-time position management and mapping system[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.2002,25:1183-1192.
[145]Ben-haim SA.Catheter navigation in modern electrophysiology[J].Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology.2000,11(11):1193-1195.
[146]Meye SA.Instrumentation and methods for intracardiac catheter tracking:application of ultrasonic ranging and similarity structure analysis[D].Durham NC,USA:Duke University,2000.
[147]Baltes H,Fedder K Korivink JG.Sensors Update[M].Berlin:Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA,Weinheim,2004:109-147.
[148]Haga yoichi,Esashi M.Biomedical microsystems for minimally invasive diagonis and treatment[J].Proceedings of the IEEE.2004,92(1):98-114.
[149]Kochli VD,McKinnon GC,Hofmann E et al.Vascular interventions guided by ultrafast MR imaging:evaluation of different materials.[J].Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging.1994,31:309-314.
[150]Rubin DL,Ratner AV Young SW.Magnetic susceptibility effects and their application in the development of new ferromagnetic catheters for magnetic resonance imaging[J].Investigative Radiology.1990,25:1325-1332.
[151]Ackerman JL,Offut MC,Buxton RB et al.Rapid 3D tracking of small RF coils[A].In:The fifth annual meeting of the society of magnetic Resonance in Mdedicine[C].Montreal:1986:1131.
[152]Dumoulin CL,Souza SP,Darrow RD.Real-time position monitoring of invasive devices using magnetic resonance[J].Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging.1993,29(2):411-415.
[153]Smith SW,Light ED,Edriss SF.Feasibility study of real-time three-dimensional intracardiac echocardiography for gudance of enterventional electropyhsiology[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.2002,25(3):351-357.
[154]Raab FH,Blood EB Steiner TO.Magnetic position and orientation tracking system[J].IEEE Transctions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.1979,15(5):709-718.
[155]Kuipers J.Object tracking and orientation determination means,system,and process[P].US Patent:3868565,1975-2-25.
[156]Kuipers J.Tracking and determining orientation of object using coordinate transformation means,system and process[P].US Patent:3983474,1976-9-26.
[157]Raab FH.Remote object position locator[P].US Patent:40054881,1977-10-18.
[158]Raab FH.Remote object position and orientation locater[P].US Patent:4314251,1982-2-2.
[159]Sasada I,Yamauchi T.Vibrational noise canceling technique for low-frequency,low-level magnetic field measurement[J].IEEE Transctions on Mangetics.1995,31:3406-3408.
[160]Blood EB.Device for quantitatively measuring the relative position and orientation of two bodies[P].US Patent:4849692,1989-2-19.
[161]Ben-Haim S.Apparatus and method for ablation[P].US Patent:5443489,199-8-22.
[162]Paperno E,Sasada I,Lconovich E.A new method for magnetic position and orientation tracking[J].IEEE Transctions on Magnetics.2001,37(4):1938-1940.
[163]Kirsch SR,Schilling CJ.Errors in systems using magnetic field to locate objects[P].US Patent: 6553326,2003-4-22.
[164]Ashe.magnetic field permeable barrier for magnetic position messurement system[P].US Patent:6246231_B1,2001-3-10.
[165]Schlageter V,Besse PA,Popovich RS,et al.Tracking system with five degrees of freedom using a 2D-array of hall sensors and a permanent magnet[J].Sensors and Actuators A.2001,92:37-42.
[166]Plotkin A,Paperno E.3D Magnetic tracking of a single subminiature coil with a large 2D-array of uniaxial transmitters[J].IEEE Transctions on Magnetics.2003,39(5):3295-3297.
[167]Kindratenko VV.A survey of electromagnetic position tracker calibration techniques[J].Virtual Reality.2000,5:169-182.
[168]Wilson E.Accuracy analysis of electromagnetic tracking within medical enviroments[D].Wahington DC,USA:The Catholic University of America,2006.
[169]王文艇.人体阻抗模型分析[J].中国医学物理学杂志.2005,22(6):736-738.
[170]Miller WT,Geselowitz DB.Simulation studies of the electrocardiogram[J].Circulation Research.1978,43(2):301-315.
[171]Tung L.A bidomain model for describing ischemic myocardial D-C potentials[D].Cambridege,Mass,USA:Massachusettes Institute of Technology,1978.
[172]Barnard ACL,et al.The application of electromagnetic theory to electrocardiology Ⅱ:Numerical solution of the integral equtions[J].Journal of Biophysics.1967,5:463-491.
[173]Karlon WJ,Lehr JL,Eisenberg SR.Finite element models of thoracic conductive anatomy:sensitivity to changes in inhomogeneity and anisotropy[J].IEEE transctions on Biomedical Engineering.1994,41(11):1010-1017.
[174]Camacho MA,Lehr JL,Eisenberg SR.A three-dimensional finite element model of human transthoracic defibrillation:paddle placement and size[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Enigneering.1995,42(6):572-578.
[175]Panescu D,Webster JG,Stratbucker RA.Modeling current density distributions during transcutaneous cardiac pacing[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.1994,41(6):549-555.
[176]Panescu D,Webster JG,Tompkins WJ,et al.Optimization of cardiac defibrillation by three-dimensional finite element modeling of the human thorax[J].IEEE Transctions on Biomedical Engineering.1995,42(2):185-191.
[177]de Jongh AL,Entcheva E,Replogle JA,et al.Determining the level of complexity required to model thransvenous defibrillation fields[J].IEEE Computers in Cardiology.1997,24:239-242.
[178]de Jongh AL,Entcheva E,et al.Effects of cardiac anisotropy on modeling transvenous defibrillation in the human thorax[A].In:19th International Conference- IEEE/EMBS[C].Chicago,IL,USA:1997
[179]Hunter PJ,McCulloch AD,et al.Modeling the mechanical properties of cardiac muscle[J].Prog Biochem Biophys.1998,69:289-331.
[180]Sachse FB,Werner CD,et al.Development of a human body model for numicarl calculation of electrical fields[J].Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics.2000,24:165-171.
[181]Macleod RS,Johnson CR,Parker SG.Construction of an inhomogeneous model of the human torso for use in computational electrocardiography[A].In:IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society 13th annual international conference[C].Lyon,France:1991:688-689.
[182]夏灵.基于心电仿真模型参数解的心电逆问题研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,1996.
[183]夏灵,吕维雪.基于虚拟心脏的心电逆问题求解[J].中国生物医学工程学报.1998,17(4): 301-309.
[184]朱浩等.全心脏电生理模型的仿真应用[J].生物医学工程学杂志.2003,20(1):86-90.
[185]Gulrajani RM.The forward and inverse problems of electrocardiography[J].IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology.1998,Sept/Oct:84-122.
[186]He B,Li GL,Zhang X.Noninvasive three-dimensional activation time imaging of ventricular excitation by means of a heart-excitation model[J].Physics in Medicine and biology.2002,47:4063-4078.
[187]Jonhson CR.The generalized inverse problem in electrocardiography:,theoretical,computational,and experimental results[D].Salt Lake City,UT,USA:The Uinversity of Utah,1990.
[188]Zhu X,Wei DM.Computer simulation of intracardiac potential with whole-heart model[j].International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications.2007,3(1):100-122.
[189]Oster HS,Taocardi B,Lux RL,Ershler PR and Rudy Y.Noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging:reconstruction of epicardial potentials,electrograms,and isochrones and localization of single and multiple electrocardiac events[j].Circulation.1997,96:1012-1024.
[190]Johnson CR,Macleod RS,Parker SG,et al.Biomedical computing and visualization software environments[J].Communications of the ACM.2004,47(11):64-71.
[191]Johnson CR.Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute of University of Utah[EB/OL].Salte Lake City,UT,USA:[2006].http://sci.utah.edu.
[192]Usui M,Callihan RL,Walker R G,et al.Epicardial sock mapping following monophasic and biphasic shocks of equal voltage with an endocardial lead system[J].Journal of Cardiovascular electrophysiology.1996,7(2):322-324.
[193]Deale OC,Ng KT,Ellen JKH,Bruce BL.Calibrated single-plunge bipolar wlectrode array for mapping myocardial vector fields in three dimensions during high-voltage transthoracic defibrillation[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.2001,48(8):898-910.
[194]Natarajan R,Seshadri V.Electric-field distribution in the human body using finite-element method[J].Medical and Biological Engineering.1976,September:489-493.
[195]Ahmed M,Blilie D,Barker RL,et al.Electric current pathways in the human thorax[J].Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.1990,12(2):642-643.
[196]Papazov S,Brandiski K,Daskalov I.Optimization of the defibrillation current density in the heart region by a two-layer segmented electrode[J].Journal of Medical Enigneering &Technology.2001,25(1):28-33.
[197]Karlon WJ,Eisenberg SR,Lehr JL.Effects of paddle placement and size on defibrillation current distribution:a three-dimensional finite element model[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.1993,40(1):246-255.
[198]Kramer NR,Manfra JL,de Jongh AL,et al.Optimizing dual threshold shocks with right- and left- ventricular electrodes:simulating defibrillation with a human thorax model[A].In:Proceedings of the 22nd Annual EMBS International Conference[C].Chicago IL,USA:2000:2110-2113.
[199]Krasteva V.Finite element modeling approach of optimal electrode configuration in atrial pacing[J].IEEE Computers in Cardiology.2003,30:441-444.
[200]Plonsey R,Heppner DB.Considerations of quasistationalrity in electrophysiological systems[J].Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics.1967,29(4):657-664.
[201]王长清.现代计算电磁学基础[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005:57-80.
[202]李瑞遐.有限元法与边界远法[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1993:9-43.
[203]Geddes LA,Baker LE.The specific resistance of biological material:a compendium of data for the biomedical engineer and physiologist[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.1967,5:271-293.
[204]Rush S,Abildskov JA,McFee R.Resistivity of body tissues at low frequencies[J].Circulation Research.1963,12:40-50.
[205]Tacker WA,Mecer J,Foley P,et al.Resistivity of skeletal muscle,skin,fat and lung to defibrillation schocks[A].In:Proceedings of 19th AMMI Annu.Mtg[C].Washigton DC,USA:1984:81.
[206]Geddes LA,Niebanet MJ,Baabs CF.Fundamental criteria underlying the efficacy and safety of defibrillation current waveforms[J].Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing.1985,23:122-130.
[207]Charbounier FM.External defibrillations and emergency external pacemakers[J].Proceedings of the IEEE.1996,84(3):487-499.
[208]Ideker RE,et al.Mechanisms of defibrillation[A].In:Taeker WA Jr(ed).Defibrillation of the Heart:ICDS,AEDs and Manual[M],St.Louis:Mosby-Year Book,1994,15-45.
[209]Jones JL.Waveforms for ICD's and transchest defibrillation[A].In:Tacker WA Jr(ed).Defibrillation of the Heart:ICDS,AEDs and Manual[M],St.Louis:Mosby-Year Book,1994,80-105.
[210]Rush S,Lepeschkin E,Gregoritsch A.Current distribution from defibrillation electrodes in homogeneous torso model[J].Journal of Eletrocardiol.1969,2(4):331-342.
[211]Ideker RE,Wolf PD,Alferness C,et al.Current concepts for selecting the location,size and shape of defibrillation electrodes[J].PACE.1991,14:227-240.
[212]Krasteva VT,Papazov S.Estimation of current density distribution under electrodes for external defibrillation[J].Biomedical Engineering Online.2002,http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com.
[213]deGaravilla L.Resistivity of canine myocardial tissue and blood to defibrillationr-type shocks[A].In:Proceedings of 16th AMMI Annu.meet.[C].Washigton DC,USA:1981:28.
[214]deGaravilla L.Resistivity of canine myocardial tissue and blood to defibrillator-type shocks[D].Indiana,USA:Purdue University,1982.
[215]Witsoe DA,Kinnen E.Electrical resistivity of lung at 100kHz[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.1967,5:239-248.
[216]Irnich W.Threshold measurements:ten rules for good measuring practice[J].PACE.2003,26:1738-1746.
[217]Endocardial Solutions Inc.Ensite system version 5 instructions for use international edition[EB/OL].St.Paul,MN,USA:2004.
[218]St Jude Medical Inc.Ensite 6 Training Guide[EB/OL].St.Paul,MN,USA:2006.
[219]Krum D,Goel A,Hauck J,et al.Catheter location,tracking,cardiac chamber geometry creation,and ablation using cutaneous patches[J].Jounal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology.2005,12:17-22.
[220]张贤达.现代信号处理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2001:154-159.
[221]汪源源.现代信号处理理论和方法[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2002:92-101.
[222]杨福生,高上凯.生物医学信号处理[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989:439-460.
[223]Alexander ST.Adaptive signal processing:theory and applications[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1986.
[2]蒋文平.欧洲2004心脏病年会有关心律失常研究的概况[J].中国心脏起搏与心电生理杂志.2004,18(6):91-92.
[3]Myerburg RJ,Castellanos A.Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death[A].In:Braunwald E.Heart Diease:A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine,6th ed[M],Philadelphia:WB Saunders,2001,890-931.
[4]Zheng ZJ,Croft JB,Giles WH.Sudden cardiac death in the United States,1989 to 1998[J].Circulation.2001,104:2158-2163.
[5]Huikuri HV,Castellanos A,Myerburg RJ.Sudden death due to cardiac arrhythmias[J].The New England Journal of Medicine.2001,345:1473-1478.
[6]Myerburg RJ.Scieftific gaps in the prediction and prevention of sudden cardiac death[J].Journal of Cariovasc Electrophysiol.2002,13:709-723.
[7]Cobb LA,Werner JA,Trobaugh GB.Sudden cardiac death:Ⅰ.A decade's experience with out-of-hospital resuscitation[J].Mod Concepts Cardiovasc Dis.1980,49:31.
[8]Zhou XH,Daubert JP,Wolf PD,et al.Epicardial mapping of ventricular defibrillation with monophasic and biphasic shocks in dogs[J].Circulation Research.1993,72:145-160.
[9]Zipes DP,Fischer J,King RM,et al.Termination of ventricular fibrillation in dogs by depolarizing a critical amount of myocardium.[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1975,36:37-44.
[10]Mover MM,Mirowski M,Spear JF,et al.Patterns of ventricular activity during catheter defibrillation[J].Circulation.1974,49:858-861.
[11]Gurvich NL,Yuneiv GS.Restoration of regular rhythm in the management fibrillating heart[J].American Review of Soviet Medicine.1946,3:236-239.
[12]Wiggers CJ.The physiologic basis for cardiac resuscitation from ventricular defrillation:Method for serial defibrillation[J].American Heart Journal.1940,20:413-422.
[13]MacWilliam JA.Some applications of physiology to medicine:Ⅱ Ventricular fibrillation and sudden death[J].British Medical Journal.1923:7-43.
[14]Janse MJ.A Brief History of Sudden Cardiac Death and Its Therapy[J].Pharmacology &Therapeutics.2003,100:89-99.
[15]Haines DE.The biophysics of radiofrequency catheter ablation in the heart[J].PACE.1993,16(3):586-591.
[16]Markides V,Segal OR,ToMato F.et al.Mapping[A].In:Jalife J.Zipes DP.Cardiac electrophysiology:from cell to bedside 4th ed[M],Philadephia:Elsevier Inc.,2004,858-868.
[17]马长生,汤日波.心房颤动的导管消融技术[A].见:胡大一,郭继鸿.中国心律学2008[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2008,447-457.
[18]Quyang F,Ernst S,Chun J,et al.Electrophysiological findings during ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation with electroanatomic mapping and double Lasso catheter technique[J].Circulation.2005,112:3038-3048.
[19]Oral H,Knight BP,Ozaydin M,et al.Segmental ostial ablation to isolate the pulmonary veins during atrial fibrillation:feasibility and mechanistic insights[J].Circulation.2002,106:1256-1262.
[20]Poppone C,Oreto G,Lamberti F,et al.Catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation using a 3D mapping system[J].Circulation.1999,100:1203-1208.
[21]Haissaguerre M,Jais P,Shah DC.Right and left atrial radiofrequency catheter therapy of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J].Journal of Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.1996,7:1132-1144.
[22]Haissaguerre M,Gencel L,Fischer B,et al.Successful catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation[J].Journal of Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.1994,5:1045-1052.
[23]Wolf PA,Benjamin EJ,Belanger AJ,et al.Secular trends in the prevalence of atrial fibrillation:The framingham Study[J].American Heart Journal.1996,131:790-795.
[24]Wolf Pa,Mitchell JB,Baker CS,et al.Impact of atrial fibrillation on mortality,stroke,and medical costs.[J].Archives of Internal Medicine.1998,98:946-952.
[25]沈卫峰.美国2007年心脏病和脑卒中的统计结果概述[A].见:胡大一。马长生.心脏病学实践2007--新进展与临床案例[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2007,19-26.
[26]周自强,胡大一,陈捷等.中国心房颤动现状流行病学研究[J].中华内科学杂志.2004,43(7):491-494.
[27]Van Gelder IC,Hagens VE,Bosker HA,et al.for the rate control versus electrical cardioversions for persistent atrial fibrillation study group.A comparison of rote control and rhythm control in patients with recurrent persistent atrial fibrillation.[J].The New England Journal of Medicine.2002,347:1834-1840.
[28]Sopher SM,Camm AJ.Atrial fibrillation:Maintenance of sinus rhythm versus rote control[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1996,77:24-37.
[29]胡大一.我国心房颤动治疗的基本策略[A].见:胡大一,郭继鸿.中国心律学2008[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2008,433-435.
[30]Berenfeld O.Mechanisms of Maintenance of atrial fibrillation[A].In:Jalife J.Zipes DP.Cardiac electrophysiology:from cell to bedside 4th ed[M],Philadephia:Elsevier Inc.,2004,363-374.
[31]Nattel S,Ebrlich JR.Atrial fibrillation[A].In:Jalife J.Zipes DP.Cardiac electrophysiology:from cell to bedside 4th ed[M],Philadephia:Elsevier Inc.,2004,512-522.
[32]胡大一,杨进刚.导管消融不宜作为心房颤动的一线治疗(争鸣一)[A].见:胡大一,郭继鸿.中国心律学2008[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2008,478-480.
[33]刘少稳.导管消融可作为心房颤动的一线治疗(争鸣二)[A].见:胡大一,郭继鸿.中国心律学2008[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2008,481-484.
[34]Oral H,Knight BP,Tada H,et al.Pulmonary vein isolation for paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation[J].Circulation.2002,105:1077-1081.
[35]Natale A,Pisano E,Shewchik J,et al.First human experience with pulmonary vein isolation using a through-the balloon circumferential ultrasound ablation system for recurrent atrial fibrillation[J].Circulation.2000,102:1879-1882.
[36]Pappone C,Rosanio S,Oreto G,et al.Circumferential radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary vein ostia:a new anatomic approach for curing atrial fibrillation[J].Circulaiton.2000,102:2619-2628.
[37]Guerra PG,Lesh MD.The role of nonpharmacologic therapies for the treatment of atrial fibrillation[J].Journal Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.1999,10:450-460.
[38]Haissaguerre M,Jais P,Shah DC,et al.Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats orrignation in the pulmonary veins[J].The New England Journal of Medicine.1998,339:659-666.
[39]杨延宗.心房颤动的导管射频消融治疗--2007年的共识与问题[A].见:胡大一,马长生.心脏病学实践2007--新进展与临床案例[M],北京:人民卫生出版社,2007,452-458.
[40]Williams PL,Warwick R.Gray's Anatomy 37th ed.[M].Edinburgh U.K:Churchill Livingstone,1989:1598-1600.
[41]Einthoven W.Weiteres über das Elektrokardiogramm[J].Pfluger's Arch Ges Physiol.1908,122:517-548.
[42]Granit R.Receptors and Sensory Perception[M].New Haven:Yale University Press,1955:369-380.
[43]Malmivuo J,Plonsey R.Bioelectromagnetism:principles and applications of bioelectric and biomagnetic fields[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1995.
[44]Hille B.Ionic channels of excitable membranes,3rd ed[M].Sunderland MA.:Sinauer Associates,Inc.,2001:102-108.
[45]李忠成等.临床心脏电生理学[M].天津:天津科学技术出版社,1989:3-67.
[46]Laurita KR,Rosenbaum DS.Restitution,repolarization,and alternans as arrhythmogenic substrates[A].In:Jalife J.Zipes DP.Cardiac electrophysiology:from cell to bedside 4th ed[M],Philadephia:Elsevier Inc.,2004,232-241.
[47]方祖祥.埋植式心脏复律除颤器[J].中国医疗器械信息.2003,9(2):7-11.
[48]Geddes LA,Hamlin R.The first human heart defibrillation[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1983,52:403-405.
[49]Schechter DC.Exploring the Origins of Electrical Cardiac Stimulation[M].Minneapolis,Minn.USA:Medtronic Inc.,1983:150.
[50]Snellen HA.Hisory of Cardiology.[M].Rotterdam:Donker Academic Publications,1984:141.
[51]Waldo AL,Akhtar M,Brugada P et al.NASPE policy statement:the minimally appropriate electropyhsiologic study for the initial assessment of patients with documented sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.1985,8:918.
[52]郭继鸿.新概念心电图(第三版)[M].北京:北京大学医学出版社,2007:396-448.
[53]Jones JL,Tovar OH.The mechanism of defibrillation and cardioversion[J].Proceedings of the IEEE.1996,84(3):392-403.
[54]Marchlinski FE.External defibrillatiors and emergency external pacemakers[J].Proceedings of the IEEE.1996,84(3):481-499.
[55]Faddy SC.Biphasic and monophasic shocks for transthoracic defibrillation:a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials[J].Resuscitation.2003,58:9-16.
[56]Prevost JL,Batelli.Sur quell ques effects des dechanges electriques sur le coer mammifres[J].Comptes Rendus des Seances de L'Academic des Sciences.1899,129:1267.
[57]Zoll PM.Termination of ventricular fibrillation in man by externally applied electric countershock[J].The New England Journal of Medicine.1956,254(16):727-732.
[58]Lown B.Comparison of alternating current with direct current electroshock across the closed chest[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1962:223-233.
[59]Mirowski M.The automatic implantable cardiovcrter/dcfibrillator:An overview[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1985,6:461.
[60]Feldman A,Klein H,Tchou P.New therapeutic option for patients with time-dependent risk of suddencardiac death[J].Journal of the American College of Cardiology.2002,39:101A.
[61]Marchlinski FE.The automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator:efficacy,complications,and device failures[J].Annals of Internal Medicine.1986,104:481-488.
[62]Munsif AN.Low-energy endocardial defibrillation using dual,triple,and quadruple electrode systems[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1997,79:1632-1639.
[63]Schaumann A.Enhanced detection criteria in implantable cardioverter-defibrillators to avoid inappropriate therapy[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1996,78(suppl 5A):42-50.
[64]Tacker WA.Defibrillation of the Heart:ICDS,AEDs and Manual[M].St.Louis:Mosby-Year Book,1994:1-20.
[65]Andr é MB.Preliminary in-hospital experience with a fully automatic external cardioverter-defibrillator[J].Resuscitation.2004,63:11-16.
[66]Weisfeldt ML,Kerber RE,McGoldrick RP,et al.American Heart Association report on Public Access Defibrillation Conference,December 8-10,1994:Automatic External Defibrillation Task Force.[J].Circulation.1995,92:684-692.
[67]Dudel J,et al.Elektrophysiologische grundiagen der defibrillation und kunstlichen stimulation des herzens[J].Med Klin.1968,63:2089-2091.
[68]Fabiato A,Coumel P,Gourgon R,et al.Le seuil de réponse synchrone des fibres myocardiques.Application a la comparaison expérimentale de l'efficacite des différentes formes de chocs électriques de défibrillation[J].Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss.1967,60:527-544.
[69]Bohumil P.Optimal parameters of electrical impulsed for defibrillation by condenser discharges[J].Circulation Research.1966,ⅩⅧ:10-17.
[70]Wan KY et al.Ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation thresholds in sheep and dogs[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A.1998,121:77-82.
[71]Fotnhi PC,et al.Energy levels for defibrillation:what is of real clinical importance[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1999,83:24-33.
[72]Wharton JM,Wolf PD,Smith WM,et al.Cardiac potential and potential gradient fields generated by single,combined,and sequential shocks during ventricular defibrillation[J].Circulation.1992,85:1510-1523.
[73]Lerman BB,Deale OS.Relation between transcardiac and transthoracic current during defibrillation in humans.[J].Circulation Research.1990,67:1420-1426.
[74]Pagan-Carlo LA,Stone MS,Kerber RE.Nature and determinants of skin burns after transthoracic cardioversion[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1997,79:689-691.
[75]Van Fleet JF,Tracker WA.Cardiac damage from transchest and ICD defibrillator shocks.[A].In:Tracker WA Jr.Defibrillation of the Heart:ICDS,AEDs and Manual[M],St.Louis:Mosby-Year Book,1994,259-298.
[76]Osswald S,Trouton TG,O'Nunain SS,et al.Relation between shock related myocardial injury and defibrillation efficacy of monophasic and biphasic shocks in a canine model[J].Circulation.1994,90:2501-2509.
[77]Walcott GP,et al.Do clinically relevant transthoracic defibrillation energies cause myocardial damage and dysfunction[J].Resuscitation.2003,59:59-70.
[78]Walsh SJ,et al.Efficacy of distinct energy delivery protocols comparing two biphasic defibrillators for cardiac arrest[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.2004,94:378-380.
[79]Ideker RE,Huang J,Walcott GP.Defibrillation Waveforms[A].In:Jalife J.Zipes DP.Cardiac electrophysiology:from cell to bedside 4th ed[M],Philadephia:Elsevier Inc.,2004,426-432.
[80]Calle PA,et al.Equivalence of the standard monophasic waveform shocks delivered by automated external defibrillators?[J].Resuscitation.2002,53:41-46.
[81]Achleitner U,et al.Waveform analysis of biphasic external defibrillators[J].Resuscitation.2001,50:61-70.
[82]Kontos MC,et al.Factors associated with elevated impedance with a nonthoracotomy defibrillation lead system[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.1997,79:48-52.
[83]Niemann JT,et al.Transthoracic impedance does not decrease with rapidly repeated countershocks in a swine cardiac arrest model[J].Resuscitation.2003,56:91-95.
[84]Atkins DL,Kerber RE.Pediatric defibrillation:current flow is improved by using "adult"paddle electrodes[J].Pediatrics.1994,94:90-93.
[85]Aubert AE,et al.Defibrillation threshold using different electrode configurations[J].Computers in Cardiology.1995:805-808.
[86]Pagan-Cardo La,Spencer KT,Robertson CE,et al.Transthoracic defibrillation:Importance of avoiding electrode placement directly on the female breast[J].Journal of the American College of Cardiology.1996,27:449-452.
[87]Heames RM,et al.Do doctors position defibrillation paddles correctly? Observational study[J].British Medical Journal.2001,322:1393-1394.
[88]Deakin CD,et al.How often should defibrillation pads be changed?:the effect of evaporative drying[J].Resuscitation.2001,48:157-163.
[89]Karlsson G,et al.Does electrode polarity alter the energy requirements for transthoracic biphasic wavefonn defibrillation? Experimental studies[J].Resuscitation.2001,51:77-81.
[90]American Heart Association guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonay resuccitation and emergency cardac care[J].Circulation.2000,102:1-1.
[91]邬小玫.室颤的电活动规律及除颤方法研究[D].上海:复旦大学,2006.
[92]Anthony SL,et al.Measurement of defibrillation shock potential distributions and activation sequences of the heart in three dimensions[J].Proceedings of the IEEE.1988,76(9):1176-1187.
[93]Trnong JH,et al.Current concepts in electrical defibrillation[J].The Journal of Emergency Medicine.1997,15(3):331-338.
[94]Deals OC,et al.Simplified calibration of single-plunge bipolar electrode array for field measurement during defibrillation[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.2002,49(10):1211-1214.
[95]Yoon RS,et al.Measurement of thoracic current flow in pigs for the study of Defibrillation and Cardioversion[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.2003,50(10):1167-1173.
[96]Pagan-Carlo LA,Allan JJ,Spencer KT,et al.Encircling overlapping multipulse shock waveforms for transthoracie defibrllation[J].The American College of Cardiology.1998,32(7):2065-2071.
[97]Robertson C,Steen P,Adgey J,et al.The 1998 European Resuscitation Council guidelines for adult advanced life support:a statement from the Working Group on Advanced Life Support,and approved by teh executive committee.[J].Resuscitation.1998,37:81-90.
[98]American Heart Association in Collaboration with International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation.Guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care:international consensus on science.Part 4.The automated external defibrillator:key link in the chain of survival[J].Circulation.2000,102(Suppl I):60-76.
[99]Christakis DA,Rivara FP.Pediatricians' awareness of and attitudes about four clinical ractice guidelines[J].Pediatrics.1998,101:825-830.
[100]Nurmi J,Rosenberg P,Castren M.Adherence to guidelines when positioning the defibrillation electrodes[J].Resuscitation.2004,61:143-147.
[101]Hohnloser SH,Kuck KH,Lilienthal J.for the PIAF investigators:Rhythm of rate control in atrial fibrillation-pharmacological intervention in atrial fibrillation(PIAF):A randomised trial[J].Lancet.2000,356:1789-1794.
[102]The atrial fibrillation follow-up investigation of rhythm management(AFFIRM) investigators:A comparison of rate control and rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].The New England Journal of Medicine.2002,347:1825-1833.
[103]Nattel S.New ideas about atrial fibrillation 50 years on[J].Nature.2002,415:219-226.
[104]Nattel S.Therapeutic implications of atrial fibrillation mechanisms:Can mechanistic insights be used to improve AF management?[J].Cardiovasc Research.2002,54:347-360.
[105]Chen SA,Heieh MH,Tai CT,et al.Initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating from the pulmonary veins:Electrophysiological characteristics,pharmacological respones,and effects of radiofrequency ablation[J].Circulation.1999,100:1879-1996.
[106]Haissaguerre M,Shah DC,Jais P,et al.Electrophysiological breakthroughs from the left to the pulmonary veins[J].Circulation.2000,102:2463-2465.
[107]Kyaykin Y,Marrouche NF,Sliba W,et al.Pulmonary vein antrum isolation for tratement of atrial fibrillation in patients with valvular heart disease of prior open heart surgery[J].Heart Rhythm.2004,1:33-39.
[108]Quyang F,Bansch D,Erest S,et al.Complete isolation of left atrium surrounding the pulmonary veins:new insights from the double-Lasso technique in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J].Circulation.2004,110:2090-2096.
[109]Pappone C.Rosanio S,Oreto G,et al.Atrial electroanatomical remodeling after circumferential radiofrequency pulmonary vein ablation[J].Circulation.2001,104:2539-2544.
[110]Maloney JD,Milner L,Barold S,et al.Two-staged biatrial linear and focal ablation to restore sinus rhythm in patients with refractory chronic atrial fibrillation[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.1998,21:2527-2532.
[111]Cappato R,Calkins H,Chen SA,et al.World wide survey on the methods,efficacy,and safety of catheter ablation for human atrial fibrillation[J].Circulation.2005,111:1100-1105.
[112]Wang NC et al.Optical mapping of ventricular defibrillation in isolated swine right ventricles demonstration of a postshock isoelectric windrow after near-threshold[J].Circulation.2001,104(2):227-233.
[113]Clark DM et al.Optical transmembrane potential recordings during intracardiac defibrillation-strength shocks[J].Journal of interventional cardiac Electrophysiology.1999,3:109-120.
[114]Bayly PV et al.Estimation of conduction velocity vector fields from 504-channel epicardial mapping data[J].IEEE Transction on Biomedical Engeering.1998,45(5):563-571.
[115]Thompson JA et al.A comparison of two interpolation methods for estimation of electrograms within a two-dimensional epieardial plaque[J].Computers in Cardiology.1999,26:293-296.
[116]Eduardo S et al.Nonsurgical transthoracie epicardial catheter ablation to treat recurrent ventricular tachycardia occurring late after myocardial infarction[J].Journal of the American College of Cardiology.2000,35(6):1442-1450.
[117]Nanthakumar K et al.Epicardial organization of human ventricular fibrillation[J].Heart Rhythm.2004,1:14-23.
[118]Bosen DM et al.Electrophysiologic testing[J].Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing.2003,22(1):10-19.
[119]Farre J,Anderson RH,Cabrera JA,et al.Fluoroscopic cardiac anatomy for catheter[J].PACE.2002,25:76-94.
[120]Jsabir Sra,Thomas JM.New techniques for mapping cardiac arrhythmias[J].Indian Heart Journal.2001,53:423-444.
[121]Friedman PA.Novel Mapping techniques for cardiac electrophysiology[J].Heart.2002,87:575-582.
[122]Calkins H.Three dimensional mapping of atrial fibrillation:techniques and necessity[J].Journal of Interventional Caridac Electrophysiology.2005,13:53-59.
[123]Malkin RA,Kramer N,Schnitz B,et al.Advances in electrical and mechanical cardiac mapping[J].Institute of Physics Publishing.2005,26:1-14.
[124]Schilling RJ,Peters NS,Davies DW,et al.Simultaneous endocardial mapping in the human left ventricle using a noncontact catheter:Comparison of contact and reconstructed electrograms during sinus rhythm[J].Circulation.1998,98(887-898).
[125]St.Jude Medical.[EB/OL].St Paul,MN,USA:[2008].http://www.sjm.com.
[126]Asirvatham S,Packer DL.Validation of non-contact mapping to localize the site of simulated pulmonary vein ectopic foci[abstract][J].Circulation.2000,102:0-441.
[127]Hindricks G,Kottkamp H.Simultaneous noncontact mapping of left atrium in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation[J].Circulation.2001,104:297-303.
[128]Gepstein L,Hayam G,Berrhaim SA,et al.A novel method for nonfluoroscopic catheter-based electroanatomical mapping of the heart:in vitro and in vivo accuracy results[J].Circulation.1997,96(7):1611.
[129]Biosense Webster,Inc.[EB/OL].Diamond Bar,CA,USA:[2008].http://www.biosensewebster.com.
[130]Boston Scientific,Inc.[EB/OL].San Jose,CA,USA:[2008].http://www.bostonscientific.com.
[131]Hoffmann E,Reithmann C,Nimmermann P,et al.Clinical experimence with electroanatomic mapping of ectopic atrial tachycardia[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.2002,25:49-56.
[132]Stevenson WG,Delacretaz E,Friedman PL,et al.Indentification and ablation of macroreentrant venticular tachycarida with the CARTO electroanatomical mapping system[J].PACE.1998,21(7):1448.
[133]Gepstein L,Steven JE.Electroanatomical maaping of the heart:basic concepts and implication for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias[J].PACE.1998,21(6):1268.
[134]Gepstein Lior,Hayam G,Ben-Haim SA.A new method for nonfluoroscopic catheter-based electroanatomical mapping of the heart:in vitro and in vivo accuracy results[J].Circulation.1997,95:1611-1622.
[135]Wittkampf FHM,Wever EFD,Derksen R,et al.LocaLisa:New Technique for Real-Time 3-Dimensional Localization of Regular Intracardiac Electrodes[J].Circulation.1999,99:1312-1317.
[136]Wittkampf FHM,Wever EF,Derksen R,et al.Accuracy of the LocaLisa system in catheter ablation procedures[J].Journal of Electrocardiol.1999,32(suppl):7-12.
[137]Wittkampf FHM.Catheter mapping system and method[P].US Patent:5697377,1997-12-16.
[138]Wittkampf FHM.Catheter location system and method[P].US Patent:5983126,1999-9-9.
[139]Kirchhof P,Loh P,Eckardt L,et al.A novel nonfluoroscopic catheter visualization system(Localisa) to reduce radiation exposure during catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardias[J].The American Journal of Cardiology.2002,90:340-343.
[140]Hauck JA,Schweitzer JA,Craven M,et al.Method and apparatus for catheter navigation and location and mapping in the heart[P].US Patent:2004/0254437,2004-12-16.
[141]Sra J,Hauck J,Krum D,et al.Three-dimensional right atrial geometery construction and catheter tracking using cutaneous patches[J].Journal of Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.2003,14:897.
[142]Rotter M,Takahashi Y,Sanders P,et al.Reduction of fluoroscopy exposure and procedure duration during abaltion atrial fibrillation using a novel anatomical navigation system[J]. Journal of Europe Heart.2005,26:1415-1421.
[143]de Groot N,Bootsma M,et al.Three-Dimensional Catheter Positioning During Radiofrequency Ablation in Patients-First Application of a Real-Time Position Management System[J].Journal of Cardiovasc Electrophysiol.2000,11:1183-1192.
[144]Schreieck J,Ndrepepa G,Zrenner B,et al.Radiofrequency ablation of cardiac arrhythmias using a three-dimensional real-time position management and mapping system[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.2002,25:1183-1192.
[145]Ben-haim SA.Catheter navigation in modern electrophysiology[J].Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology.2000,11(11):1193-1195.
[146]Meye SA.Instrumentation and methods for intracardiac catheter tracking:application of ultrasonic ranging and similarity structure analysis[D].Durham NC,USA:Duke University,2000.
[147]Baltes H,Fedder K Korivink JG.Sensors Update[M].Berlin:Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA,Weinheim,2004:109-147.
[148]Haga yoichi,Esashi M.Biomedical microsystems for minimally invasive diagonis and treatment[J].Proceedings of the IEEE.2004,92(1):98-114.
[149]Kochli VD,McKinnon GC,Hofmann E et al.Vascular interventions guided by ultrafast MR imaging:evaluation of different materials.[J].Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging.1994,31:309-314.
[150]Rubin DL,Ratner AV Young SW.Magnetic susceptibility effects and their application in the development of new ferromagnetic catheters for magnetic resonance imaging[J].Investigative Radiology.1990,25:1325-1332.
[151]Ackerman JL,Offut MC,Buxton RB et al.Rapid 3D tracking of small RF coils[A].In:The fifth annual meeting of the society of magnetic Resonance in Mdedicine[C].Montreal:1986:1131.
[152]Dumoulin CL,Souza SP,Darrow RD.Real-time position monitoring of invasive devices using magnetic resonance[J].Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging.1993,29(2):411-415.
[153]Smith SW,Light ED,Edriss SF.Feasibility study of real-time three-dimensional intracardiac echocardiography for gudance of enterventional electropyhsiology[J].Pacing Clin Electrophysiol.2002,25(3):351-357.
[154]Raab FH,Blood EB Steiner TO.Magnetic position and orientation tracking system[J].IEEE Transctions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems.1979,15(5):709-718.
[155]Kuipers J.Object tracking and orientation determination means,system,and process[P].US Patent:3868565,1975-2-25.
[156]Kuipers J.Tracking and determining orientation of object using coordinate transformation means,system and process[P].US Patent:3983474,1976-9-26.
[157]Raab FH.Remote object position locator[P].US Patent:40054881,1977-10-18.
[158]Raab FH.Remote object position and orientation locater[P].US Patent:4314251,1982-2-2.
[159]Sasada I,Yamauchi T.Vibrational noise canceling technique for low-frequency,low-level magnetic field measurement[J].IEEE Transctions on Mangetics.1995,31:3406-3408.
[160]Blood EB.Device for quantitatively measuring the relative position and orientation of two bodies[P].US Patent:4849692,1989-2-19.
[161]Ben-Haim S.Apparatus and method for ablation[P].US Patent:5443489,199-8-22.
[162]Paperno E,Sasada I,Lconovich E.A new method for magnetic position and orientation tracking[J].IEEE Transctions on Magnetics.2001,37(4):1938-1940.
[163]Kirsch SR,Schilling CJ.Errors in systems using magnetic field to locate objects[P].US Patent: 6553326,2003-4-22.
[164]Ashe.magnetic field permeable barrier for magnetic position messurement system[P].US Patent:6246231_B1,2001-3-10.
[165]Schlageter V,Besse PA,Popovich RS,et al.Tracking system with five degrees of freedom using a 2D-array of hall sensors and a permanent magnet[J].Sensors and Actuators A.2001,92:37-42.
[166]Plotkin A,Paperno E.3D Magnetic tracking of a single subminiature coil with a large 2D-array of uniaxial transmitters[J].IEEE Transctions on Magnetics.2003,39(5):3295-3297.
[167]Kindratenko VV.A survey of electromagnetic position tracker calibration techniques[J].Virtual Reality.2000,5:169-182.
[168]Wilson E.Accuracy analysis of electromagnetic tracking within medical enviroments[D].Wahington DC,USA:The Catholic University of America,2006.
[169]王文艇.人体阻抗模型分析[J].中国医学物理学杂志.2005,22(6):736-738.
[170]Miller WT,Geselowitz DB.Simulation studies of the electrocardiogram[J].Circulation Research.1978,43(2):301-315.
[171]Tung L.A bidomain model for describing ischemic myocardial D-C potentials[D].Cambridege,Mass,USA:Massachusettes Institute of Technology,1978.
[172]Barnard ACL,et al.The application of electromagnetic theory to electrocardiology Ⅱ:Numerical solution of the integral equtions[J].Journal of Biophysics.1967,5:463-491.
[173]Karlon WJ,Lehr JL,Eisenberg SR.Finite element models of thoracic conductive anatomy:sensitivity to changes in inhomogeneity and anisotropy[J].IEEE transctions on Biomedical Engineering.1994,41(11):1010-1017.
[174]Camacho MA,Lehr JL,Eisenberg SR.A three-dimensional finite element model of human transthoracic defibrillation:paddle placement and size[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Enigneering.1995,42(6):572-578.
[175]Panescu D,Webster JG,Stratbucker RA.Modeling current density distributions during transcutaneous cardiac pacing[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.1994,41(6):549-555.
[176]Panescu D,Webster JG,Tompkins WJ,et al.Optimization of cardiac defibrillation by three-dimensional finite element modeling of the human thorax[J].IEEE Transctions on Biomedical Engineering.1995,42(2):185-191.
[177]de Jongh AL,Entcheva E,Replogle JA,et al.Determining the level of complexity required to model thransvenous defibrillation fields[J].IEEE Computers in Cardiology.1997,24:239-242.
[178]de Jongh AL,Entcheva E,et al.Effects of cardiac anisotropy on modeling transvenous defibrillation in the human thorax[A].In:19th International Conference- IEEE/EMBS[C].Chicago,IL,USA:1997
[179]Hunter PJ,McCulloch AD,et al.Modeling the mechanical properties of cardiac muscle[J].Prog Biochem Biophys.1998,69:289-331.
[180]Sachse FB,Werner CD,et al.Development of a human body model for numicarl calculation of electrical fields[J].Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics.2000,24:165-171.
[181]Macleod RS,Johnson CR,Parker SG.Construction of an inhomogeneous model of the human torso for use in computational electrocardiography[A].In:IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society 13th annual international conference[C].Lyon,France:1991:688-689.
[182]夏灵.基于心电仿真模型参数解的心电逆问题研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,1996.
[183]夏灵,吕维雪.基于虚拟心脏的心电逆问题求解[J].中国生物医学工程学报.1998,17(4): 301-309.
[184]朱浩等.全心脏电生理模型的仿真应用[J].生物医学工程学杂志.2003,20(1):86-90.
[185]Gulrajani RM.The forward and inverse problems of electrocardiography[J].IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology.1998,Sept/Oct:84-122.
[186]He B,Li GL,Zhang X.Noninvasive three-dimensional activation time imaging of ventricular excitation by means of a heart-excitation model[J].Physics in Medicine and biology.2002,47:4063-4078.
[187]Jonhson CR.The generalized inverse problem in electrocardiography:,theoretical,computational,and experimental results[D].Salt Lake City,UT,USA:The Uinversity of Utah,1990.
[188]Zhu X,Wei DM.Computer simulation of intracardiac potential with whole-heart model[j].International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications.2007,3(1):100-122.
[189]Oster HS,Taocardi B,Lux RL,Ershler PR and Rudy Y.Noninvasive electrocardiographic imaging:reconstruction of epicardial potentials,electrograms,and isochrones and localization of single and multiple electrocardiac events[j].Circulation.1997,96:1012-1024.
[190]Johnson CR,Macleod RS,Parker SG,et al.Biomedical computing and visualization software environments[J].Communications of the ACM.2004,47(11):64-71.
[191]Johnson CR.Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute of University of Utah[EB/OL].Salte Lake City,UT,USA:[2006].http://sci.utah.edu.
[192]Usui M,Callihan RL,Walker R G,et al.Epicardial sock mapping following monophasic and biphasic shocks of equal voltage with an endocardial lead system[J].Journal of Cardiovascular electrophysiology.1996,7(2):322-324.
[193]Deale OC,Ng KT,Ellen JKH,Bruce BL.Calibrated single-plunge bipolar wlectrode array for mapping myocardial vector fields in three dimensions during high-voltage transthoracic defibrillation[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.2001,48(8):898-910.
[194]Natarajan R,Seshadri V.Electric-field distribution in the human body using finite-element method[J].Medical and Biological Engineering.1976,September:489-493.
[195]Ahmed M,Blilie D,Barker RL,et al.Electric current pathways in the human thorax[J].Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.1990,12(2):642-643.
[196]Papazov S,Brandiski K,Daskalov I.Optimization of the defibrillation current density in the heart region by a two-layer segmented electrode[J].Journal of Medical Enigneering &Technology.2001,25(1):28-33.
[197]Karlon WJ,Eisenberg SR,Lehr JL.Effects of paddle placement and size on defibrillation current distribution:a three-dimensional finite element model[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.1993,40(1):246-255.
[198]Kramer NR,Manfra JL,de Jongh AL,et al.Optimizing dual threshold shocks with right- and left- ventricular electrodes:simulating defibrillation with a human thorax model[A].In:Proceedings of the 22nd Annual EMBS International Conference[C].Chicago IL,USA:2000:2110-2113.
[199]Krasteva V.Finite element modeling approach of optimal electrode configuration in atrial pacing[J].IEEE Computers in Cardiology.2003,30:441-444.
[200]Plonsey R,Heppner DB.Considerations of quasistationalrity in electrophysiological systems[J].Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics.1967,29(4):657-664.
[201]王长清.现代计算电磁学基础[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2005:57-80.
[202]李瑞遐.有限元法与边界远法[M].上海:上海科技出版社,1993:9-43.
[203]Geddes LA,Baker LE.The specific resistance of biological material:a compendium of data for the biomedical engineer and physiologist[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.1967,5:271-293.
[204]Rush S,Abildskov JA,McFee R.Resistivity of body tissues at low frequencies[J].Circulation Research.1963,12:40-50.
[205]Tacker WA,Mecer J,Foley P,et al.Resistivity of skeletal muscle,skin,fat and lung to defibrillation schocks[A].In:Proceedings of 19th AMMI Annu.Mtg[C].Washigton DC,USA:1984:81.
[206]Geddes LA,Niebanet MJ,Baabs CF.Fundamental criteria underlying the efficacy and safety of defibrillation current waveforms[J].Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing.1985,23:122-130.
[207]Charbounier FM.External defibrillations and emergency external pacemakers[J].Proceedings of the IEEE.1996,84(3):487-499.
[208]Ideker RE,et al.Mechanisms of defibrillation[A].In:Taeker WA Jr(ed).Defibrillation of the Heart:ICDS,AEDs and Manual[M],St.Louis:Mosby-Year Book,1994,15-45.
[209]Jones JL.Waveforms for ICD's and transchest defibrillation[A].In:Tacker WA Jr(ed).Defibrillation of the Heart:ICDS,AEDs and Manual[M],St.Louis:Mosby-Year Book,1994,80-105.
[210]Rush S,Lepeschkin E,Gregoritsch A.Current distribution from defibrillation electrodes in homogeneous torso model[J].Journal of Eletrocardiol.1969,2(4):331-342.
[211]Ideker RE,Wolf PD,Alferness C,et al.Current concepts for selecting the location,size and shape of defibrillation electrodes[J].PACE.1991,14:227-240.
[212]Krasteva VT,Papazov S.Estimation of current density distribution under electrodes for external defibrillation[J].Biomedical Engineering Online.2002,http://www.biomedical-engineering-online.com.
[213]deGaravilla L.Resistivity of canine myocardial tissue and blood to defibrillationr-type shocks[A].In:Proceedings of 16th AMMI Annu.meet.[C].Washigton DC,USA:1981:28.
[214]deGaravilla L.Resistivity of canine myocardial tissue and blood to defibrillator-type shocks[D].Indiana,USA:Purdue University,1982.
[215]Witsoe DA,Kinnen E.Electrical resistivity of lung at 100kHz[J].IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.1967,5:239-248.
[216]Irnich W.Threshold measurements:ten rules for good measuring practice[J].PACE.2003,26:1738-1746.
[217]Endocardial Solutions Inc.Ensite system version 5 instructions for use international edition[EB/OL].St.Paul,MN,USA:2004.
[218]St Jude Medical Inc.Ensite 6 Training Guide[EB/OL].St.Paul,MN,USA:2006.
[219]Krum D,Goel A,Hauck J,et al.Catheter location,tracking,cardiac chamber geometry creation,and ablation using cutaneous patches[J].Jounal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology.2005,12:17-22.
[220]张贤达.现代信号处理[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2001:154-159.
[221]汪源源.现代信号处理理论和方法[M].上海:复旦大学出版社,2002:92-101.
[222]杨福生,高上凯.生物医学信号处理[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1989:439-460.
[223]Alexander ST.Adaptive signal processing:theory and applications[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1986.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |