微生物E蛋白对仔猪营养效应的研究
摘要
本研究通过四个试验较全面的研究了微生物E蛋白对仔猪的营养效应。
试验一：微生物E蛋白组成成分的分析
干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、无氮浸出物含量分别为91．5％、60．8％、
4．46％、3．23％、6．40％、16．65％，总能为19．40MJ／Kg，赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、谷氨酰胺
含量分别为4．38％、1．40％、3．1％，a-淀粉酶、中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶
活性分别为4300U／g、ll5U／g、250U／g、320U／g，有益菌活菌总数5×l0／Kg。
试验二：微生物E蛋白表观消化率、消化能的测定
4头平均体重为30Kg±2Kg的杜×长×大猪用于常规消化率、消化能的测定，结
果如下：粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、无氮浸出物的表观消化率分别为80．40％、71．21％、
43．02％、95．94％，消化能为16．05MJ／Kg。
试验三：微生物E蛋白对仔猪生产性能、腹泻率的影响
本试验将84头平均体重为9．47Kg±0．33Kg的杜×长×大仔猪分为四组，即对照
组(0％微生物E蛋白+4％鱼粉)，处理组l(2％微生物E蛋白+2％鱼粉)、处理组
2(4％微生物E蛋白+0％鱼粉)、处理组3(6％微生物E蛋白+0％鱼粉)，每组3
个重复，每个重复7头。试验期为38天。试验结果显示：对照组和3个处理组的日
增重、日采食量和料重比差异不显著(p>0．05)；处理组2、处理组3的腹泻率显著低
于对照组(p<0．05)，处理组l、处理组2、处理组3分别比对照组降低了O．50％、
2．10％、 2．40％。
试验四：微生物E蛋白对血清指标、肠道菌群、小肠形态及胃肠道pH的影响
本试验在试验三的基础上，每隔2周采血1次，每组采6头，并且每组每次屠杀
3头用以测定微生物E蛋白对血清指标、肠道菌群、小肠形态及胃肠道pH的影响，
结果如下：
(1)血清指标
试验起始后2周，处理组2和处理组3，对血清总蛋白含量的提高，较对照组、
处理组1都有显著提高(p<0．05)；血清谷丙转氨酶随微生物E蛋白的添加量的增大
而相应减小，处理组3最低，比最高的对照组低53．85％，各组间差异显著(p<0．05)，
处理组2、处理组1分别比对照组低40．70％、3 1．83％。
(2)小肠形态
试验起始后2周，十二指肠绒毛长度随微生物E蛋白添加量的增加而增大，处理
组2十二指肠绒毛长度较对照组提高1 3．5 1％(p<0．05)，处理组3十二指肠绒毛长度
较对照组提高16．22％(p<0．01)；十二指肠隐窝各组差异不显著(p>．05)；空肠绒毛
长度，处理组2和对照组差异显著(p<0．05)，比对照组提高23．33％；处理组l、处
理组3极显著高于对照组(p<0．01)，分别比对照组提高30％、40％；空肠隐窝深度
随着微生物E蛋白的添加呈现相应的降低，并且处理组3和对照组差异显著(p 回肠绒毛长度，各处理组高于对照组，处理组3和对照组差异显著(p<0.05)；回肠
隐窝各组没有表现出差异性。试验起始后4周，处理组3的十二指肠绒毛显著高于对
照组(p (p．05)；对小肠隐窝深度没有表现出显
著影响。提示，微生物E蛋白对小肠绒毛长度的增大有一定的促进作用。
(3)肠道菌群
肠道菌群测定结果表明，试验起始后2周，处理组1、处理组2、处理组3盲肠乳
酸杆菌一logl0 CFU/g食糜的值都高于对照组，分别提高了14．2l％、9．76％、14．38％，
并且对照组和各处理组差异显著(p<0．05)；结肠乳酸杆菌一logl0 CFU／g食糜的值，
处理组3最高，比对照组高6．28％，并且差异显著(p<0.05)。试验起始后4周，处
理组l、处理组2、处理组3，盲肠大肠杆菌一loglO CFU/g食糜的值都低于对照组，分
别降低了12．74％、15．12％、14．04％，对照组和各处理组差异极显著(p<0．01)；处
理组1、处理组2、处理组3结肠大肠杆菌一loglO CFU/g食糜的值分别比对照组降低
了5.79％、6．44％、8.58％，处理组3和其余各组差异显著(p 乳酸杆菌一logl0 CFU／g食糜的值极显著高于其它各组(p<0．01)；处理组l、处理组2、
处理组3结肠乳酸杆菌一logl0 CFU/g食糜的值分别比对照组提高0．44％、5．00％、
ll.32％，处理组2、处理组3和其它各组差异极显著(p 物E蛋白对降低盲肠、结肠大肠杆菌的数量，增加乳酸杆菌的数量表现出一定的效果。
(4)胃肠道pH
试验起始后2周，处理组2和处理组3的胃p}{分别比对照组低6.88％、21.96％，
处理组3胃pH显著低于对照组(p pH的趋势。
微生物E蛋白的主要作用物质可以认为是消化酶和有益菌，两者在动物体内互相
协作，是微生物E蛋自发挥作用的主要原因。
我们可推断：此微生物E蛋白是一种新型的生物功能性饲料蛋白，并且作为一种
仔猪饲料蛋白源对提高仔猪消化机能有一定价值。
The nutritional effects of the microbe E protein was comprehensively determined in this study by four experiments.
Exp.l :The analysis on the composition of the microbe E protein The DM、 CP、 EE、 CF、 ASH、 NFE were respectively 91.54%、 60.80%、 4.46%、 3.23%、 6.40%, 16.65% and GE was 19.40MJ/Kg. Lys、 Met and Gln were 4.38%、 1,40% and 3.1% separately. The activity of a-amylase、 neutral-protease、 acid-protease and cellulase were 4300U/g、 115U/g、 250U/g and 320U/g respectively. The number of beneficial bacteria was totally 5×109/Kg.
Exp.2:The determination of apparent digestibility and digestible energy Four Duroc -X Landrace X Yorkshine pigs averaged 30Kg ± 2Kg were used in determination of regular digestibility and digestible energy. The results showed: The apparent digestibility of CP、EE、 CF、 NFE were 80.40% 、 71.21%、 43.02%、 95.94% and DE was 16.05MJ / Kg separately.
Exp.3:The effect of microbe E protein on performance and diarrhea rate of piglet
Eighty four Duroc X Landrace X Yorkshine piglets averaged 9.47Kg±0.33Kg were divided into four groups with 21 for each group in which there were 3X7 individuals as triplica. The four groups were control group (0%microbe E protein+4%fish meal)、 treated group 1 ( 2%microbe E protein+2%fish meal ) 、 treated group2 ( 4%microbe E protein+0%fish meal) and treated group3 (6%microbe E protein+0%fish meal) .The experiment period was 38 days. The results showed: the difference of ADGs ADFI and F/G was not significant among groups(p>0.05). The diarrhea rate of treated-group2 and treated-group3 were significantly lower than that of control group(p<0.05). The diarrhea rate of treated-groupK treated-group2 and treated-group3 were respectively lowed by 0.5%、 2.1%、 2.4%.
Exp.4: The effect of microbe E protein on serum parameters 、 intestinal configuration、 enteric microflora and gastrointestinal pH
This experiment was on the base of Exp.3. Six piglets' blood every group was taken and three piglets were slaughtered every group once every 2 weeks, which to determine the effect of the microbe E protein on serum parameters, enteric microflora, intestinal configuration and gastrointestinal pH. The results were as followed:
(l)Serum parameters
Two weeks after the beginning, the concentration of TP of treated-group2 and treated-group3 were higher than those of treated-groupl and control group (P<0.05). The activity of GPT of treated-groupK treated-group2 and treated-group3 were 31.83%、 40.70%、 53.85% higher respectively than those of control group (p<0.05) .
(2)Intestinal configuration
Two weeks after the beginning, the villus height of duodenum of treated-group2 was 13.51% higher than that of control group(p<0.05) and the villus height of duodenum of treated-group3 was 16.22% higher than that of control group significantly (p<0.01) . the villus height of jejunum of treated-group2 was 23.33% higher than that of control group(p<0.05) and the villus height of jejunum of treated-groupl and treated-group3 were respectively 30%、 40% higher than that of control group significantly (p<0.01). The crypt depth of jejunum of treated-group3 was lower than that of control group(p<0.05). The villus height of ileum of treated-group3 was higher than that of control group(p<0.05). There was no difference for crypt depth between groups(p>0.05). 4 weeks after the beginning, the villus height of duodenum of treated-group3 was higher than that of control group(p<0.05) and the villus height of jejunum of treated-group2 and treated-group3 were higher than those of treated-groupl and control group respectively(p<0.05). There were hardly difference for villus height of ileum and crypt depth between groups(p>0.05). These implied that the protein have the function of promoting the growth of intestinal villus.
(3)Enteric microflora
The results by measuring enteric microflora showed: 2 weeks after the beginning, log10 CFU/g of caecal lactobacillus of treated-groupl、 treated-group2 and treated-group3 were 14.21%、 9.16%、 14.38% higher than that of control group (p<0.05).
试验一：微生物E蛋白组成成分的分析
干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、无氮浸出物含量分别为91．5％、60．8％、
4．46％、3．23％、6．40％、16．65％，总能为19．40MJ／Kg，赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、谷氨酰胺
含量分别为4．38％、1．40％、3．1％，a-淀粉酶、中性蛋白酶、酸性蛋白酶、纤维素酶
活性分别为4300U／g、ll5U／g、250U／g、320U／g，有益菌活菌总数5×l0／Kg。
试验二：微生物E蛋白表观消化率、消化能的测定
4头平均体重为30Kg±2Kg的杜×长×大猪用于常规消化率、消化能的测定，结
果如下：粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、无氮浸出物的表观消化率分别为80．40％、71．21％、
43．02％、95．94％，消化能为16．05MJ／Kg。
试验三：微生物E蛋白对仔猪生产性能、腹泻率的影响
本试验将84头平均体重为9．47Kg±0．33Kg的杜×长×大仔猪分为四组，即对照
组(0％微生物E蛋白+4％鱼粉)，处理组l(2％微生物E蛋白+2％鱼粉)、处理组
2(4％微生物E蛋白+0％鱼粉)、处理组3(6％微生物E蛋白+0％鱼粉)，每组3
个重复，每个重复7头。试验期为38天。试验结果显示：对照组和3个处理组的日
增重、日采食量和料重比差异不显著(p>0．05)；处理组2、处理组3的腹泻率显著低
于对照组(p<0．05)，处理组l、处理组2、处理组3分别比对照组降低了O．50％、
2．10％、 2．40％。
试验四：微生物E蛋白对血清指标、肠道菌群、小肠形态及胃肠道pH的影响
本试验在试验三的基础上，每隔2周采血1次，每组采6头，并且每组每次屠杀
3头用以测定微生物E蛋白对血清指标、肠道菌群、小肠形态及胃肠道pH的影响，
结果如下：
(1)血清指标
试验起始后2周，处理组2和处理组3，对血清总蛋白含量的提高，较对照组、
处理组1都有显著提高(p<0．05)；血清谷丙转氨酶随微生物E蛋白的添加量的增大
而相应减小，处理组3最低，比最高的对照组低53．85％，各组间差异显著(p<0．05)，
处理组2、处理组1分别比对照组低40．70％、3 1．83％。
(2)小肠形态
试验起始后2周，十二指肠绒毛长度随微生物E蛋白添加量的增加而增大，处理
组2十二指肠绒毛长度较对照组提高1 3．5 1％(p<0．05)，处理组3十二指肠绒毛长度
较对照组提高16．22％(p<0．01)；十二指肠隐窝各组差异不显著(p>．05)；空肠绒毛
长度，处理组2和对照组差异显著(p<0．05)，比对照组提高23．33％；处理组l、处
理组3极显著高于对照组(p<0．01)，分别比对照组提高30％、40％；空肠隐窝深度
随着微生物E蛋白的添加呈现相应的降低，并且处理组3和对照组差异显著(p
隐窝各组没有表现出差异性。试验起始后4周，处理组3的十二指肠绒毛显著高于对
照组(p
著影响。提示，微生物E蛋白对小肠绒毛长度的增大有一定的促进作用。
(3)肠道菌群
肠道菌群测定结果表明，试验起始后2周，处理组1、处理组2、处理组3盲肠乳
酸杆菌一logl0 CFU/g食糜的值都高于对照组，分别提高了14．2l％、9．76％、14．38％，
并且对照组和各处理组差异显著(p<0．05)；结肠乳酸杆菌一logl0 CFU／g食糜的值，
处理组3最高，比对照组高6．28％，并且差异显著(p<0.05)。试验起始后4周，处
理组l、处理组2、处理组3，盲肠大肠杆菌一loglO CFU/g食糜的值都低于对照组，分
别降低了12．74％、15．12％、14．04％，对照组和各处理组差异极显著(p<0．01)；处
理组1、处理组2、处理组3结肠大肠杆菌一loglO CFU/g食糜的值分别比对照组降低
了5.79％、6．44％、8.58％，处理组3和其余各组差异显著(p
处理组3结肠乳酸杆菌一logl0 CFU/g食糜的值分别比对照组提高0．44％、5．00％、
ll.32％，处理组2、处理组3和其它各组差异极显著(p
(4)胃肠道pH
试验起始后2周，处理组2和处理组3的胃p}{分别比对照组低6.88％、21.96％，
处理组3胃pH显著低于对照组(p
微生物E蛋白的主要作用物质可以认为是消化酶和有益菌，两者在动物体内互相
协作，是微生物E蛋自发挥作用的主要原因。
我们可推断：此微生物E蛋白是一种新型的生物功能性饲料蛋白，并且作为一种
仔猪饲料蛋白源对提高仔猪消化机能有一定价值。
The nutritional effects of the microbe E protein was comprehensively determined in this study by four experiments.
Exp.l :The analysis on the composition of the microbe E protein The DM、 CP、 EE、 CF、 ASH、 NFE were respectively 91.54%、 60.80%、 4.46%、 3.23%、 6.40%, 16.65% and GE was 19.40MJ/Kg. Lys、 Met and Gln were 4.38%、 1,40% and 3.1% separately. The activity of a-amylase、 neutral-protease、 acid-protease and cellulase were 4300U/g、 115U/g、 250U/g and 320U/g respectively. The number of beneficial bacteria was totally 5×109/Kg.
Exp.2:The determination of apparent digestibility and digestible energy Four Duroc -X Landrace X Yorkshine pigs averaged 30Kg ± 2Kg were used in determination of regular digestibility and digestible energy. The results showed: The apparent digestibility of CP、EE、 CF、 NFE were 80.40% 、 71.21%、 43.02%、 95.94% and DE was 16.05MJ / Kg separately.
Exp.3:The effect of microbe E protein on performance and diarrhea rate of piglet
Eighty four Duroc X Landrace X Yorkshine piglets averaged 9.47Kg±0.33Kg were divided into four groups with 21 for each group in which there were 3X7 individuals as triplica. The four groups were control group (0%microbe E protein+4%fish meal)、 treated group 1 ( 2%microbe E protein+2%fish meal ) 、 treated group2 ( 4%microbe E protein+0%fish meal) and treated group3 (6%microbe E protein+0%fish meal) .The experiment period was 38 days. The results showed: the difference of ADGs ADFI and F/G was not significant among groups(p>0.05). The diarrhea rate of treated-group2 and treated-group3 were significantly lower than that of control group(p<0.05). The diarrhea rate of treated-groupK treated-group2 and treated-group3 were respectively lowed by 0.5%、 2.1%、 2.4%.
Exp.4: The effect of microbe E protein on serum parameters 、 intestinal configuration、 enteric microflora and gastrointestinal pH
This experiment was on the base of Exp.3. Six piglets' blood every group was taken and three piglets were slaughtered every group once every 2 weeks, which to determine the effect of the microbe E protein on serum parameters, enteric microflora, intestinal configuration and gastrointestinal pH. The results were as followed:
(l)Serum parameters
Two weeks after the beginning, the concentration of TP of treated-group2 and treated-group3 were higher than those of treated-groupl and control group (P<0.05). The activity of GPT of treated-groupK treated-group2 and treated-group3 were 31.83%、 40.70%、 53.85% higher respectively than those of control group (p<0.05) .
(2)Intestinal configuration
Two weeks after the beginning, the villus height of duodenum of treated-group2 was 13.51% higher than that of control group(p<0.05) and the villus height of duodenum of treated-group3 was 16.22% higher than that of control group significantly (p<0.01) . the villus height of jejunum of treated-group2 was 23.33% higher than that of control group(p<0.05) and the villus height of jejunum of treated-groupl and treated-group3 were respectively 30%、 40% higher than that of control group significantly (p<0.01). The crypt depth of jejunum of treated-group3 was lower than that of control group(p<0.05). The villus height of ileum of treated-group3 was higher than that of control group(p<0.05). There was no difference for crypt depth between groups(p>0.05). 4 weeks after the beginning, the villus height of duodenum of treated-group3 was higher than that of control group(p<0.05) and the villus height of jejunum of treated-group2 and treated-group3 were higher than those of treated-groupl and control group respectively(p<0.05). There were hardly difference for villus height of ileum and crypt depth between groups(p>0.05). These implied that the protein have the function of promoting the growth of intestinal villus.
(3)Enteric microflora
The results by measuring enteric microflora showed: 2 weeks after the beginning, log10 CFU/g of caecal lactobacillus of treated-groupl、 treated-group2 and treated-group3 were 14.21%、 9.16%、 14.38% higher than that of control group (p<0.05).
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程学慧,彭健. 仔猪免疫保护机制及早期断奶对仔猪免疫机能的影响. 国外畜牧科技, 2001,28(2):9-12.
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Sissons J W and R H Smith, The effect of different diets including those containing soybean products on digest movement and water and mitogen absorption in the small intestine of the preruminant calf, Br J Nutr. 1998,(36):421-438.
Kilshaw P J and J W Sissons. Gastrointestinal allergy to soybean products in inpreruminant calves. Allergenic constituents of soybean products. Res, Vet Sci . 1979, (27):366.
Schulman G. Effect of weaning on the pH changes of the piglets, Nordic Veterinary and Medicine. 1973,25:220-227.
张振斌,蒋宗勇,林映才等. 超早期断奶应激对仔猪胃肠内容物pH和微生物区系的影响. 养猪. 1998, 3:14~15.
Efird R C, et al, The development of digestive capacity in young pigs’ effects of age and weaning system, Journal of Animal Science, 1982,55(6):1380-1387.
杨琳,张宏福. 不同断奶日龄仔猪消化道酸度和胃蛋白酶活性的动态变化. 畜牧兽医学报.
2001,32(4):299-305.
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Taylor W H. Studies on gastric proteolysis, Journal of Biochemistry. 1959,71:627-632.
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Rerat A A. Digestion and absorption of nutrients in the pig, World Review of Nutrition and Diet. 1981,37:229-387.
Yen J T, A H Jesen, J Simon. Effect of dietary raw soybean and raw soybean trypsin inhibitor on trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and in small juice of growing pigs, Journal of Nutrition. 1977,107:156-165.
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秦加华,张宏福. 仔猪免疫研究进展. 国外畜牧学—饲料. 1998,5:5-10.
Hampson D J and D E. Kidder. Innuence of creep feeding and weaning on brush border enzyme activities in the piglet small, Res, Vet., Sci. 1986,40:24.
Miller. Effect of age weaning on the capacity of pig intestinal villi to digest and absorb nutrients. J Agri Sci. 1986,107(4):579-589.
程学慧,彭健. 仔猪免疫保护机制及早期断奶对仔猪免疫机能的影响. 国外畜牧科技, 2001,28(2):9-12.
吴春燕,陈代文,张克英. 早期断奶仔猪肠粘膜免疫与氨基酸关系的研究. 畜禽业. 2002,1:26-28.
Sissons J W and R H Smith, The effect of different diets including those containing soybean products on digest movement and water and mitogen absorption in the small intestine of the preruminant calf, Br J Nutr. 1998,(36):421-438.
Kilshaw P J and J W Sissons. Gastrointestinal allergy to soybean products in inpreruminant calves. Allergenic constituents of soybean products. Res, Vet Sci . 1979, (27):366.
Schulman G. Effect of weaning on the pH changes of the piglets, Nordic Veterinary and Medicine. 1973,25:220-227.
张振斌,蒋宗勇,林映才等. 超早期断奶应激对仔猪胃肠内容物pH和微生物区系的影响. 养猪. 1998, 3:14~15.
Efird R C, et al, The development of digestive capacity in young pigs’ effects of age and weaning system, Journal of Animal Science, 1982,55(6):1380-1387.
杨琳,张宏福. 不同断奶日龄仔猪消化道酸度和胃蛋白酶活性的动态变化. 畜牧兽医学报.
2001,32(4):299-305.
Han L K. Korean Journal of Animal Science. 1984,26:150～171.
Taylor W H. Studies on gastric proteolysis, Journal of Biochemistry. 1959,71:627-632.
Kidder D E. Digestion in the pig, Kingston press. Bath UK.1978
Snook J T. Protein digestion-nutritional and metabolic considerations, World Review of Nutrition and Diet. 1973,37:229-387.
Rerat A A. Digestion and absorption of nutrients in the pig, World Review of Nutrition and Diet. 1981,37:229-387.
Yen J T, A H Jesen, J Simon. Effect of dietary raw soybean and raw soybean trypsin inhibitor on trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and in small juice of growing pigs, Journal of Nutrition. 1977,107:156-165.
金岭梅,顾惠明,朱英等. 微生态制剂在仔猪生产中的应用. 中国饲料. 1999, (3):15.
25. 范秀容,李广武,沈萍编. 微生物学实验. 高等教育出版社. 1980, 54－99.
26. Classen H L., Campbell G L., Rossnagel B G. et al. Studies on use of hulless barley in chick diets; deleterious effects and methods alleratiation. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 1985,65:725-733.
27. Friesen, O. D., W. Guenter, R. R. Marquardt, et al. The effect of enzyme supplementation on the apparent metabolizable energy and nutrition digestibilities of wheat, barley, oats and rye for young broiler chick. Poult. Sci. 1992，71:1710-1721.
28. 许梓荣,王振来,王敏奇. 高麦麸饲粮中添加酶类物质对仔猪生长性能和胴体组成的影响. 浙江农业大学学报. 1998,24(6):643-646.
29. Ikegami S., Tsuchihashi F., Harada H. et al. Effect of viscous in digestible poly-saccharides on pancreaticbiliary secretion and digestive organs in rats. Anim.Nutr. 1990,120:353-360
30. 王士长,何若钢. 益生素综合防治哺乳仔猪下痢. 中国饲料. 1998, (20):27.
31. 聂实践,林伯荃,朱桂茹等. 益生菌(Ｓ-586)饲用微生态制剂的防病作用实验. 饲料研究. 1999, (5):27～28.
32. Svendsen J J, Larsen L, Bille N. Outbreaks of postweaning Escherichia coli diarrhea in pigs. Nordask Veterinary Medicine. 1974,26:314-322.
33. Hampson D, Hinton J M, Kidder D E. Coliform numbers in the stomach and small intestine of weaning pigs. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 1985,31:99-107.
34. 张志龙. 乳酸杆菌对仔猪生长效果的试验. 湖南畜牧兽医. 2003,2:4-5.
35. 陈永锋,郑春生,王全溪. 益生素防止仔猪腹泻试验. 福建畜牧兽医. 2001,23(2):6-7.
36. 曹国文. 蜡质芽孢杆菌悬浮剂治疗仔猪应激性腹泻的试验. 畜禽业. 2001,6:33-35.
37. 薛恒平. 水产养殖同微生态与微生态之间关系初探. 饲料工业. 1997,18(2):23～26.
38. Que J U, Casey S W. Factors Responsible for Increased Susceptibility of Mice to Intestinal
Colonization After Treatment with Streptomein. Infect Immun.. 1986. 53:116-123.
39. 张民,刁其玉. 益生菌的营养和免疫特性. 饲料研究. 2002,10:6-8.
40. 丁轲,倪学勤,潘康成等. 三株乳酸杆菌体外抑菌试验的研究. 饲料工业. 2003,24(3):19-21.
41. 焦小丽. 黑曲霉固体发酵物在肉仔鸡日粮中的应用效果及其作用机理的研究. 山西农业大学硕士论文. 2002.
42. Makkink Caroline A, George puia Negulescu, Qin Guixin, Martin W A Verstegen. Effect of dietary protein Source on feed intake, growth, pancreatic enzyme activities and jejunal morphology in newly-weaned piglet. British Journal of Nutrition. 1994,72:353-368.
43. Cranwell P D, D B Noakes, K J Hill. Gastric Secretion and fermentation in the suckling pig. British Journal of Nutrition. 1976,36:71-86.
44. Efird R C, W D Armstrong, L Herman. The development of digestive Capacity in young pigs effects of weaning regimen and dietary treatment. Journal of Animal Science. 1982,55:1370-1379.
45. Funderburker D W, R W Seerley. The effect of postweaning stressors in pig weigh change, blood, liver and digestive tract characteristics. Journal of Animal Science. 1990,68:155-162.
46. 蒋宗勇. 仔猪早期断奶综和症德研究进展. 动物营养研究进展. 中国农业科技出版社. 1994,101-115.
47. 杨全明. 仔猪消化道酶和组织器官生长发育规律的研究.中国农业大学博士论文. 1999.
48. Morishita Y. Influence of dietary Lactose on the gut flora of chicks. The British Poultry Science. 1982,23:349-359.
49. Bolduan G. Feed prophylaxis against piglet diarrhea. Kraftfutter. 1997,12:517-521.
50. Johoson L R. Regulation of intestinal Mucosal Growth. Physiological Reviews. 1988,68:456-502.
51. Kenworthy R. Observations on the effects of weaning in the young pig. Clinical and hisopathological studies of intestinal function and morphology. Res. Vet. Sci. 1976,21:69
52. 顾宪红. 断奶日龄对仔猪肠粘膜形态的影响. 乳猪营养与饲料研究论文集. 中国农业科学院畜牧所编. 1999.
53. Beers H, M Schreurs. The Veterinary Quaterly. 1992,14(1):29-34.
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