甲醇—乙醇—水—离子液体体系汽液平衡的测定及热力学模型研究
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摘要
离子液体是一类不同于传统分子溶剂的液态离子化合物,独特的阴、阳离子结构和组成使其性质介于“分子溶剂”和“无机电解质”之间。离子液体的“溶剂”特性表现为对多数极性溶剂的良好溶解性；其“电解质”特性表现为可以在极性溶剂中产生盐效应。极低的蒸汽压和良好的热稳定性性质,意味着使用安全和易再生利用；室温下为液态意味着加料和储运方便、不会结晶析出。因此,离子液体可以作为一类新型的分离介质用于清洁生产和节能减排领域。
离子液体工业化应用的前提是对其主要热力学性质的全面获得和相关性质计算模型的建立,以便为工艺的设计提供理论支持。为了筛选出合适的离子液体型溶盐萃取剂,用于精馏分离乙醇中的水和甲醇,本文将测定一系列含离子液体-甲醇-乙醇-水体系的汽液平衡数据,通过评价离子液体与溶剂之间的相互作用力,筛选出合适的离子液体；另外,含离子液体汽液平衡数据的测定也为离子液体热力学模型的建立和发展奠定了基础。因此,本文旨在建立一个可以实现离子液体热力学性质(密度、沸点温度、临界性质和饱和蒸汽压)之间相互预测的基团贡献-状态方程模型,这样就可以根据有限的实验数据来预测大量未知体系的热力学性质。
本论文的主要研究内容和研究成果如下：
(1)设计并合成了如下五种亲水性离子液体,即：三乙基甲基铵磷酸二甲酯盐([N1222][DMP]),1-甲基咪唑盐酸盐([MIm][Cl]),单(2-羟乙基)铵四氟硼酸盐([HMEA][BF4]),二(2-羟乙基)铵四氟硼酸盐([HDEA][BF4])和三(2-羟乙基)铵四氟硼酸盐([HTEA][BF4])。采用1H NMR和13C NMR鉴定了五种离子液体的结构和纯度(x≥99.4%)；使用热分析法(TG、DSC和DTA)分析了离子液体的熔点和热稳定性,五种离子液体的熔点均在75℃以下,热分解温度除[MIm][Cl]外均在200℃以上,[MIm][Cl]的热分解温度约为144-150℃。综上所述,所合成的五种离子液体的纯度较高、热稳定性好、且与甲醇、乙醇和水的溶解性好,可望用作萃取精馏的萃取剂。
(2)使用非分析的拟静态沸点仪法,首次测定了一系列不同温度范围和离子液体含量时,由上述五种离子液体(ILs)和甲醇、乙醇、水组成的15个二元体系{溶剂+IL},以及7个三元体系{溶剂+溶剂+IL}的饱和蒸汽压数据(T-p-x)；使用非电解质的三参数NRTL模型,较好的关联了二元、三元体系的蒸汽压数据,关联的平均绝对相对偏差分别为1.43%和0.92%；基于关联的二元NRTL模型参数,预测了相应三元体系的蒸汽压数据,平均绝对相对偏差和均方根偏差分别为AARD(p)=1.41%和RMSD(p)=1.67%。关联和预测结果良好,从而检验了NRTL模型对含离子液体体系汽液平衡数据的适用性。
(3)对于五种离子液体(ILs)和甲醇、乙醇、水组成的15个二元体系{溶剂+IL},分析了温度、离子液体种类和浓度对三种溶剂活度系数的影响。结果表明：(Ⅰ)离子液体均能有效地降低溶剂甲醇、乙醇和水的饱和蒸汽压,降低的程度与离子液体的种类和溶剂的极性大小有关；(Ⅱ)随着温度升高,溶剂的活度系数逐渐趋近于1；(Ⅲ)乙醇和三种羟乙基铵类离子液体组成的3个二元体系对拉乌尔定律呈正偏差(户1.0),而其它12个二元体系对拉乌尔定律均呈负偏差(γ<1.0),且IL的摩尔浓度越大,溶液的非理想性越强；最大正偏差体系为{乙醇+[HTEA][BF4]}最大负偏差体系为{水+[N1222][DMP]},表明不同的离子液体对不同溶剂的相互作用力不同；(Ⅳ)对于指定的IL,在相同温度和IL摩尔浓度条件下,三种溶剂的活度系数大小顺序为：水<甲醇<乙醇,表明IL与水的相互作用最强,甲醇次之,乙醇最弱。
(4)基于二元NRTL模型参数,预测了[N1222][DMP]对共沸体系{水+乙醇}和沸点相近体系{甲醇+乙醇}等压汽液平衡的影响。结果表明：[N1222][DMP]的加入可以提高乙醇相对于水或甲醇的挥发度,当IL含量为w≥30%时,{水+乙醇}的共沸点被完全消除,甲醇则逐渐由轻组分变为重组分,这样当加盐萃取精馏分离乙醇-甲醇-水溶液时,乙醇作为轻组分在塔顶冷凝馏出,而水和甲醇一起作为重组分从塔釜排出,从而达到高效分离乙醇的目的；通过比较5种离子液体对共沸体系{水+乙醇}等压汽液平衡的影响发现,在富含水区域,只有[MIm][Cl]对乙醇呈现“盐析”效应,说明[MIm][Cl]对水的亲和力较大；在富含乙醇区域,五种离子液体对乙醇均为“盐析”效应,其大小顺序为：[HTEA][BF4]> [HDEA][BF4]>[N1222][DMP]≥[MIm][Cl]>[HMEA][BF4],说明[HTEA][BF4]对共沸体系{水+乙醇}的分离效果最好。
(5)基于基团贡献概念,结合Pate1-Teja状态方程,建立了一个适用于离子液体热力学性质预测的基团贡献-状态方程模型,即GC-PT模型。该模型通过关联大量常温、常压下的离子液体密度数据,优化得到了47种基团(包括7种新的离子基团)的基团贡献增量参数(△Tb,△Tc,△pc和△Vc),关联的平均绝对相对偏差为AARD=4.4%;本文确定的基团参数可同时适用于GC-PT模型和Valderrama密度经验式(VSD、VSY和LGM),且GC-PT模型的计算误差最小；而且,GC-PT模型可以较好地预测离子液体在不同温度和压力下的密度性质,从而验证了所得基团参数的合理性和GC-PT模型的适用性。
(6)利用GC-PT状态方程预测了5种咪唑类离子液体在不同温度下的饱和蒸汽压,并与实验数据以及文献估算值进行了比较分析。结果表明：预测结果与实验数据之间相差1-3个数量级,预测误差小于克劳修斯-克拉佩龙方程和COSMO-RS模型,且预测结果的规律性优于实验数据。另外,还预测了298.15K时6种离子液体的蒸汽压,发现蒸汽压均小于10-7kPa,说明室温下离子液体的蒸汽压可以忽略不计。综上所述,GC-PT模型可以合理预测离子液体的密度、沸点温度、临界性质和饱和蒸汽压等不同热力学性质。
Ionic Liquids (ILs) are one kind of novel ionic compounds, whose properties are between that of "molecular solvent" and "inorganic electrolyte". With respect to the "solvent" property, ILs exhibit excellent solubility with most of the polar solvents; With regard to the "electrolyte" property, ILs represent the ability of generating the salt effect in the polar solvents. Besides, the negligible vapor pressure and the good thermal stability of ILs indicat their safety in operation and ease of regeneration. The liquid feature of ILs at ambient temperature means their convenience in storage and transportation in a process industry. Therefore, ILs can be used as a new kind of solvents in the field of cleaner production and process development toward energy saving and emission reduction.
The prerequisite for the industrial application of ILs is that their thermodynamic properties and thermodynamic models are available so as to facilitate the design of the process technology. In order for screening some suitable ILs as salt extraction solvents for the distillation separation of ethanol from its mixture with water and methanol, a series of vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for systems containing methanol, ethanol, water, and an ionic liquid (IL) were measured, the affinity between different ILs and solvents was analyzed, and some candidate ILs were recommended accordingly. In addition, the experimental data also lay the foundation for the development of thermodynamic models. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a group contribution based thermodynamic model so as to achieve a cross prediction of some thermodynamic properties, e.g. density, boiling temperature, critical properties and vapor pressure and so forth, on the basis of limited available experimental data of pure ILs.
The major work and innovative results of this thesis are as follows:
(1) Five hydrophilic ILs have been designed and synthesized, namely, triethylmethylammonium dimethylphosphate ([N1222][DMP]), 1-methylimidazolium hydrochloride ([MIm][C1]), mono(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate ([HMEA][BF4]), di(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate ([HDEA][BF4]), and tri(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate ([HTEA][BF4]). The structures of five ILs are confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR, and the corresponding purities of ILs are estimated as x≥99.4%; the melting points and thermal stability are characterized by the thermal analysis (namely, TQ DSC and DTA). All five ILs have the melting points below 75℃, and the decomposition temperatures above 200℃, with the exception of [MIm][C1], whose decomposition temperature is approximately 144～150℃. In summary, the five ILs synthesized are of high purity, good thermal stability, and good solubility with polar solvents like methanol, ethanol and water, and applicability as potential entrainers in the extractive distillation process.
(2) Vapor pressure data were first measured using a non-analytical quasi-static ebulliometer for 15 binary systems and 7 ternary systems containing methanol, ethanol, water, and one of the five ILs described above at varying temperatures and IL contents. The NRTL model of nonelectrolyte solution with three parameters version was employed to correlate the vapor pressure data. The correlated deviations for IL-containing binary and ternary systems in terms of an overall average absolute relative deviation (AARD) were 1.43% and 0.92%, respectively, and the binary parameters can be used to predict the vapor pressures of the corresponding ternary systems with an overall AARD of 1.41%. The excellent correlated and predicted results justify the applicability of the NRTL model for the representation of VLE data of IL-containing systems.
(3) Based on the experimental data above for 15 binary systems containing methanol, ethanol, water, and one of the five ILs, the effect of temperature, ILs type and their concentrations on the activity coefficients of different solvents were analyzed. The results showed that (Ⅰ) all ILs studied can depress the vapor pressure of three solvents studied but to different contents depending on the nature of ILs and the polarity of solvents; (Ⅱ) for all solvents studied, their activity coefficients always increase with temperature and approach unity eventually; (III) three binary systems containing ethanol and one of three hydroxyethyl ammonium-based ILs, namely, [HMEA][BF4], [HDEA][BF4], and [HTEA][BF4], show a positive deviation from the Raoult's law (γ>1.0), while the other 12 binary systems show a negative one (γ<1.0); the higher the IL concentration is, the higher the nonideality of the solution is; the binary systems with the largest positive and negative deviation were observed for{ethanol+[HTEA][BF4]} and {water+[N1222][DMP]}, respectively, suggesting the different affinity between different ILs and the solvents; (IV) for a specified IL at the same temperature and IL concentration, the activity coefficients of three solvents are in order of water (4) Isobaric vapor-liquid equilibria (VLE) for the azeotrope mixture {water+ethanol} and close boiling mixture{methanol+ethanol} in the presence of [N1222][DMP] at 101.33 kPa were predicted by the NRTL model on the basis of fitted NRTL binary parameters, respectively. The results indicate that the relative volatiles of ethanol to water or methanol were both enhanced with the addition of [N1222][DMP], especially when the IL content was up to w≥30%, the azeotrope of{water+ethanol} was even removed completely, and the methanol component in {methanol+ethanol} mixture was gradually reversed from a light component to a heavy one in the ethanol-rich region due to the salt effect of [N1222][DMP]. Therefore, the hardly separating mixture of {water+ethanol+methanol} can be sufficiently facilitated at a specified content of IL, whereby both methanol and water are separated from the bottom of the distillation tower. By comparing the effect of the five ILs on the isobaric VLE of {water+ ethanol}, we observed that only [MIm][C1] showed a notable salting-out effect on ethanol in the water-rich region, indicating the largest affinity between IL [MIm][Cl] and water, while in the ethanol-rich region, all ILs showed a salting-out effect on ethanol and followed the order of [HTEA][BF4]>[HDEA][BF4]>[N1222][DMP]≥[MIm][C1]> [HMEA][BF4], suggesting that [HTEA][BF4] can most sufficiently facilitate the distillation separation for the azeotrope mixture of {water+ethanol}.
(5) A new group contribution (GC) equation of state (EOS) model, viz the GC-PT model, was proposed for the prediction of thermodynamic properties of pure ILs based on combination of the GC concept with the cubic Patel-Teja EOS. A series of 47 group contribution increments (viz.ΔTb,ΔTc,Δpc, andΔVc), including 7 new ionic groups, were obtained through correlating a large number of density data of varying types of ILs at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressure, and the resulting correlative deviation in terms of AARD was 4.4%; The group increments thus determined were applicable for both the GC-PT model and the Valderrama density correlations (namely, VSD, VSY, and LGM), and the minimum calculated deviation was observed for the GC-PT model. In addition, the GC-PT model along with the group increments given above can be used to predict the densities of different kinds of ILs at varying temperatures and pressures, which justified the reasonability of the group increments and the applicability of the GC-PT model.
(6) The vapor pressures of 5 imidazolium-based ILs at different temperatures were predicted by the GC-PT model and compared with the corresponding experimental data and the estimated values taken from the references. The results indicate that the predicted results by the GC-PT model are generally of 1-3 order-of-magnitude difference with the experimental values, which, however, are superior to that predicted by the COSMO-RS model and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Further, the predicted results by the GC-PT model show a better regularity than the experimental ones. In addition, the vapor pressures of 6 ILs at T=298.15K were also predicted by the GC-PT model, the resulting vapor pressures of the ILs are all lower than 10-7 kPa at ambient temperature, which are extremely low and can be deemed as nonvolatile. It can be concluded that the GC-PT model proposed in this work can reasonably predicted the thermodynamic properties of different ILs, such as the density, the normal boiling temperature, the critical properties and the vapor pressures.
离子液体工业化应用的前提是对其主要热力学性质的全面获得和相关性质计算模型的建立,以便为工艺的设计提供理论支持。为了筛选出合适的离子液体型溶盐萃取剂,用于精馏分离乙醇中的水和甲醇,本文将测定一系列含离子液体-甲醇-乙醇-水体系的汽液平衡数据,通过评价离子液体与溶剂之间的相互作用力,筛选出合适的离子液体；另外,含离子液体汽液平衡数据的测定也为离子液体热力学模型的建立和发展奠定了基础。因此,本文旨在建立一个可以实现离子液体热力学性质(密度、沸点温度、临界性质和饱和蒸汽压)之间相互预测的基团贡献-状态方程模型,这样就可以根据有限的实验数据来预测大量未知体系的热力学性质。
本论文的主要研究内容和研究成果如下：
(1)设计并合成了如下五种亲水性离子液体,即：三乙基甲基铵磷酸二甲酯盐([N1222][DMP]),1-甲基咪唑盐酸盐([MIm][Cl]),单(2-羟乙基)铵四氟硼酸盐([HMEA][BF4]),二(2-羟乙基)铵四氟硼酸盐([HDEA][BF4])和三(2-羟乙基)铵四氟硼酸盐([HTEA][BF4])。采用1H NMR和13C NMR鉴定了五种离子液体的结构和纯度(x≥99.4%)；使用热分析法(TG、DSC和DTA)分析了离子液体的熔点和热稳定性,五种离子液体的熔点均在75℃以下,热分解温度除[MIm][Cl]外均在200℃以上,[MIm][Cl]的热分解温度约为144-150℃。综上所述,所合成的五种离子液体的纯度较高、热稳定性好、且与甲醇、乙醇和水的溶解性好,可望用作萃取精馏的萃取剂。
(2)使用非分析的拟静态沸点仪法,首次测定了一系列不同温度范围和离子液体含量时,由上述五种离子液体(ILs)和甲醇、乙醇、水组成的15个二元体系{溶剂+IL},以及7个三元体系{溶剂+溶剂+IL}的饱和蒸汽压数据(T-p-x)；使用非电解质的三参数NRTL模型,较好的关联了二元、三元体系的蒸汽压数据,关联的平均绝对相对偏差分别为1.43%和0.92%；基于关联的二元NRTL模型参数,预测了相应三元体系的蒸汽压数据,平均绝对相对偏差和均方根偏差分别为AARD(p)=1.41%和RMSD(p)=1.67%。关联和预测结果良好,从而检验了NRTL模型对含离子液体体系汽液平衡数据的适用性。
(3)对于五种离子液体(ILs)和甲醇、乙醇、水组成的15个二元体系{溶剂+IL},分析了温度、离子液体种类和浓度对三种溶剂活度系数的影响。结果表明：(Ⅰ)离子液体均能有效地降低溶剂甲醇、乙醇和水的饱和蒸汽压,降低的程度与离子液体的种类和溶剂的极性大小有关；(Ⅱ)随着温度升高,溶剂的活度系数逐渐趋近于1；(Ⅲ)乙醇和三种羟乙基铵类离子液体组成的3个二元体系对拉乌尔定律呈正偏差(户1.0),而其它12个二元体系对拉乌尔定律均呈负偏差(γ<1.0),且IL的摩尔浓度越大,溶液的非理想性越强；最大正偏差体系为{乙醇+[HTEA][BF4]}最大负偏差体系为{水+[N1222][DMP]},表明不同的离子液体对不同溶剂的相互作用力不同；(Ⅳ)对于指定的IL,在相同温度和IL摩尔浓度条件下,三种溶剂的活度系数大小顺序为：水<甲醇<乙醇,表明IL与水的相互作用最强,甲醇次之,乙醇最弱。
(4)基于二元NRTL模型参数,预测了[N1222][DMP]对共沸体系{水+乙醇}和沸点相近体系{甲醇+乙醇}等压汽液平衡的影响。结果表明：[N1222][DMP]的加入可以提高乙醇相对于水或甲醇的挥发度,当IL含量为w≥30%时,{水+乙醇}的共沸点被完全消除,甲醇则逐渐由轻组分变为重组分,这样当加盐萃取精馏分离乙醇-甲醇-水溶液时,乙醇作为轻组分在塔顶冷凝馏出,而水和甲醇一起作为重组分从塔釜排出,从而达到高效分离乙醇的目的；通过比较5种离子液体对共沸体系{水+乙醇}等压汽液平衡的影响发现,在富含水区域,只有[MIm][Cl]对乙醇呈现“盐析”效应,说明[MIm][Cl]对水的亲和力较大；在富含乙醇区域,五种离子液体对乙醇均为“盐析”效应,其大小顺序为：[HTEA][BF4]> [HDEA][BF4]>[N1222][DMP]≥[MIm][Cl]>[HMEA][BF4],说明[HTEA][BF4]对共沸体系{水+乙醇}的分离效果最好。
(5)基于基团贡献概念,结合Pate1-Teja状态方程,建立了一个适用于离子液体热力学性质预测的基团贡献-状态方程模型,即GC-PT模型。该模型通过关联大量常温、常压下的离子液体密度数据,优化得到了47种基团(包括7种新的离子基团)的基团贡献增量参数(△Tb,△Tc,△pc和△Vc),关联的平均绝对相对偏差为AARD=4.4%;本文确定的基团参数可同时适用于GC-PT模型和Valderrama密度经验式(VSD、VSY和LGM),且GC-PT模型的计算误差最小；而且,GC-PT模型可以较好地预测离子液体在不同温度和压力下的密度性质,从而验证了所得基团参数的合理性和GC-PT模型的适用性。
(6)利用GC-PT状态方程预测了5种咪唑类离子液体在不同温度下的饱和蒸汽压,并与实验数据以及文献估算值进行了比较分析。结果表明：预测结果与实验数据之间相差1-3个数量级,预测误差小于克劳修斯-克拉佩龙方程和COSMO-RS模型,且预测结果的规律性优于实验数据。另外,还预测了298.15K时6种离子液体的蒸汽压,发现蒸汽压均小于10-7kPa,说明室温下离子液体的蒸汽压可以忽略不计。综上所述,GC-PT模型可以合理预测离子液体的密度、沸点温度、临界性质和饱和蒸汽压等不同热力学性质。
Ionic Liquids (ILs) are one kind of novel ionic compounds, whose properties are between that of "molecular solvent" and "inorganic electrolyte". With respect to the "solvent" property, ILs exhibit excellent solubility with most of the polar solvents; With regard to the "electrolyte" property, ILs represent the ability of generating the salt effect in the polar solvents. Besides, the negligible vapor pressure and the good thermal stability of ILs indicat their safety in operation and ease of regeneration. The liquid feature of ILs at ambient temperature means their convenience in storage and transportation in a process industry. Therefore, ILs can be used as a new kind of solvents in the field of cleaner production and process development toward energy saving and emission reduction.
The prerequisite for the industrial application of ILs is that their thermodynamic properties and thermodynamic models are available so as to facilitate the design of the process technology. In order for screening some suitable ILs as salt extraction solvents for the distillation separation of ethanol from its mixture with water and methanol, a series of vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for systems containing methanol, ethanol, water, and an ionic liquid (IL) were measured, the affinity between different ILs and solvents was analyzed, and some candidate ILs were recommended accordingly. In addition, the experimental data also lay the foundation for the development of thermodynamic models. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a group contribution based thermodynamic model so as to achieve a cross prediction of some thermodynamic properties, e.g. density, boiling temperature, critical properties and vapor pressure and so forth, on the basis of limited available experimental data of pure ILs.
The major work and innovative results of this thesis are as follows:
(1) Five hydrophilic ILs have been designed and synthesized, namely, triethylmethylammonium dimethylphosphate ([N1222][DMP]), 1-methylimidazolium hydrochloride ([MIm][C1]), mono(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate ([HMEA][BF4]), di(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate ([HDEA][BF4]), and tri(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate ([HTEA][BF4]). The structures of five ILs are confirmed by 1H NMR and 13C NMR, and the corresponding purities of ILs are estimated as x≥99.4%; the melting points and thermal stability are characterized by the thermal analysis (namely, TQ DSC and DTA). All five ILs have the melting points below 75℃, and the decomposition temperatures above 200℃, with the exception of [MIm][C1], whose decomposition temperature is approximately 144～150℃. In summary, the five ILs synthesized are of high purity, good thermal stability, and good solubility with polar solvents like methanol, ethanol and water, and applicability as potential entrainers in the extractive distillation process.
(2) Vapor pressure data were first measured using a non-analytical quasi-static ebulliometer for 15 binary systems and 7 ternary systems containing methanol, ethanol, water, and one of the five ILs described above at varying temperatures and IL contents. The NRTL model of nonelectrolyte solution with three parameters version was employed to correlate the vapor pressure data. The correlated deviations for IL-containing binary and ternary systems in terms of an overall average absolute relative deviation (AARD) were 1.43% and 0.92%, respectively, and the binary parameters can be used to predict the vapor pressures of the corresponding ternary systems with an overall AARD of 1.41%. The excellent correlated and predicted results justify the applicability of the NRTL model for the representation of VLE data of IL-containing systems.
(3) Based on the experimental data above for 15 binary systems containing methanol, ethanol, water, and one of the five ILs, the effect of temperature, ILs type and their concentrations on the activity coefficients of different solvents were analyzed. The results showed that (Ⅰ) all ILs studied can depress the vapor pressure of three solvents studied but to different contents depending on the nature of ILs and the polarity of solvents; (Ⅱ) for all solvents studied, their activity coefficients always increase with temperature and approach unity eventually; (III) three binary systems containing ethanol and one of three hydroxyethyl ammonium-based ILs, namely, [HMEA][BF4], [HDEA][BF4], and [HTEA][BF4], show a positive deviation from the Raoult's law (γ>1.0), while the other 12 binary systems show a negative one (γ<1.0); the higher the IL concentration is, the higher the nonideality of the solution is; the binary systems with the largest positive and negative deviation were observed for{ethanol+[HTEA][BF4]} and {water+[N1222][DMP]}, respectively, suggesting the different affinity between different ILs and the solvents; (IV) for a specified IL at the same temperature and IL concentration, the activity coefficients of three solvents are in order of water
(5) A new group contribution (GC) equation of state (EOS) model, viz the GC-PT model, was proposed for the prediction of thermodynamic properties of pure ILs based on combination of the GC concept with the cubic Patel-Teja EOS. A series of 47 group contribution increments (viz.ΔTb,ΔTc,Δpc, andΔVc), including 7 new ionic groups, were obtained through correlating a large number of density data of varying types of ILs at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressure, and the resulting correlative deviation in terms of AARD was 4.4%; The group increments thus determined were applicable for both the GC-PT model and the Valderrama density correlations (namely, VSD, VSY, and LGM), and the minimum calculated deviation was observed for the GC-PT model. In addition, the GC-PT model along with the group increments given above can be used to predict the densities of different kinds of ILs at varying temperatures and pressures, which justified the reasonability of the group increments and the applicability of the GC-PT model.
(6) The vapor pressures of 5 imidazolium-based ILs at different temperatures were predicted by the GC-PT model and compared with the corresponding experimental data and the estimated values taken from the references. The results indicate that the predicted results by the GC-PT model are generally of 1-3 order-of-magnitude difference with the experimental values, which, however, are superior to that predicted by the COSMO-RS model and the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Further, the predicted results by the GC-PT model show a better regularity than the experimental ones. In addition, the vapor pressures of 6 ILs at T=298.15K were also predicted by the GC-PT model, the resulting vapor pressures of the ILs are all lower than 10-7 kPa at ambient temperature, which are extremely low and can be deemed as nonvolatile. It can be concluded that the GC-PT model proposed in this work can reasonably predicted the thermodynamic properties of different ILs, such as the density, the normal boiling temperature, the critical properties and the vapor pressures.
引文
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