量子密码协议设计与分析研究
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摘要
量子密码作为一种新的信息保密技术引起了极大的关注.不同于以计算复杂性为基础的传统密码,量子密码以量子力学中的测不准基本原理及量子不可克隆定理来确保安全性,能够实现无条件安全的通信和隐秘信息保护.无论在理论体系还是实验方面,量子密码都取得了重大突破.目前已经提出了多种类型的量子密码安全协议,本论文主要对量子密码协议中的量子密钥协商,量子安全直接通信,以及量子签名等内容展开研究,从量子密码协议的设计与安全分析方面进行了探讨,取得了以下若干成果.
(1)基于Bell态提出了一个三方量子密钥协商协议.以量子效应实现的密钥协商不仅满足了量子密钥分发中的安全性,还体现了公平性这一基本属性.方案中通信三方是对等的实体且每一方对建立的共享密钥有相同的贡献.方案中的每一个参与者通过分别向其余两方传送粒子序列,然后对返回后的编码序列执行测量.以这种双向量子比特传输方式来实现提取其他参与者的密钥,从而建立最终密钥.
(2)基于两粒子纠缠对在单向量子比特传输回路上提出了一个三方量子密钥协商协议.与双向量子比特传输模式相比,协议的实现更为简洁,并且通过改善量子信道提高了效率.提出的方案可以在一个不安全的信道上建立会话密钥,共享的密钥不能被任何一方或两方事先独自决定.设计的协议既能抵抗外部攻击,也能抵抗参与者攻击.
(3)利用密集编码的思想基于两粒子纠缠设计了一个高效的双向量子安全通信协议.在两量子比特希尔伯特空间上找到非正交的两组测量基,通过幺正操作和Bell测量来编码和交换各自的秘密信息.与Shi等人的方案相比,我们协议中制备的纠缠对序列是真正随机的.在交换同等长度消息的前提下,我们方案中制备的两量子比特纠缠对只需要Shi等人协议中一半的数量,同时经典信道中需要公开的经典比特数也是原先协议的二分之一.此外,我们提出的方案提高了协议效率.安全分析表明,本协议不存在信息泄露的问题.
(4)基于EPR对提出了一个高效的三方量子安全直接通信协议.首先分析了Chong等人的三方量子安全直接通信协议中存在的安全漏洞,即非法窃听者可以通过公开的经典信道获得合法通信者之间交换的秘密信息的关联.在此基础上,通过改善经典信道和量子信道中的量子比特传输,使得制备的纠缠对序列能够编码三方用来交换的更长秘密消息,并且避免了信息关联的安全漏洞.此外,我们提出的协议还提高了效率.
(5)基于四粒子纠缠态提出了一个量子代理群签名协议.该方案结合了群代理签名和群签名的特点,具有不可伪造性,可验证性,可识别性,不可否认性,及群性.制备的纠缠粒子序列在初始阶段利用量子安全直接通信的原理来分配代理证书和共享密钥,然后直接用于签名和验证过程,因此提高了量子资源利用率.安全分析表明,提出的方案能够抵抗外部攻击和参与者攻击.
(6)设计了一个可以应用于电子选举系统的量子盲签名协议.本方案中选民首先对其选票进行盲化,然后得到管理中心的签名,最后进行选票验证.签名者即管理中心对其签署的消息不知具体的内容,保护了消息的隐私性.同时设计了一个审计程序,对计票结果的有效性可以根据需要来进行事后审计,以保证验证过程的合法性.
Quantum cryptography is a new technology which gets a high level of attention todayworldwide. Unlike traditional classical cryptography based on various mathematical tech-niques, quantum cryptography can realize the unconditionally secure communication andinformation protection, in which the security is only guaranteed by the fundamental lawsof quantum mechanics, i.e., Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and quantum no-cloningtheorem. Quantum cryptography has developed very quickly and obtained signifcantachievements in theory and experiments. The content of this dissertation includes quan-tum key agreement, quantum secure direct communication, and quantum signature. Thedetails are as follows:
(1) We propose a three-party quantum key agreement with Bell states. A key agreementbased on the quantum efects can satisfy not only the security of quantum keydistribution but also the fairness. In this protocol the three parties are entirely peerand each one has an equal contribution to the shared secret key. Each party sendsthe particle sequences to the other parties respectively and measurements theseencoded sequences after receiving them. From this kind of bidirectional circuit ofqubit transmission, the shared key can be established by extracting each party’ssecret key.
(2) In a unidirectional qubit circuit, we propose a three-party quantum key agreementwith two-qubit entanglement. Compared with the bidirectional qubit circuit, thispattern results in a simpler protocol implementation and achieve higher efciency.This scheme can establish a session key in the insecure channel and the shared keycannot be determined by any one or two of them. This protocol can resist theoutsider attack and the insider attack.
(3) By using the idea of quantum dense coding, we propose an efcient protocol for bidi-rectional quantum secure communication with two-photon entanglement. We frstfnd two nonorthogonal measurement bases and the users exchange their messagesthrough unitary operations and Bell measurement. Compared with the scheme pro-posed by Shi et al, the entangled pairs are chosen randomly and the number of bothquantum resources and bits in a classical channel is a half. Moreover, our protocolcan achieve higher efciency. The secure analysis shows information leakage doesnot exist in our scheme.
(4) We propose an efcient three-party quantum secure direct communication basedon EPR pairs. We point out the security hole, which the eavesdropper can obtain the correlation of secret messages exchanged by the users from the public classicalchannel. By improving the quantum channel and classical channel, our scheme canavoid this kind of drawback, in which the entangled states can encode longer secretmessages. In addition, our protocol increases efciency.
(5) We propose a quantum proxy group signature with four-qubit entangled states.This scheme combines the properties of group signature and proxy signature andhas some features including unforgeability, verifability, identifability, undeniability,and group property. The particle sequences can be used to distribute proxy warrantsand secret keys based on quantum secure direct communication, and then can beused for signing and verifcation processes. Thus our protocol raises the utilizationrate of quantum resources. The outside attack and participant attack are alsoanalyzed.
(6) A quantum blind signature scheme is proposed, which can be applied to E-votingsystem. In this protocol, the voter can blind his message at frst, and obtain theblind signature from the electoral management center. Finally, this signature isverifed. The signatory knows nothing about the content that he signed and themessage could be protected to ensure privacy. Moreover, our protocol can performan audit program with respect of the validity of the verifcation process in the lightof actual requirements.
(1)基于Bell态提出了一个三方量子密钥协商协议.以量子效应实现的密钥协商不仅满足了量子密钥分发中的安全性,还体现了公平性这一基本属性.方案中通信三方是对等的实体且每一方对建立的共享密钥有相同的贡献.方案中的每一个参与者通过分别向其余两方传送粒子序列,然后对返回后的编码序列执行测量.以这种双向量子比特传输方式来实现提取其他参与者的密钥,从而建立最终密钥.
(2)基于两粒子纠缠对在单向量子比特传输回路上提出了一个三方量子密钥协商协议.与双向量子比特传输模式相比,协议的实现更为简洁,并且通过改善量子信道提高了效率.提出的方案可以在一个不安全的信道上建立会话密钥,共享的密钥不能被任何一方或两方事先独自决定.设计的协议既能抵抗外部攻击,也能抵抗参与者攻击.
(3)利用密集编码的思想基于两粒子纠缠设计了一个高效的双向量子安全通信协议.在两量子比特希尔伯特空间上找到非正交的两组测量基,通过幺正操作和Bell测量来编码和交换各自的秘密信息.与Shi等人的方案相比,我们协议中制备的纠缠对序列是真正随机的.在交换同等长度消息的前提下,我们方案中制备的两量子比特纠缠对只需要Shi等人协议中一半的数量,同时经典信道中需要公开的经典比特数也是原先协议的二分之一.此外,我们提出的方案提高了协议效率.安全分析表明,本协议不存在信息泄露的问题.
(4)基于EPR对提出了一个高效的三方量子安全直接通信协议.首先分析了Chong等人的三方量子安全直接通信协议中存在的安全漏洞,即非法窃听者可以通过公开的经典信道获得合法通信者之间交换的秘密信息的关联.在此基础上,通过改善经典信道和量子信道中的量子比特传输,使得制备的纠缠对序列能够编码三方用来交换的更长秘密消息,并且避免了信息关联的安全漏洞.此外,我们提出的协议还提高了效率.
(5)基于四粒子纠缠态提出了一个量子代理群签名协议.该方案结合了群代理签名和群签名的特点,具有不可伪造性,可验证性,可识别性,不可否认性,及群性.制备的纠缠粒子序列在初始阶段利用量子安全直接通信的原理来分配代理证书和共享密钥,然后直接用于签名和验证过程,因此提高了量子资源利用率.安全分析表明,提出的方案能够抵抗外部攻击和参与者攻击.
(6)设计了一个可以应用于电子选举系统的量子盲签名协议.本方案中选民首先对其选票进行盲化,然后得到管理中心的签名,最后进行选票验证.签名者即管理中心对其签署的消息不知具体的内容,保护了消息的隐私性.同时设计了一个审计程序,对计票结果的有效性可以根据需要来进行事后审计,以保证验证过程的合法性.
Quantum cryptography is a new technology which gets a high level of attention todayworldwide. Unlike traditional classical cryptography based on various mathematical tech-niques, quantum cryptography can realize the unconditionally secure communication andinformation protection, in which the security is only guaranteed by the fundamental lawsof quantum mechanics, i.e., Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and quantum no-cloningtheorem. Quantum cryptography has developed very quickly and obtained signifcantachievements in theory and experiments. The content of this dissertation includes quan-tum key agreement, quantum secure direct communication, and quantum signature. Thedetails are as follows:
(1) We propose a three-party quantum key agreement with Bell states. A key agreementbased on the quantum efects can satisfy not only the security of quantum keydistribution but also the fairness. In this protocol the three parties are entirely peerand each one has an equal contribution to the shared secret key. Each party sendsthe particle sequences to the other parties respectively and measurements theseencoded sequences after receiving them. From this kind of bidirectional circuit ofqubit transmission, the shared key can be established by extracting each party’ssecret key.
(2) In a unidirectional qubit circuit, we propose a three-party quantum key agreementwith two-qubit entanglement. Compared with the bidirectional qubit circuit, thispattern results in a simpler protocol implementation and achieve higher efciency.This scheme can establish a session key in the insecure channel and the shared keycannot be determined by any one or two of them. This protocol can resist theoutsider attack and the insider attack.
(3) By using the idea of quantum dense coding, we propose an efcient protocol for bidi-rectional quantum secure communication with two-photon entanglement. We frstfnd two nonorthogonal measurement bases and the users exchange their messagesthrough unitary operations and Bell measurement. Compared with the scheme pro-posed by Shi et al, the entangled pairs are chosen randomly and the number of bothquantum resources and bits in a classical channel is a half. Moreover, our protocolcan achieve higher efciency. The secure analysis shows information leakage doesnot exist in our scheme.
(4) We propose an efcient three-party quantum secure direct communication basedon EPR pairs. We point out the security hole, which the eavesdropper can obtain the correlation of secret messages exchanged by the users from the public classicalchannel. By improving the quantum channel and classical channel, our scheme canavoid this kind of drawback, in which the entangled states can encode longer secretmessages. In addition, our protocol increases efciency.
(5) We propose a quantum proxy group signature with four-qubit entangled states.This scheme combines the properties of group signature and proxy signature andhas some features including unforgeability, verifability, identifability, undeniability,and group property. The particle sequences can be used to distribute proxy warrantsand secret keys based on quantum secure direct communication, and then can beused for signing and verifcation processes. Thus our protocol raises the utilizationrate of quantum resources. The outside attack and participant attack are alsoanalyzed.
(6) A quantum blind signature scheme is proposed, which can be applied to E-votingsystem. In this protocol, the voter can blind his message at frst, and obtain theblind signature from the electoral management center. Finally, this signature isverifed. The signatory knows nothing about the content that he signed and themessage could be protected to ensure privacy. Moreover, our protocol can performan audit program with respect of the validity of the verifcation process in the lightof actual requirements.
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