汽车/行人碰撞运动学及多元关联特征的研究
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摘要
汽车碰撞行人事故是当今世界上绝大多数国家道路交通事故的重要类型之一,在中国行人交通伤害态势尤为严重,因此开展汽车碰撞行人运动学和动力学的研究具有重大的现实意义。
本文基于多参数控制动力学仿真试验平台开展如下研究工作:
(1)基于MADYMO建立了符合中国人体形特征、适用于不同碰撞环境的行人多刚体动力学模型;确定了对汽车/行人碰撞中行人运动姿态及碰撞后运动轨迹具有显著影响的多元关联集,设计了碰撞仿真试验方案;构建了基于PC-CRASH/MADYMO的多参数控制的汽车/行人碰撞动力学仿真平台。
(2)利用PC-CRASH/MADYMO构建汽车/行人碰撞模型,依托动力学仿真平台再现车人碰撞运动过程,揭示了不同碰撞环境下行人碰撞运动学的多元影响规律及特征。分析了碰撞后行人运动轨迹的不同类型、特征及形成过程;确定了不同碰撞环境下行人运动状态及姿态对应的碰撞车速阈值;提出了行人碰撞运动学特征参数,并利用SPSS定量分析了碰撞持续时间、行人载距、抛射角度及抛射高度4个特征参数随汽车碰撞速度的变化规律。
(3)引入行人头部上抛距/横偏距和展距参数,依托动力学仿真平台,研究了行人头部碰撞运动学的多元影响规律及特征。深入分析了不同碰撞环境下行人上抛距/横偏距或展距与汽车碰撞速度之间的相关关系,利用SPSS建立了相应的关系方程,并通过实例验证了模型方程用于估算汽车碰撞速度的有效性和实用性。
(4)基于动力学理论,构建了汽车/行人碰撞抛射速比数学模型;利用抛距模型对车人碰撞仿真模型用于模拟计算抛射速比的有效性进行了验证;依托动力学仿真平台研究了不同碰撞环境下各因素对抛射速比的影响规律及特征,并利用SPSS建立了行人抛射速比与汽车碰撞速度之间的关系方程。
(5)深入研究了不同碰撞环境下各因素对行人抛距的影响规律及特征。从理论上构建了包含道路环境参数的抛距模型,利用抛距仿真数据构建了适用不同碰撞环境的抛距模型,利用事故案例抛距数据构建了适用于不同汽车前部外形及行人身高碰撞环境的经验模型,并通过与其它抛距模型进行对比,验证了本文建立的抛距模型的有效性。
Vehicle/Pedestrian collisions are a common occurrence, can contribute to the larger portion of the total number of road crashes for most countries in today’s society. Therefore, there will be of great practical significance to conduct the research on pedestrian’s collision safety. Nowadays, pedestrian protection project has presently become the key aim that is paid attention by researchers in the fields of traffic safety and vehicle crash safety.
The research on vehicle/pedestrian crash safety are presently developed by using various impact tests involving cadaver or pedestrian dummy, leg-form or head-form impactor, and computer simulation technique with in-depth analysis of real world data. Main studies cover the analyses of pedestrian kinematics, pedestrian dynamics, pedestrian injuries biomechanics and pedestrian protection technology in a vehicle/pedestrian collision. Due to the advantages of expeditious, economical, avoidable influence of random factors and test condition, easily simulating and comparing for different collision scenarios, as well as obtaining some parameters data which are very difficultly available through impact tests, computer simulating test has been of great application value and advantage in the research on vehicle/pedestrian crash safety.
In this paper, the pedestrian is modeled as a multi-body system by using PC-CRASH simulation program and embedded MADYMO module; moreover, the influence laws and factors of pedestrian kinematics and its characteristic parameters under different collision circumstances are in depth studied and comprehensively revealed. The main studies involved in this paper are as follow.
(1) The kinematics law of a pedestrian in a vehicle/pedestrian collision is fully researched by using computer modeling and simulating method in this paper. Based on the coupling of PC-CRASH and embedded MADYMO, Multi-body models of the vehicle and the pedestrian involved in a vehicle/pedestrian collision are developed and validated. Main factors influencing on pedestrian kinematics in vehicle/pedestrian contacting phase are extensively analyzed; furthermore, the simulating test scheme is constructed from these factors. The kinematics laws of pedestrian such as motion posture and vehicle impact speed threshold in vehicle/pedestrian contacting phase under different collision circumstances are in depth studied by selecting these main influencing factors as independent variables for simulating tests. The pedestrian kinematics simulation is found to be good harmonious and consistent with the case of real world and staged vehicle/pedestrian impacts. The computer modeling and simulating method documented in this paper will be of practical value in analysis of pedestrian kinematics in a vehicle/pedestrian collision.
(2) The multifactor influence laws of contact location for pedestrian’s head on the impacting vehicle exterior under different collision scenarios are in depth researched based on computer simulating test in this paper. Upward throw and lateral deviation distances are introduced to describe pedestrian’s contact point on the impacting vehicle body surface. The impacting vehicle and pedestrian are respectively modeled as a multi-body system through the coupling of PC-CRASH and MADYMO. The influence laws and factors of upward throw and lateral deviation distances for the impacted pedestrian involved in a vehicle/pedestrian collision are in depth analyzed with simulating by selecting significant factors influencing on contact location for pedestrian’s head on the impacting vehicle exterior as independent variables for simulating tests. At the same time, for various influencing factors, the approximate vehicle impact speed thresholds under different collision circumstances are determined from the available simulating data. On the other hand, the mathematical relationships between post-impact pedestrian’s upward throw/lateral deviation distances and vehicle impact speed under different collision scenarios are derived from regression analyses of the simulating data. The findings have indicated that the derived regression equations may be used to access the lower vehicle impact speed and qualitatively analyze pre-impact pedestrian motion state or speed, which will be of great practicability in reconstruction analysis and technical appraisal of a vehicle/pedestrian collision.
(3) The relationships comparing vehicle impact speed to pedestrian throw speed are in depth studied; moreover, the multifactor influence laws of projection efficiency under different collision scenarios are completely revealed in this paper. The mathematical models of impact projection efficiency are developed based on the kinematics theory and kinetics theory; moreover, various factors influencing on projection efficiency are determined. Consequently, the simulating test scheme for vehicle/pedestrian collision is design from the above factor analysis. In addition, the multi-body models of the vehicle and the struck pedestrian are developed by using PC-CRASH/MADYMO; moreover, the validity of vehicle/pedestrian impact model for calculating projection efficiency are validated by utilizing theoretical throw models. The influence laws and its effect for various factors on projection efficiency under different collision scenarios are in depth researched and revealed from the available simulating data by using SPSS; moreover, the equations and its curves for the projection efficiency as a function of vehicle impact speed are derived and validated.
(4) The influence laws and its factors of pedestrian throw distance under different collision scenarios are in depth studied through simulating test for vehicle/pedestrian collision. Furthermore, the relationships between vehicle impact speed and pedestrian throw distance are developed from the simulating data. At the same time, the empirical models for various collision circumstances are derived from the real throw distance data; moreover, these models are compared to the throw models derived by foreign researcher and simulating throw models presented in this paper.
It would have expected that the results in this paper can not only provide certain referenced value and guidance meaning for the studies on kinematics and dynamics of the struck pedestrian as well as increasingly developing technology appraisal of road crashes, but also make a great progress in the study on vehicle/pedestrian crash safety.
本文基于多参数控制动力学仿真试验平台开展如下研究工作:
(1)基于MADYMO建立了符合中国人体形特征、适用于不同碰撞环境的行人多刚体动力学模型;确定了对汽车/行人碰撞中行人运动姿态及碰撞后运动轨迹具有显著影响的多元关联集,设计了碰撞仿真试验方案;构建了基于PC-CRASH/MADYMO的多参数控制的汽车/行人碰撞动力学仿真平台。
(2)利用PC-CRASH/MADYMO构建汽车/行人碰撞模型,依托动力学仿真平台再现车人碰撞运动过程,揭示了不同碰撞环境下行人碰撞运动学的多元影响规律及特征。分析了碰撞后行人运动轨迹的不同类型、特征及形成过程;确定了不同碰撞环境下行人运动状态及姿态对应的碰撞车速阈值;提出了行人碰撞运动学特征参数,并利用SPSS定量分析了碰撞持续时间、行人载距、抛射角度及抛射高度4个特征参数随汽车碰撞速度的变化规律。
(3)引入行人头部上抛距/横偏距和展距参数,依托动力学仿真平台,研究了行人头部碰撞运动学的多元影响规律及特征。深入分析了不同碰撞环境下行人上抛距/横偏距或展距与汽车碰撞速度之间的相关关系,利用SPSS建立了相应的关系方程,并通过实例验证了模型方程用于估算汽车碰撞速度的有效性和实用性。
(4)基于动力学理论,构建了汽车/行人碰撞抛射速比数学模型;利用抛距模型对车人碰撞仿真模型用于模拟计算抛射速比的有效性进行了验证;依托动力学仿真平台研究了不同碰撞环境下各因素对抛射速比的影响规律及特征,并利用SPSS建立了行人抛射速比与汽车碰撞速度之间的关系方程。
(5)深入研究了不同碰撞环境下各因素对行人抛距的影响规律及特征。从理论上构建了包含道路环境参数的抛距模型,利用抛距仿真数据构建了适用不同碰撞环境的抛距模型,利用事故案例抛距数据构建了适用于不同汽车前部外形及行人身高碰撞环境的经验模型,并通过与其它抛距模型进行对比,验证了本文建立的抛距模型的有效性。
Vehicle/Pedestrian collisions are a common occurrence, can contribute to the larger portion of the total number of road crashes for most countries in today’s society. Therefore, there will be of great practical significance to conduct the research on pedestrian’s collision safety. Nowadays, pedestrian protection project has presently become the key aim that is paid attention by researchers in the fields of traffic safety and vehicle crash safety.
The research on vehicle/pedestrian crash safety are presently developed by using various impact tests involving cadaver or pedestrian dummy, leg-form or head-form impactor, and computer simulation technique with in-depth analysis of real world data. Main studies cover the analyses of pedestrian kinematics, pedestrian dynamics, pedestrian injuries biomechanics and pedestrian protection technology in a vehicle/pedestrian collision. Due to the advantages of expeditious, economical, avoidable influence of random factors and test condition, easily simulating and comparing for different collision scenarios, as well as obtaining some parameters data which are very difficultly available through impact tests, computer simulating test has been of great application value and advantage in the research on vehicle/pedestrian crash safety.
In this paper, the pedestrian is modeled as a multi-body system by using PC-CRASH simulation program and embedded MADYMO module; moreover, the influence laws and factors of pedestrian kinematics and its characteristic parameters under different collision circumstances are in depth studied and comprehensively revealed. The main studies involved in this paper are as follow.
(1) The kinematics law of a pedestrian in a vehicle/pedestrian collision is fully researched by using computer modeling and simulating method in this paper. Based on the coupling of PC-CRASH and embedded MADYMO, Multi-body models of the vehicle and the pedestrian involved in a vehicle/pedestrian collision are developed and validated. Main factors influencing on pedestrian kinematics in vehicle/pedestrian contacting phase are extensively analyzed; furthermore, the simulating test scheme is constructed from these factors. The kinematics laws of pedestrian such as motion posture and vehicle impact speed threshold in vehicle/pedestrian contacting phase under different collision circumstances are in depth studied by selecting these main influencing factors as independent variables for simulating tests. The pedestrian kinematics simulation is found to be good harmonious and consistent with the case of real world and staged vehicle/pedestrian impacts. The computer modeling and simulating method documented in this paper will be of practical value in analysis of pedestrian kinematics in a vehicle/pedestrian collision.
(2) The multifactor influence laws of contact location for pedestrian’s head on the impacting vehicle exterior under different collision scenarios are in depth researched based on computer simulating test in this paper. Upward throw and lateral deviation distances are introduced to describe pedestrian’s contact point on the impacting vehicle body surface. The impacting vehicle and pedestrian are respectively modeled as a multi-body system through the coupling of PC-CRASH and MADYMO. The influence laws and factors of upward throw and lateral deviation distances for the impacted pedestrian involved in a vehicle/pedestrian collision are in depth analyzed with simulating by selecting significant factors influencing on contact location for pedestrian’s head on the impacting vehicle exterior as independent variables for simulating tests. At the same time, for various influencing factors, the approximate vehicle impact speed thresholds under different collision circumstances are determined from the available simulating data. On the other hand, the mathematical relationships between post-impact pedestrian’s upward throw/lateral deviation distances and vehicle impact speed under different collision scenarios are derived from regression analyses of the simulating data. The findings have indicated that the derived regression equations may be used to access the lower vehicle impact speed and qualitatively analyze pre-impact pedestrian motion state or speed, which will be of great practicability in reconstruction analysis and technical appraisal of a vehicle/pedestrian collision.
(3) The relationships comparing vehicle impact speed to pedestrian throw speed are in depth studied; moreover, the multifactor influence laws of projection efficiency under different collision scenarios are completely revealed in this paper. The mathematical models of impact projection efficiency are developed based on the kinematics theory and kinetics theory; moreover, various factors influencing on projection efficiency are determined. Consequently, the simulating test scheme for vehicle/pedestrian collision is design from the above factor analysis. In addition, the multi-body models of the vehicle and the struck pedestrian are developed by using PC-CRASH/MADYMO; moreover, the validity of vehicle/pedestrian impact model for calculating projection efficiency are validated by utilizing theoretical throw models. The influence laws and its effect for various factors on projection efficiency under different collision scenarios are in depth researched and revealed from the available simulating data by using SPSS; moreover, the equations and its curves for the projection efficiency as a function of vehicle impact speed are derived and validated.
(4) The influence laws and its factors of pedestrian throw distance under different collision scenarios are in depth studied through simulating test for vehicle/pedestrian collision. Furthermore, the relationships between vehicle impact speed and pedestrian throw distance are developed from the simulating data. At the same time, the empirical models for various collision circumstances are derived from the real throw distance data; moreover, these models are compared to the throw models derived by foreign researcher and simulating throw models presented in this paper.
It would have expected that the results in this paper can not only provide certain referenced value and guidance meaning for the studies on kinematics and dynamics of the struck pedestrian as well as increasingly developing technology appraisal of road crashes, but also make a great progress in the study on vehicle/pedestrian crash safety.
引文
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