阳东矿软岩巷道变形分析及支护技术
|
摘要
随着世界经济的快速发展,人们对矿产类产品如石油、煤炭、钢铁等的需求急剧增加。由于地面矿山资源日趋枯竭,人们开始将目光转向地下,以寻求更多可开发的矿藏资源。目前大多数深井矿山巷道处于高地应力环境中,地压显现强烈,特别是地质构造复杂、围岩特性差的地区,巷道变形大,经常出现冒顶、塌方等事故,严重危害到工人的生命安全,影响了矿山企业的经济效益。人们开始重视对地下巷道围岩力学性质的分析,研究巷道变形规律,寻求最安全、经济、合理的支护手段,最大程度的保护工人生命健康和维护生态平衡。传统的支护方式已逐渐不适应井下开采的需要,随着科技进步,现代软岩支护理论发展和新型支护方法出现,人们的支护理念正从被动支护向主动支护转变,从单一支护向联合支护发展。本文针对苏州高岭土公司阳东矿深部软岩巷道掘进和使用期间出现的巷道变形破坏的实际难题,通过对高岭土软岩物理力学性质的测定,并采用现场调查、变形观测、理论分析相结合的研究方法,分析深部软岩巷道变形破坏原因、规律并提出软岩矿压控制措施。在阳东矿某软岩巷道不同围岩条件、不同原岩应力条件下选择多种支护方式进行现场试验研究,并最终分析出合理可行的支护手段。本文主要取得了以下研究成果:
(1)根据软岩巷道的不同变形特征,提出了软岩巷道支护先让压,后强化支护的施工方案,实践证明是可行的。
(2)通过软岩巷道变形观测,初步掌握了二次支护的时机。阳东矿某软岩巷道在开挖后一般需要一个多月的压力释放期,在围岩趋于稳定时进行后期强化支护,巷道基本无松动变形,保证了软岩巷道的稳定性。
(3)通过现场观测对比分析,U型钢作为一次支护,钢筋混凝土喷浆为二次支护的支护手段能有效控制软岩巷道的变形破坏。
(4)料石碹、钢支架等支护在软岩巷道围岩不稳定情况下往往达不到长期支护目的,采用联合支护是目前解决软岩巷道支护比较好的方法。
(5)通过ANSYS有限元软件,对软岩巷道支护进行数值模拟分析,分析出在不同应力条件下支护方式对巷道围岩变形的控制效果以及围岩应力分布情况;
With the rapid development of world economy, people for mineral products such as oil, coal, steel etc demand increased dramatically. Because of the ground surface mining resources are depleting , people began to look to the underground, to find more exploitable mineral resources,Currently most deep mine roadway is in a high geostress environment, crustal stress appears strong. Particularly in the complex geological structure and rock properties bad area,the roadway of surrounding rock occurs very large deformation, frequent happens roof fall, landslides and other accidents,serious harm to the safety of the workers, affected the economic benefits of mining enterprises,people are starting to focus on the mechanical properties of the underground roadway analysis,study the roadway deformation regularity, seek the most safe, economical and reasonable means of support, maximum protection workers health and maintaining ecological balance. The traditional support means has gradually does not meet the needs of underground mining. With the progress of science and technology and the modern soft rock supporting theory continuous improvement and more effective support method constantly emerge, People's support concept is changed from passive to active and supporting method develop from a single support to combined support .The paper focuses on the distortion and damage of lanes in deep soft rocks of Yang Dong Mine of Suzhou Kaolin Company while digging and using, By the determination of physical and mechanics properties on Kaolin soft rock, combined experience of constructions with investigation and survey on sport. this paper analysed the reasons and regulations of distortion and damage,adopting a method of theory analytical and numerical simulation. Also pressure control metheod are brought up in this paper. In test zones of Yang Dong Mine some of the soft rock lane to some degree.reasonable and feasible maintenance methods have instructive meaning for controlling lane pressure based on different conditions of rock and stress as well as experimental research. This paper has given below main fruits:
(1) According to the different deformation characteristics of soft rock lane, Made of soft rock roadway let the pressure, the latter to strengthen supporting the construction program, in practice proved to be feasible
(2) Through the soft rock lane deformation observation, initially mastered the secondary support timing. a soft rock lane of Yang Dong mine in the excavation generally takes more than a month after the pressure release period, when the rock pressure to stabilize Bracing for post-strengthening, Basically no loosening and deformation, ensuring the stability of soft rock roadway
(3) By contrast analysis of monitoring on sport, we can conclude that using U- steel bracket sustainment as a temporary maintenance and reinforced concrete and shotcrete sustainment as second maintenance can better control the distortion and damage of lane in soft rocks
(4) Stone materials , Steel support frame sustainment etc,often do not meet the purpose of the long-term supporting in soft rock unstable situations, Using combined support is now the better method in solving soft roadway support.
(5) By ANSYS software, through the numerical simulation analysis on the support method of the soft rock roadway of experimental zone, We can find out in different stress conditions its for the roadway surrounding rock of control effect,the stress distribution situation of soft rock roadway and the distribution of plastic zones.
(1)根据软岩巷道的不同变形特征,提出了软岩巷道支护先让压,后强化支护的施工方案,实践证明是可行的。
(2)通过软岩巷道变形观测,初步掌握了二次支护的时机。阳东矿某软岩巷道在开挖后一般需要一个多月的压力释放期,在围岩趋于稳定时进行后期强化支护,巷道基本无松动变形,保证了软岩巷道的稳定性。
(3)通过现场观测对比分析,U型钢作为一次支护,钢筋混凝土喷浆为二次支护的支护手段能有效控制软岩巷道的变形破坏。
(4)料石碹、钢支架等支护在软岩巷道围岩不稳定情况下往往达不到长期支护目的,采用联合支护是目前解决软岩巷道支护比较好的方法。
(5)通过ANSYS有限元软件,对软岩巷道支护进行数值模拟分析,分析出在不同应力条件下支护方式对巷道围岩变形的控制效果以及围岩应力分布情况;
With the rapid development of world economy, people for mineral products such as oil, coal, steel etc demand increased dramatically. Because of the ground surface mining resources are depleting , people began to look to the underground, to find more exploitable mineral resources,Currently most deep mine roadway is in a high geostress environment, crustal stress appears strong. Particularly in the complex geological structure and rock properties bad area,the roadway of surrounding rock occurs very large deformation, frequent happens roof fall, landslides and other accidents,serious harm to the safety of the workers, affected the economic benefits of mining enterprises,people are starting to focus on the mechanical properties of the underground roadway analysis,study the roadway deformation regularity, seek the most safe, economical and reasonable means of support, maximum protection workers health and maintaining ecological balance. The traditional support means has gradually does not meet the needs of underground mining. With the progress of science and technology and the modern soft rock supporting theory continuous improvement and more effective support method constantly emerge, People's support concept is changed from passive to active and supporting method develop from a single support to combined support .The paper focuses on the distortion and damage of lanes in deep soft rocks of Yang Dong Mine of Suzhou Kaolin Company while digging and using, By the determination of physical and mechanics properties on Kaolin soft rock, combined experience of constructions with investigation and survey on sport. this paper analysed the reasons and regulations of distortion and damage,adopting a method of theory analytical and numerical simulation. Also pressure control metheod are brought up in this paper. In test zones of Yang Dong Mine some of the soft rock lane to some degree.reasonable and feasible maintenance methods have instructive meaning for controlling lane pressure based on different conditions of rock and stress as well as experimental research. This paper has given below main fruits:
(1) According to the different deformation characteristics of soft rock lane, Made of soft rock roadway let the pressure, the latter to strengthen supporting the construction program, in practice proved to be feasible
(2) Through the soft rock lane deformation observation, initially mastered the secondary support timing. a soft rock lane of Yang Dong mine in the excavation generally takes more than a month after the pressure release period, when the rock pressure to stabilize Bracing for post-strengthening, Basically no loosening and deformation, ensuring the stability of soft rock roadway
(3) By contrast analysis of monitoring on sport, we can conclude that using U- steel bracket sustainment as a temporary maintenance and reinforced concrete and shotcrete sustainment as second maintenance can better control the distortion and damage of lane in soft rocks
(4) Stone materials , Steel support frame sustainment etc,often do not meet the purpose of the long-term supporting in soft rock unstable situations, Using combined support is now the better method in solving soft roadway support.
(5) By ANSYS software, through the numerical simulation analysis on the support method of the soft rock roadway of experimental zone, We can find out in different stress conditions its for the roadway surrounding rock of control effect,the stress distribution situation of soft rock roadway and the distribution of plastic zones.
引文
[1]蒋福兴主编.矿山压力与岩层控制[M].北京:煤碳工业出版社.2004.8.254-257.
[2] J.C.Jacfer N.G w CooK Fundamentals of Rock Mockanics(Thind Edition).1979. [3]林育梁.软岩工程力学若干理论问题的探讨[J].煤矿安全,2004.34(12).28-30
[4]姚宝珠.软岩分类及软岩巷道支护方法[J].煤矿安全,2004.34(12).28-30
[5]刘亮,聂德新,韩文峰.高应力软岩巷道围岩变形破坏研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000.19(6)726-730.
[6]王海春,张金海,张海庭.浅谈软岩巷道变形机制及防治措施[J].煤碳技术,2001.20(12)47-48.
[7]蔡美锋,何满潮主编.岩石力学与工程[M].北京科学出版社,2002.12
[8] [苏]A.A鲍里索夫[编著],王庆康[译],平寿康[校].矿压压力原理与计算[M].北京:煤碳工业出版社.1986
[9]何满潮.世纪之交软岩工程技术现状与展望[M].北京:煤碳工业出版社.1999.5
[10]张农筹.煤巷树脂锚杆支护技术[J].煤碳科学技,2000.28(2):1-4
[11]李希勇,孙庆国.深部巷道围岩工程控制理论及支护实践[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2001.11
[12]社计平,苏景春.煤圹深井开采的矿压显现及控制[M].徐州中国矿业大学出版社,2001.1
[13]康红普.高强度锚杆支护技术的发展与应用.煤碳科学技术,2000.28(2):1-4
[14]王焕文,王继良等.锚喷支护[M].北京:煤碳工业出版社,1989
[15]朝炯,郭励生,勾攀峰.煤巷锚杆支护[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1999
[16]董方庭,宋宏伟,郭志宏,鹿守敏,梁士杰.巷道围岩松动圈支护理论[J]煤炭学报, 1994,(01) .
[17]孙钧.地下工程设计理论与实践[M].上海科学技术出版社,1996.12
[18]聂德新.岩体的场位特征及其工程应用[J].工程地质学报,2000(01)
[19]郑永学主编.矿山岩体力学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1988
[20]徐芝纶.弹性力学[[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1990
[21]李兆权.应用岩石力学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1994
[22]王泳嘉.离散元法及其在岩石力学中的应用[J].金属矿山,1986(08)
[23] Zinekiewicz O C, Valliappan S, King I P.Stress Analysis of Rock as a‘No Tension' Material. [J]. Geotechnigue Vo1.18.No.1.Mar.1968, 56.
[24]曾国平,刘忠,徐家礼译.塑性力学有限元-理论与应用[(英)DRJ欧文,E辛顿著][M].北京:兵器工业出版社,1989.
[25]王敏中,王炜,武际可.弹性力学教程[M].北京大学出版社,2002.
[26] Zienkiewicz O C, The Finite Element Method 3 rd [J].McGraw-Hill Book Company (UK) Ltd., 1977.
[27]潘昌实.隧道力学数值方法[M].中国铁道出版社,1995.
[28]邹永芳,张伯文,过元勋.沙墩头矿段勘探地质报告[D].中国建筑材料工业地质勘查中心地质印制所,1990.9
[29]苏友华,黄兢,李晓东.白皎矿区岩体应力场研究[J].西南工学院学报,1994(3)59-64
[30]张宝安.深部软岩回采巷道高应力复杂条件下锚网索复合支护研究[D].辽宁工程技术大学硕士学位论文.2004
[31] Attcwell P B.Tunncling and site investigations.Geotochnical Engineering of hand soils/soft rocks.1993.3:I767-I790
[32] E.HOCK.E.T.BROWNU.Underground Excacation in Rock.The Inst.of Min and Metal.Landon.1980
[33]李智.深部高应力复杂岩层稳定性控制及综合支护技术研究[D].西安科技大学,2007
[34]叶明亮,唐晓玲,牟宏.软岩井巷矿压显现规律[J].矿山压力与顶板管理, 2004(02)
[35]李国富.高应力软岩巷道变形破坏机理与控制技术研究[J]矿山压力与顶板管理, 2003,(02) .
[36]高发民,董光振,郭平.深部高应力煤巷矿压观测与显现[J]矿山压力与顶板管理, 2000,(03) .
[37]乔永平,冯朝旭.软岩巷道破坏分析及其支护参数的选择[J]煤, 2001,(06) .
[39]康洪普,王金华.煤巷锚杆支护理论与成套支术[M].北京:煤碳工业出版社,2007.11
[40]何满潮,孙晓明.中国煤矿软岩巷道工程支护设计与施工指南[M].北京:科学出版社,2004
[41]金淦.锚杆支护在软岩巷道中的运用[J].山西煤碳管理干部学院学报,2005(3).94-95
[42]林祟德,赵歌今.困难条件下煤巷锚杆支护技术[M].中国煤碳.1997.6
[43]郝桂明,王玉新,王建伟.软岩及破碎带巷道整体支护研究与实践[J].山东煤炭科技,2005.(5):54-55
[44]薛亚东,康天合.回采巷道围岩结构与裂隙分布特征及锚杆支护机理研究[J].煤碳学报,2000(25):97-101
[45]于会军,马成民,郭建武.锚网钢带喷浆联合支护在煤巷应用[J]煤炭技术, 2004,(07) .
[46]贾明魁,马念杰,刘银志,石建军.复杂应力环境下煤巷锚网支护技术研究[J]矿山压力与顶板管理, 2003,(03) .
[47]丁毓命,于文林,闫景臣,翟健飞.对软岩锚喷支护的机理和作用的分析[J].山东煤炭科技, 2002,(03).
[48]赵国堂,任天贵.锚喷网支护参数的合理确定[J]北京科技大学学报, 1994,(05) .
[49]宋空军,孙贺军.大断面煤巷锚杆锚索联合支护的应用[J].中国矿业,2005.14(3)
[50]景海河,孙庆国.深部高应力软岩巷道支护问题及对策[J].煤炭技术,2001,3(3):34-35
[51]涂心彦,赵九江.预应力锚索支护在治理软岩巷道破坏中的应用[J].矿山压力与顶板管理,2002.No.3.41-42
[52] Song Hongwei,Lu Shoumin.Study on Repairing Permanent Transportation Roadway in Deep Mining by bolt-Shoterete and Supporting[J].Journal of China University of Mining & Technology,1999(2):167-171
[53]徐明先,韩永胜,刘忠家,蒋家正.高强度树脂锚杆、网、索钢带联合支护的应用[J].煤碳技术,2005.24(2).31-32
[54]李德忠,夏新川,韩家根.深井回采巷道锚网、锚索联合支护技术[J].矿山压力与顶板管理,2003.No4.33-34
[55]杨新安,陆士良.软岩巷道锚注支护理论与技术的研究[J].煤碳学报,1997.22(1). 32-35
[56]万世文,苗田.锚杆的工字钢支架联合支护机理[J].煤.7(5).19-20
[37]陈炎光,陆士良.中国煤矿巷道围岩控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1994
[38]唐建新.矿井非典型动力现象及评价方法[D].博士论文.重庆大学.2004
[57]何满潮,苏永华.地下软岩工程可靠度研究[J]岩土工程学报, 2003,(01) .
[58]何满潮.软岩工程概论[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1993.10
[59]何满潮,高尔新.软岩巷道藕合支护力学原理及其应用[J].水文地质工程地质,1998,(2):1-4
[60]刘夕才.软岩巷道变形的粘弹塑性的有限元分析[M].徐州:中国矿业.1996.3
[61]朱伯芳.有限元法原理与应用(第二版)[M].中国水利水电出版社.
[62]张波,盛和太.ANSYS有限元数值分析原理与工程应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2005.9
[63]李权.ANSYS在土木工程中的应用[M].北京:人民邮电出版社.2005.6
[64]美国ANSYS公司.ANSYS用户手册.1998
[65]叶先磊,史亚杰.ANSYS工程分析软件应用实例[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2003
[66]王焕定,吴德伦.有限单元法及计算程序[M].中国建筑工业出版社.1997.6
[67]深部高应力下的资源开采与地下工程—香山会议第175次综述,地球科学进展.2002.4
[68]马红军.软岩巷道变形机理分析及控制[J].山东煤炭科技.2003.6:43-44
[69]郭立,吴爱祥.深井开采岩体破坏机理及工程控制方法综述[M].矿业研究与开发.2001.02
[2] J.C.Jacfer N.G w CooK Fundamentals of Rock Mockanics(Thind Edition).1979. [3]林育梁.软岩工程力学若干理论问题的探讨[J].煤矿安全,2004.34(12).28-30
[4]姚宝珠.软岩分类及软岩巷道支护方法[J].煤矿安全,2004.34(12).28-30
[5]刘亮,聂德新,韩文峰.高应力软岩巷道围岩变形破坏研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2000.19(6)726-730.
[6]王海春,张金海,张海庭.浅谈软岩巷道变形机制及防治措施[J].煤碳技术,2001.20(12)47-48.
[7]蔡美锋,何满潮主编.岩石力学与工程[M].北京科学出版社,2002.12
[8] [苏]A.A鲍里索夫[编著],王庆康[译],平寿康[校].矿压压力原理与计算[M].北京:煤碳工业出版社.1986
[9]何满潮.世纪之交软岩工程技术现状与展望[M].北京:煤碳工业出版社.1999.5
[10]张农筹.煤巷树脂锚杆支护技术[J].煤碳科学技,2000.28(2):1-4
[11]李希勇,孙庆国.深部巷道围岩工程控制理论及支护实践[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2001.11
[12]社计平,苏景春.煤圹深井开采的矿压显现及控制[M].徐州中国矿业大学出版社,2001.1
[13]康红普.高强度锚杆支护技术的发展与应用.煤碳科学技术,2000.28(2):1-4
[14]王焕文,王继良等.锚喷支护[M].北京:煤碳工业出版社,1989
[15]朝炯,郭励生,勾攀峰.煤巷锚杆支护[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1999
[16]董方庭,宋宏伟,郭志宏,鹿守敏,梁士杰.巷道围岩松动圈支护理论[J]煤炭学报, 1994,(01) .
[17]孙钧.地下工程设计理论与实践[M].上海科学技术出版社,1996.12
[18]聂德新.岩体的场位特征及其工程应用[J].工程地质学报,2000(01)
[19]郑永学主编.矿山岩体力学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1988
[20]徐芝纶.弹性力学[[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1990
[21]李兆权.应用岩石力学[M].北京:冶金工业出版社,1994
[22]王泳嘉.离散元法及其在岩石力学中的应用[J].金属矿山,1986(08)
[23] Zinekiewicz O C, Valliappan S, King I P.Stress Analysis of Rock as a‘No Tension' Material. [J]. Geotechnigue Vo1.18.No.1.Mar.1968, 56.
[24]曾国平,刘忠,徐家礼译.塑性力学有限元-理论与应用[(英)DRJ欧文,E辛顿著][M].北京:兵器工业出版社,1989.
[25]王敏中,王炜,武际可.弹性力学教程[M].北京大学出版社,2002.
[26] Zienkiewicz O C, The Finite Element Method 3 rd [J].McGraw-Hill Book Company (UK) Ltd., 1977.
[27]潘昌实.隧道力学数值方法[M].中国铁道出版社,1995.
[28]邹永芳,张伯文,过元勋.沙墩头矿段勘探地质报告[D].中国建筑材料工业地质勘查中心地质印制所,1990.9
[29]苏友华,黄兢,李晓东.白皎矿区岩体应力场研究[J].西南工学院学报,1994(3)59-64
[30]张宝安.深部软岩回采巷道高应力复杂条件下锚网索复合支护研究[D].辽宁工程技术大学硕士学位论文.2004
[31] Attcwell P B.Tunncling and site investigations.Geotochnical Engineering of hand soils/soft rocks.1993.3:I767-I790
[32] E.HOCK.E.T.BROWNU.Underground Excacation in Rock.The Inst.of Min and Metal.Landon.1980
[33]李智.深部高应力复杂岩层稳定性控制及综合支护技术研究[D].西安科技大学,2007
[34]叶明亮,唐晓玲,牟宏.软岩井巷矿压显现规律[J].矿山压力与顶板管理, 2004(02)
[35]李国富.高应力软岩巷道变形破坏机理与控制技术研究[J]矿山压力与顶板管理, 2003,(02) .
[36]高发民,董光振,郭平.深部高应力煤巷矿压观测与显现[J]矿山压力与顶板管理, 2000,(03) .
[37]乔永平,冯朝旭.软岩巷道破坏分析及其支护参数的选择[J]煤, 2001,(06) .
[39]康洪普,王金华.煤巷锚杆支护理论与成套支术[M].北京:煤碳工业出版社,2007.11
[40]何满潮,孙晓明.中国煤矿软岩巷道工程支护设计与施工指南[M].北京:科学出版社,2004
[41]金淦.锚杆支护在软岩巷道中的运用[J].山西煤碳管理干部学院学报,2005(3).94-95
[42]林祟德,赵歌今.困难条件下煤巷锚杆支护技术[M].中国煤碳.1997.6
[43]郝桂明,王玉新,王建伟.软岩及破碎带巷道整体支护研究与实践[J].山东煤炭科技,2005.(5):54-55
[44]薛亚东,康天合.回采巷道围岩结构与裂隙分布特征及锚杆支护机理研究[J].煤碳学报,2000(25):97-101
[45]于会军,马成民,郭建武.锚网钢带喷浆联合支护在煤巷应用[J]煤炭技术, 2004,(07) .
[46]贾明魁,马念杰,刘银志,石建军.复杂应力环境下煤巷锚网支护技术研究[J]矿山压力与顶板管理, 2003,(03) .
[47]丁毓命,于文林,闫景臣,翟健飞.对软岩锚喷支护的机理和作用的分析[J].山东煤炭科技, 2002,(03).
[48]赵国堂,任天贵.锚喷网支护参数的合理确定[J]北京科技大学学报, 1994,(05) .
[49]宋空军,孙贺军.大断面煤巷锚杆锚索联合支护的应用[J].中国矿业,2005.14(3)
[50]景海河,孙庆国.深部高应力软岩巷道支护问题及对策[J].煤炭技术,2001,3(3):34-35
[51]涂心彦,赵九江.预应力锚索支护在治理软岩巷道破坏中的应用[J].矿山压力与顶板管理,2002.No.3.41-42
[52] Song Hongwei,Lu Shoumin.Study on Repairing Permanent Transportation Roadway in Deep Mining by bolt-Shoterete and Supporting[J].Journal of China University of Mining & Technology,1999(2):167-171
[53]徐明先,韩永胜,刘忠家,蒋家正.高强度树脂锚杆、网、索钢带联合支护的应用[J].煤碳技术,2005.24(2).31-32
[54]李德忠,夏新川,韩家根.深井回采巷道锚网、锚索联合支护技术[J].矿山压力与顶板管理,2003.No4.33-34
[55]杨新安,陆士良.软岩巷道锚注支护理论与技术的研究[J].煤碳学报,1997.22(1). 32-35
[56]万世文,苗田.锚杆的工字钢支架联合支护机理[J].煤.7(5).19-20
[37]陈炎光,陆士良.中国煤矿巷道围岩控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1994
[38]唐建新.矿井非典型动力现象及评价方法[D].博士论文.重庆大学.2004
[57]何满潮,苏永华.地下软岩工程可靠度研究[J]岩土工程学报, 2003,(01) .
[58]何满潮.软岩工程概论[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1993.10
[59]何满潮,高尔新.软岩巷道藕合支护力学原理及其应用[J].水文地质工程地质,1998,(2):1-4
[60]刘夕才.软岩巷道变形的粘弹塑性的有限元分析[M].徐州:中国矿业.1996.3
[61]朱伯芳.有限元法原理与应用(第二版)[M].中国水利水电出版社.
[62]张波,盛和太.ANSYS有限元数值分析原理与工程应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2005.9
[63]李权.ANSYS在土木工程中的应用[M].北京:人民邮电出版社.2005.6
[64]美国ANSYS公司.ANSYS用户手册.1998
[65]叶先磊,史亚杰.ANSYS工程分析软件应用实例[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2003
[66]王焕定,吴德伦.有限单元法及计算程序[M].中国建筑工业出版社.1997.6
[67]深部高应力下的资源开采与地下工程—香山会议第175次综述,地球科学进展.2002.4
[68]马红军.软岩巷道变形机理分析及控制[J].山东煤炭科技.2003.6:43-44
[69]郭立,吴爱祥.深井开采岩体破坏机理及工程控制方法综述[M].矿业研究与开发.2001.02
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |