“处”与“出”：陶渊明和谢灵运之比较
摘要
陶渊明和谢灵运的研究一直是文学论题中热点的话题,陶谢的比较也是古已有之的话题,一方面因为陶谢生活的时代接近,陶渊明(365-427)、谢灵运(385-433)都由晋入宋,且在刘宋历经武帝、少帝、文帝三朝而卒于永嘉年间的诗人；另一方面,陶渊明和谢灵运两人分别作为我国田园诗派和山水诗派的代表和奠基人,在文学史上占有重要地位。基于以上的原因,陶渊明和谢灵运的比较可谓成果颇多,可是综观陶谢的研究,大都注重其具体的作品比较而缺乏一种宏观的历史的研究；大都注重于区分二人的优劣,而不注重分析各自的长处与短处产生的因素等等问题。本文力图从陶谢两人人生境界的角度来分析,引入“出”、“处”这一文学主题对二人不同生存状态选择原因进行深入的分析,以此为基础分析他们在各自生存状态的影响下创作田园诗和山水诗的不同精神特色；进而分析他们“出”、“处”不同的人生状态之下两人的人生轨迹的差异以及他们对后世士人处世方式的影响。
正文共分四章：
第1章先说明了在陶谢的比较研究中引入“出”、“处”这一文学主题的原因,并对陶谢之前一段时期“出”、“处”这一文学主题在士人群体中的演进情况做了梳理,接着对陶渊明“处”之一端的生存状态的选择原因进行深入的剖析,从家庭、社会和自身多方面入手分析陶渊明可在“处”之一端诗意栖居的条件；在这样的思路之下也分析了谢灵运于“出”、“处”之间的无奈与困顿。
第2章陶渊明在“处”之生存状态下创作吟咏自然的田园诗,文中分析了陶渊明此种生存状态对田园诗创作主题、境界、意象的影响,结合具体的诗篇进行说明,之后又分析了谢灵运“出”之状态下山水诗创作中的这些方面,在这样的考察中我们看到陶谢不同的生存状态在田园诗和山水诗中的创作中不同的精神诉求。
第3章陶渊明的“处”之一端的选择和谢灵运“出”之一端的选择在各自仕途经历和人生归宿方面的影响。陶渊明在十余年的仕宦经历后,终可彻底放弃出仕为官而处隐南山之陲,成就自己诗意的栖居；而谢灵运却因种种的因素只得在宦海浮沉中挣扎,直到被弃市街头完成了士人的悲剧谢幕,两人巨大的人生差异产生的原因是本章主要阐释的内容。
第4章陶渊明和谢灵运不同的人生经历和文学成就都给了后世士人无尽的影响。在不同的历史时期,陶谢两人出处不同人生处世方式在后世有着不一样的发展趋势,呈现着陶渊明的显名和谢灵运的沉寂,同时也昭示着出处的处世方式被后人的不同的接受趋势。
通过以“出”、“处”的文学角度对陶谢的比较,我们从更深层次上理解了谢灵运更多的人生无奈和他那种在宦海浮沉中不退缩的精神品质,这也是在谢灵运的研究中常被遮蔽的方面。接着反思了在陶谢比较中得出的“处”之一端的显豁和“出”之一端的萎缩这种趋势,以及“出”、“处”这一文学主题对我们现代人的意义。
TaoYuanming and Xie Lingyun's research has been a hot topic in literary topics and Tao Xie comparison is as old as the subject. There are two reasons.On the one hand, the times when they live was close,Tao(365-427), Xie(385-433) by the Jin Dynasty to Song Dynasty, and died in Yongjia three years after in the Liu Song Emperor.The other hand, Tao was respective and founder of the Pastoral Poetry and Xie representatives and founder of the Landscape Poetry Style, which occupied an important place in literary history. For the above reasons, achievement of comparison of Tao Xie was a lot more can be side.But look at these articles always focused on the specific comparison and was lack of a macro-historical research; mostly focused on the distinction between two of the advantages and disadvantages, rather than focused the factors that their strengths and weaknesses was produced. This article seeks to life from the realm of two person's perspective and introduced of "out", "hidden" theme of the literature on two different reasons for living state choice-depth analysis. As a basis analysis of survival in their respective state writing under the influence of pastoral poetry and landscape poetry, we tried my best to find the difference of mental characteristics. Further we analyzed the two different life conditions of life trajectories and their savoir-faire of later scholars under their "out", "hidden".
Text is divided into four chapters:
Chapter 1 we described the reason which comparative study of Xie Tao was introduced of the "out", "hidden" the theme of this literature. We inspected the evolution which before Tao Xie "out", "hidden" the theme in the scholars in this literature. Then on the Tao's "hidden" in the choice of one end of the living state the reasons for in-depth analysis, from the family, society and its multi-pronged approach. Tao because of the "hidden" had a Poetic Living conditions in the end of his life. In this line of thought we also analyzed under the "out"Living conditions Lingyun's the helplessness and frustrations.
Chapter 2 Tao in the "hidden" of the survival of state creation chanted natural yell. Tao such a state of survival affected the theme, state, image of pastoral poetry and combined with concrete poems are explained. Followed by this style of analysis, we study Xie Lingyun's "out " Living conditions affected these aspects of Landscape Poetry. Because of this analysis, we see the Tao xie of survival in different states in the idyllic and the Creation of Landscape Poetry demands a different spirit.
Chapter 3 Tao's "hidden" in the end of the selection and Xie's "out" in the end the choice made two persons career experience and life in their areas of destination. Tao in more than ten years experience in officialdom after, he could leave government official and the Department completely abandoned him hidden Nanshan and allowed him to go out his dwelling of poetic achievements. But Xie Lingyun because of various reasons, only to struggle in the officialdom drifting, until the completely was abandoned city streets the scholars of the tragedy of the curtain call. The two great causes of the difference life of two persons is the main explanation of the contents of this chapter.
Chapter 4 Tao and Xie's different life experiences and literary achievements gave endless generations of scholars. In different historical periods, Tao and Xie's different Living conditions in later life had not the same trend showing that the famous of Tao and silence of Xie. This trend was also made clear that Tao and Xie's accepted by the offspring.
Through "out", "hidden" of the literary perspective of the Tao and Xie's comparison, we understood that from higher level Lingyun more helplessness and his life in the officialdom that does not rise and fall back the spirit of the quality, which in Xie Lingyun's study often were covered aspects. Then we reflected this trent which Tao's "hidden" was prevailed and Xie's "out" was covered. Finally, we reflected the meaning "out", "hidden" theme of this literature in our modern sense.
正文共分四章：
第1章先说明了在陶谢的比较研究中引入“出”、“处”这一文学主题的原因,并对陶谢之前一段时期“出”、“处”这一文学主题在士人群体中的演进情况做了梳理,接着对陶渊明“处”之一端的生存状态的选择原因进行深入的剖析,从家庭、社会和自身多方面入手分析陶渊明可在“处”之一端诗意栖居的条件；在这样的思路之下也分析了谢灵运于“出”、“处”之间的无奈与困顿。
第2章陶渊明在“处”之生存状态下创作吟咏自然的田园诗,文中分析了陶渊明此种生存状态对田园诗创作主题、境界、意象的影响,结合具体的诗篇进行说明,之后又分析了谢灵运“出”之状态下山水诗创作中的这些方面,在这样的考察中我们看到陶谢不同的生存状态在田园诗和山水诗中的创作中不同的精神诉求。
第3章陶渊明的“处”之一端的选择和谢灵运“出”之一端的选择在各自仕途经历和人生归宿方面的影响。陶渊明在十余年的仕宦经历后,终可彻底放弃出仕为官而处隐南山之陲,成就自己诗意的栖居；而谢灵运却因种种的因素只得在宦海浮沉中挣扎,直到被弃市街头完成了士人的悲剧谢幕,两人巨大的人生差异产生的原因是本章主要阐释的内容。
第4章陶渊明和谢灵运不同的人生经历和文学成就都给了后世士人无尽的影响。在不同的历史时期,陶谢两人出处不同人生处世方式在后世有着不一样的发展趋势,呈现着陶渊明的显名和谢灵运的沉寂,同时也昭示着出处的处世方式被后人的不同的接受趋势。
通过以“出”、“处”的文学角度对陶谢的比较,我们从更深层次上理解了谢灵运更多的人生无奈和他那种在宦海浮沉中不退缩的精神品质,这也是在谢灵运的研究中常被遮蔽的方面。接着反思了在陶谢比较中得出的“处”之一端的显豁和“出”之一端的萎缩这种趋势,以及“出”、“处”这一文学主题对我们现代人的意义。
TaoYuanming and Xie Lingyun's research has been a hot topic in literary topics and Tao Xie comparison is as old as the subject. There are two reasons.On the one hand, the times when they live was close,Tao(365-427), Xie(385-433) by the Jin Dynasty to Song Dynasty, and died in Yongjia three years after in the Liu Song Emperor.The other hand, Tao was respective and founder of the Pastoral Poetry and Xie representatives and founder of the Landscape Poetry Style, which occupied an important place in literary history. For the above reasons, achievement of comparison of Tao Xie was a lot more can be side.But look at these articles always focused on the specific comparison and was lack of a macro-historical research; mostly focused on the distinction between two of the advantages and disadvantages, rather than focused the factors that their strengths and weaknesses was produced. This article seeks to life from the realm of two person's perspective and introduced of "out", "hidden" theme of the literature on two different reasons for living state choice-depth analysis. As a basis analysis of survival in their respective state writing under the influence of pastoral poetry and landscape poetry, we tried my best to find the difference of mental characteristics. Further we analyzed the two different life conditions of life trajectories and their savoir-faire of later scholars under their "out", "hidden".
Text is divided into four chapters:
Chapter 1 we described the reason which comparative study of Xie Tao was introduced of the "out", "hidden" the theme of this literature. We inspected the evolution which before Tao Xie "out", "hidden" the theme in the scholars in this literature. Then on the Tao's "hidden" in the choice of one end of the living state the reasons for in-depth analysis, from the family, society and its multi-pronged approach. Tao because of the "hidden" had a Poetic Living conditions in the end of his life. In this line of thought we also analyzed under the "out"Living conditions Lingyun's the helplessness and frustrations.
Chapter 2 Tao in the "hidden" of the survival of state creation chanted natural yell. Tao such a state of survival affected the theme, state, image of pastoral poetry and combined with concrete poems are explained. Followed by this style of analysis, we study Xie Lingyun's "out " Living conditions affected these aspects of Landscape Poetry. Because of this analysis, we see the Tao xie of survival in different states in the idyllic and the Creation of Landscape Poetry demands a different spirit.
Chapter 3 Tao's "hidden" in the end of the selection and Xie's "out" in the end the choice made two persons career experience and life in their areas of destination. Tao in more than ten years experience in officialdom after, he could leave government official and the Department completely abandoned him hidden Nanshan and allowed him to go out his dwelling of poetic achievements. But Xie Lingyun because of various reasons, only to struggle in the officialdom drifting, until the completely was abandoned city streets the scholars of the tragedy of the curtain call. The two great causes of the difference life of two persons is the main explanation of the contents of this chapter.
Chapter 4 Tao and Xie's different life experiences and literary achievements gave endless generations of scholars. In different historical periods, Tao and Xie's different Living conditions in later life had not the same trend showing that the famous of Tao and silence of Xie. This trend was also made clear that Tao and Xie's accepted by the offspring.
Through "out", "hidden" of the literary perspective of the Tao and Xie's comparison, we understood that from higher level Lingyun more helplessness and his life in the officialdom that does not rise and fall back the spirit of the quality, which in Xie Lingyun's study often were covered aspects. Then we reflected this trent which Tao's "hidden" was prevailed and Xie's "out" was covered. Finally, we reflected the meaning "out", "hidden" theme of this literature in our modern sense.
引文
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⑦据《宋书·陶渊明传》：“元嘉四年卒,年六十三”而上溯推知。此文关于陶的生平系年均据逯钦立的考证。
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①[唐]房玄龄.晋书[M].北京：中华书局,1974：1360.
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②[唐]房玄龄.晋书[M].北京：中华书局,1974：2460.
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④[唐]李延寿.南史[M].北京：中华书局,1975：1856.
①[唐]房玄龄.晋书[M].北京：中华书局,1974：2460.
②[唐]房玄龄.晋书[M].北京：中华书局,1974：1769.
③[唐]房玄龄.晋书[M].北京：中华书局,1974：1768.
④[唐]房玄龄.晋书[M].北京：中华书局,1974：1768.
⑤[唐]房玄龄.晋书[M].北京：中华书局,1974：1769.
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⑦据《宋书·陶渊明传》：“元嘉四年卒,年六十三”而上溯推知。此文关于陶的生平系年均据逯钦立的考证。
①[唐]房玄龄.晋书[M].北京：中华书局,1974：2580.
②[唐]房玄龄.晋书[M].北京：中华书局,1974：2581.
③龚斌校笺.陶渊明集笺注[M].上海：上海古籍出版社,1996：412-413.
①龚斌校笺.陶渊明集笺注[M].上海：上海古籍出版社,1996：412.
②[唐]房玄龄.晋书[M].北京：中华书局,1974：2460.
③苏轼.古典文学资料汇编.陶渊明卷·书李简夫诗集后[M].北京：中华书局,1962：33.
④龚斌校笺.陶渊明集笺注[M].上海：上海古籍出版社,1996：240.
⑤龚斌校笺.陶渊明集笺注[M].上海：上海古籍出版社,1996：285.
⑥龚斌校笺.陶渊明集笺注[M].上海：上海古籍出版社,1996：296.
①贞德秀.古典文学资料汇编.陶渊明卷·跋黄瀛甫拟陶诗[M].北京：中华书局,1962：104.
②[唐]房玄龄.晋书[M].北京：中华书局,1974：2460.
③龚斌校笺.陶渊明集笺注[M].上海：上海古籍出版社,1996：441.
④关于陶渊明第一次出仕的年龄问题,学界一直有两种看法,一为二十八岁,一为二十九岁,本文采用二十九岁之说。
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