高压凝固Al-Mg二元合金组织热稳定性及力学性能研究
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摘要
本论文对Al-20wt.%、Al-30wt.%以及Al-40wt.%合金在不同压力下的凝固行为进行了研究,凝固压力分别为常压、1GPa、2GPa以及3GPa。探讨了Al-Mg二元合金在不同压力下的凝固组织和物相演变规律,对高压凝固后Al-Mg合金的热稳定性进行了深入研究,分析了凝固压力对高镁Al-Mg二元合金力学性能的影响及机理。
凝固压力对Al-Mg合金凝固组织以及物相组成的影响研究表明:随着凝固压力的增加,Al-20Mg合金中脆性金属间化合物β相的体积分数减少,当凝固压力增加到2GPa以及更高时,Al-20Mg合金转变为大块的Al(Mg)过饱和固溶体。但是过饱和固溶体中Mg元素的分布不均匀,枝晶内的Mg元素含量较低,枝晶间的Mg元素含量较高。Al-30Mg以及Al-40Mg合金在高压凝固条件下β相不能形成,其物相均由Al(Mg)固溶体以及γ相构成。在3GPa压力下凝固时,合金组织是以初生Al(Mg)固溶体为基体,由Al(Mg)固溶体以及γ相组成的共晶组织分布在枝晶间。
随着凝固压力的增加,Al-30Mg以及Al-40Mg合金的Al(Mg)固溶体与γ相共晶组织形貌发生了很大的变化。在1GPa压力下凝固后合金中的共晶组织均是不规则共晶组织,而在3GPa压力下凝固后转变为层片状共晶组织,这是由凝固过程动力学以及热力学因素所共同决定的。
凝固压力对Al(Mg)固溶体中Mg元素的固溶度的影响研究表明:凝固压力可以显著的增加Mg元素在Al(Mg)固溶体中的固溶度,Al-20Mg合金可以形成大块的Al(Mg)固溶体,提供了一种新的制备大块Al(Mg)过饱和固溶体的方法。Al-40wt.%Mg(Al-42.2at.%Mg)合金在3GPa压力下凝固时Al(Mg)固溶体中Mg元素的固溶度可以增加到41.6at.%,而在常压室温条件下其平衡固溶度不足1at.%。
高压凝固之后所得到的Al(Mg)固溶体是不稳定的,在加热过程中会向着稳定的方向转变。研究发现在Al(Mg)固溶体加热过程中形成了富Mg元素的γ相。当延长时效时间或者升高温度时,γ相内部的Mg原子会向周围的Al(Mg)固溶体扩散,导致其Mg元素成分降低,最终γ相会直接转变成稳定的β相。
高压凝固制备的Al(20Mg)过饱和固溶体中在加热过程中富Mg固溶体容易形成沉淀相,Mg含量较少的固溶体相对不容易析出沉淀相,从而使沉淀相的析出是以一种不均匀的方式完成的。时效过程中β相的形貌会经过一系列的转变:粒状→长条状→团絮状→块状。
高压凝固对Al-Mg合金力学性能影响研究表明:高压凝固后Al-Mg合金中的金属间化合物体积分数减少,Al(Mg)固溶体体积分数增加,显著提高了合金的拉伸性能。Al-20Mg在常压下凝固为脆性材料,断裂方式为典型的解理断裂,在2GPa以及3GPa压力下转变为塑性材料,断裂方式为典型的韧性断裂,延伸率可达到11%,同时强度也有显著提高,3GPa压力下凝固的抗拉强度是常压下的8.0倍。随着凝固压力的增加,Al-30Mg及Al-40Mg合金强度显著提高, 3GPa压力下凝固后其抗拉强度分别是常压凝固的14.3倍以及11.2倍。Al-30Mg合金的断裂方式由解理断裂向准解理断裂转变。Al-40Mg合金在3GPa压力下凝固之后的Al(Mg)过饱和固溶体基体的断裂方式是解理断裂,其原因是Mg原子过多导致的Mg原子偏聚区域增多。
Solidification behavior of Al-Mg binary alloys under different pressures was studied in this thesis. The Mg contents are 20wt.%, 30wt.% and 40wt.%, respectively. The solidification pressures are normal pressure, 1GPa, 2GPa and 3GPa, respectively. Microstructure evolution and phase constitution in Al-Mg alloys solidified under different pressures were obtained and analyzed. The phase stability of the alloys solidified under high pressure was studied. Effect of high pressure on mechanical properties of Al-Mg alloys was investigated.
Effect of high pressure on solidification microstructure and phase constitution of Al-Mg alloy shows that, the amount of fragileβphase of Al-Mg alloys decreases with increasing solidification pressure. The supersaturated Al(Mg) solid solution was obtained when the Al-20Mg alloy solidified under 2GPa and 3GPa. However, the distribution of Mg solutes in the solid solution is inhomogeneous, i.e. the Mg concentration in the dendrite is lower than that in the interdendriti region. The Al-30Mg and Al-40Mg alloys both contain the Al(Mg) solid solution andγphase solidified under high pressures, and theβphase can not be formed. Furthermore, when solidified under 3GPa, the matrix is the primary Al(Mg) solid solution and the eutectic colonies composed of the Al(Mg) solid solution andγphase distribute in the interdendritic region.
Morphology of eutectic structure of the Al-30Mg and Al-40Mg alloys changes greatly with increasing pressure. Eutectic structure is composed of the dotted Al(Mg) solid solution andγphase (anomalous eutectic) under 1GPa, but the eutectic structure transforms to lamellar eutectic structure under 3GPa. The transition is determined by the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects during solidification process.
Effect of high pressure on Mg solubility in Al(Mg) solid solution shows that, the solubility of Mg element in Al(Mg) solid solution can be greatly extended by solidified under high pressures. A bulk Al(20Mg) supersaturated solid solution can be obtained solidified under 2GPa. Thus, solidification under high pressure is a new method to prepare bulk Al(Mg) solid solution. The Mg solubility in Al(Mg) solid solution can be extended up to 41.6at.% in the Al-40wt.%Mg(Al-42.2at.%Mg) alloy solidified under 3GPa, but the eqlibrium solubility of Mg in Al is less than 1 at.% at room temperature and normal pressure.
Al(Mg) supersaturated solid solution obtained by solidified under high pressures is metastable, and will transform to the stable direction during heating process. It was found that theγphase enriched of Mg atoms is formed during heating process of Al(Mg) solid solution. Prolonging ageing time or increasing temperature, the Mg atoms in theγ phase will diffuse to the Al(Mg) solid solution around it, resulting in the decreasing of Mg content. Finaly, theγphase will directly transform to the stableβphase.
The precipitation of Al(20Mg) solid solution prepared by solidification under high pressures takes place in a non-uniform manner during heating process, i.e. the precipitates are tend to first formed in the solid solution with higher Mg solubility, and then formed in the solid solution with lower Mg solubility. In addition, the morphology evolution of theβphase will go through a few steps during ageing process: granular→stripe→agglomerate→bulk shape.
Effect of high pressure solidification on mechanical properties of Al-Mg alloys shows that, the amount of intermetallics decreases and the amount of Al(Mg) solid solution increases in the Al-Mg alloy solidified under high pressure, resulting in the great enhancement of the mechanical properties. The Al-20Mg alloy is fragile and its fracture characteristic is cleavage fracture under normal pressure. However, it can transform to be a ductile material with elongation of 11% when solidified under 2GPa and 3GPa, meanwhile, its strength can be also greatly improved. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of Al-20Mg solidified under 3GPa is 8.0 times of that solidified under normal pressure. The strength of Al-30Mg and Al-40Mg alloys are remarkably improved with increasing pressure. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of Al-30Mg and Al-40Mgs alloy solidified under 3GPa are 14.3 and 11.2 times of that solidified under normal pressure, respectively. Furthermore, the elongation and yield strength of Al-20Mg and Al-30Mg alloys are also greatly improved. The fracture characteristic can be essentially altered under the condition of high pressure solidification. The Al-30Mg alloy is cleavage fracture under normal pressure, however, it transforms to the quasi-cleavage fracture when solidified under 3GPa. In addition, the supersaturated Al(Mg) solid solution of Al-40Mg alloy solidified under 3GPa exhibits typical brittle fracture characteristic, due to the increased amount of Mg segregation zones.
凝固压力对Al-Mg合金凝固组织以及物相组成的影响研究表明:随着凝固压力的增加,Al-20Mg合金中脆性金属间化合物β相的体积分数减少,当凝固压力增加到2GPa以及更高时,Al-20Mg合金转变为大块的Al(Mg)过饱和固溶体。但是过饱和固溶体中Mg元素的分布不均匀,枝晶内的Mg元素含量较低,枝晶间的Mg元素含量较高。Al-30Mg以及Al-40Mg合金在高压凝固条件下β相不能形成,其物相均由Al(Mg)固溶体以及γ相构成。在3GPa压力下凝固时,合金组织是以初生Al(Mg)固溶体为基体,由Al(Mg)固溶体以及γ相组成的共晶组织分布在枝晶间。
随着凝固压力的增加,Al-30Mg以及Al-40Mg合金的Al(Mg)固溶体与γ相共晶组织形貌发生了很大的变化。在1GPa压力下凝固后合金中的共晶组织均是不规则共晶组织,而在3GPa压力下凝固后转变为层片状共晶组织,这是由凝固过程动力学以及热力学因素所共同决定的。
凝固压力对Al(Mg)固溶体中Mg元素的固溶度的影响研究表明:凝固压力可以显著的增加Mg元素在Al(Mg)固溶体中的固溶度,Al-20Mg合金可以形成大块的Al(Mg)固溶体,提供了一种新的制备大块Al(Mg)过饱和固溶体的方法。Al-40wt.%Mg(Al-42.2at.%Mg)合金在3GPa压力下凝固时Al(Mg)固溶体中Mg元素的固溶度可以增加到41.6at.%,而在常压室温条件下其平衡固溶度不足1at.%。
高压凝固之后所得到的Al(Mg)固溶体是不稳定的,在加热过程中会向着稳定的方向转变。研究发现在Al(Mg)固溶体加热过程中形成了富Mg元素的γ相。当延长时效时间或者升高温度时,γ相内部的Mg原子会向周围的Al(Mg)固溶体扩散,导致其Mg元素成分降低,最终γ相会直接转变成稳定的β相。
高压凝固制备的Al(20Mg)过饱和固溶体中在加热过程中富Mg固溶体容易形成沉淀相,Mg含量较少的固溶体相对不容易析出沉淀相,从而使沉淀相的析出是以一种不均匀的方式完成的。时效过程中β相的形貌会经过一系列的转变:粒状→长条状→团絮状→块状。
高压凝固对Al-Mg合金力学性能影响研究表明:高压凝固后Al-Mg合金中的金属间化合物体积分数减少,Al(Mg)固溶体体积分数增加,显著提高了合金的拉伸性能。Al-20Mg在常压下凝固为脆性材料,断裂方式为典型的解理断裂,在2GPa以及3GPa压力下转变为塑性材料,断裂方式为典型的韧性断裂,延伸率可达到11%,同时强度也有显著提高,3GPa压力下凝固的抗拉强度是常压下的8.0倍。随着凝固压力的增加,Al-30Mg及Al-40Mg合金强度显著提高, 3GPa压力下凝固后其抗拉强度分别是常压凝固的14.3倍以及11.2倍。Al-30Mg合金的断裂方式由解理断裂向准解理断裂转变。Al-40Mg合金在3GPa压力下凝固之后的Al(Mg)过饱和固溶体基体的断裂方式是解理断裂,其原因是Mg原子过多导致的Mg原子偏聚区域增多。
Solidification behavior of Al-Mg binary alloys under different pressures was studied in this thesis. The Mg contents are 20wt.%, 30wt.% and 40wt.%, respectively. The solidification pressures are normal pressure, 1GPa, 2GPa and 3GPa, respectively. Microstructure evolution and phase constitution in Al-Mg alloys solidified under different pressures were obtained and analyzed. The phase stability of the alloys solidified under high pressure was studied. Effect of high pressure on mechanical properties of Al-Mg alloys was investigated.
Effect of high pressure on solidification microstructure and phase constitution of Al-Mg alloy shows that, the amount of fragileβphase of Al-Mg alloys decreases with increasing solidification pressure. The supersaturated Al(Mg) solid solution was obtained when the Al-20Mg alloy solidified under 2GPa and 3GPa. However, the distribution of Mg solutes in the solid solution is inhomogeneous, i.e. the Mg concentration in the dendrite is lower than that in the interdendriti region. The Al-30Mg and Al-40Mg alloys both contain the Al(Mg) solid solution andγphase solidified under high pressures, and theβphase can not be formed. Furthermore, when solidified under 3GPa, the matrix is the primary Al(Mg) solid solution and the eutectic colonies composed of the Al(Mg) solid solution andγphase distribute in the interdendritic region.
Morphology of eutectic structure of the Al-30Mg and Al-40Mg alloys changes greatly with increasing pressure. Eutectic structure is composed of the dotted Al(Mg) solid solution andγphase (anomalous eutectic) under 1GPa, but the eutectic structure transforms to lamellar eutectic structure under 3GPa. The transition is determined by the kinetic and thermodynamic aspects during solidification process.
Effect of high pressure on Mg solubility in Al(Mg) solid solution shows that, the solubility of Mg element in Al(Mg) solid solution can be greatly extended by solidified under high pressures. A bulk Al(20Mg) supersaturated solid solution can be obtained solidified under 2GPa. Thus, solidification under high pressure is a new method to prepare bulk Al(Mg) solid solution. The Mg solubility in Al(Mg) solid solution can be extended up to 41.6at.% in the Al-40wt.%Mg(Al-42.2at.%Mg) alloy solidified under 3GPa, but the eqlibrium solubility of Mg in Al is less than 1 at.% at room temperature and normal pressure.
Al(Mg) supersaturated solid solution obtained by solidified under high pressures is metastable, and will transform to the stable direction during heating process. It was found that theγphase enriched of Mg atoms is formed during heating process of Al(Mg) solid solution. Prolonging ageing time or increasing temperature, the Mg atoms in theγ phase will diffuse to the Al(Mg) solid solution around it, resulting in the decreasing of Mg content. Finaly, theγphase will directly transform to the stableβphase.
The precipitation of Al(20Mg) solid solution prepared by solidification under high pressures takes place in a non-uniform manner during heating process, i.e. the precipitates are tend to first formed in the solid solution with higher Mg solubility, and then formed in the solid solution with lower Mg solubility. In addition, the morphology evolution of theβphase will go through a few steps during ageing process: granular→stripe→agglomerate→bulk shape.
Effect of high pressure solidification on mechanical properties of Al-Mg alloys shows that, the amount of intermetallics decreases and the amount of Al(Mg) solid solution increases in the Al-Mg alloy solidified under high pressure, resulting in the great enhancement of the mechanical properties. The Al-20Mg alloy is fragile and its fracture characteristic is cleavage fracture under normal pressure. However, it can transform to be a ductile material with elongation of 11% when solidified under 2GPa and 3GPa, meanwhile, its strength can be also greatly improved. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of Al-20Mg solidified under 3GPa is 8.0 times of that solidified under normal pressure. The strength of Al-30Mg and Al-40Mg alloys are remarkably improved with increasing pressure. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of Al-30Mg and Al-40Mgs alloy solidified under 3GPa are 14.3 and 11.2 times of that solidified under normal pressure, respectively. Furthermore, the elongation and yield strength of Al-20Mg and Al-30Mg alloys are also greatly improved. The fracture characteristic can be essentially altered under the condition of high pressure solidification. The Al-30Mg alloy is cleavage fracture under normal pressure, however, it transforms to the quasi-cleavage fracture when solidified under 3GPa. In addition, the supersaturated Al(Mg) solid solution of Al-40Mg alloy solidified under 3GPa exhibits typical brittle fracture characteristic, due to the increased amount of Mg segregation zones.
引文
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